Heinemann Solutionbank: Core Maths 4 C4

Dr.Faisal Rana

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
The binomial expansion
Exercise A, Question 1

Question:
Find the binomial expansion of the following up to and including the terms in x3.
State the range values of x for which these expansions are valid.
(a) ( 1 + 2x ) 3
(b)

1
1x

(c) \ ( 1 + x )
(d)

1
( 1 + 2x ) 3

(e) 3\ ( 1 3x )
3

(f) ( 1 10x )
(g)

(h)

x 4

1+ 4

1
( 1 + 2x2 )

Solution:
(a) ( 1 + 2x ) 3

Use expansion with n = 3 and x replaced with 2x

3 2 ( 2x )
= 1 + 3 2x +
2!

3 2 1 0 ( 2x ) 4
4!

3 2 1 ( 2x ) 3
3!

= 1 + 6x + 12x2 + 8x3 + 0x4

All terms after 0x4 will also be zero
= 1 + 6x + 12x2 + 8x3
Expansion is finite and exact. Valid for all values of x.

Heinemann Solutionbank: Core Maths 4 C4

Dr.Faisal Rana

(b)

1
1x

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Write in index form

= (1x) 1
=1+

Use expansion with n = 1 and x replaced with x

1 x +

( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( x) 3
3!

( 1) ( 2) ( x) 2
2!

= 1 + 1x + 1x2 + 1x3 +
= 1 + x + x2 + x3 +
Expansion is infinite. Valid when | x | < 1
(c) \ 1 + x

| x | < 1.

Write in index form

= (1+x)

=1+

Use expansion with n =

(

1
x +
2

1
2 and

x replaced with x

1
1
) (
) (x) 2
2
2
2!

1
1
3
) (
) (
) (x) 3
2
2
2

3!

=1+

1
2x

1 2
8x

1 3
16 x

Expansion is infinite. Valid when | x | < 1.

(d)

1
( 1 + 2x ) 3

Write in index form

= ( 1 + 2x ) 3
=1+

Use expansion with n = 3 and x replaced with 2x

3 2x +

( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 2x ) 3
3!

= 1 6x + 24x2 80x3 +

( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 2x ) 2
2!

Expansion is infinite. Valid when | 2x | < 1

|x| <

1
2.

Heinemann Solutionbank: Core Maths 4 C4

Dr.Faisal Rana

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(e) 3\ ( 1 3x )

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Write in index form

1

= ( 1 3x )

=1+

Use expansion with n =

1
3x +
3

1
3 and

1
2
) (
) ( 3x ) 2
3
3

2!

1
2
5
) (
) (
) ( 3x ) 3
3
3
3

3!

= 1 x x2

5 3
3x

Expansion is infinite. Valid when | 3x | < 1

3

(f) ( 1 10x )

=1+

x replaced with 3x

Use expansion with n =

3
10x +
2

3
2 and

|x| <

1
3.

x replaced with 10x

3
1
) (
) ( 10x ) 2
2
2

2!

3
1
1
) (
) (
) ( 10x ) 3
2
2
2

3!

= 1 15x +

3
8

= 1 15x +

75 2
2 x

100x2
+

125 3
2 x

1
16

1000x3
+

Expansion is infinite. Valid when | 10x | < 1

|x| <

1
10 .

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(g)

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x 4

1+ 4

=1+

Page 4 of 4

Use expansion with n = 4 and x replaced with

x
+
4
4

=1x+

5 2
8x

( 4) ( 5)
2!

x 3
+
4

( 4) ( 5) ( 6)
3!

= 1 x + 10

x2
16

20
5 3
16 x

1
1 + 2x2

x 2
+
4

x3
64

x
<1
4

|x| <4.

Write in index form

= ( 1 + 2x2 ) 1
=1+

x
4

Expansion is infinite. Valid when

(h)

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Use expansion with n = 1 and x replaced with 2x2

1
2x2
+

= 1 2x2 +

( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 2x2 ) 2
2!

Expansion is infinite. Valid when | 2x2 | < 1

|x| <

1
2.

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
The binomial expansion
Exercise A, Question 2

Question:
By first writing

(1+x)
( 1 2x )

approximation to

as ( 1 + x ) ( 1 2x ) 1 show that the cubic

(1+x)
( 1 2x )

is 1 + 3x + 6x2 + 12x3. State the range of values of x

for which this expansion is valid.

Solution:
1+x
1 2x

1+x
( 1 2x ) 1

Expand ( 1 2x ) 1 using binomial

expansion
=

1+x 1+

1 2x +

( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 2x ) 3
3!

( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 2x ) 2
2!

= ( 1 + x ) ( 1 + 2x + 4x2 + 8x3 + )
Multiply out
2
3
2
3
= 1 + 2x + 4x + 8x + + x + 2x + 4x + 8x4 +
terms
= 1 + 3x + 6x2 + 12x3 +
( 1 2x ) 1 is only valid when | 2x | < 1
So expansion of

1+x
1 2x

is only valid when | x | <

|x| <

Add like

1
2

1
2.

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
The binomial expansion
Exercise A, Question 3

Question:
Find the binomial expansion of \ ( 1 + 3x ) in ascending powers of x up to and
including the term in x3. By substituting x = 0.01 in the expansion, find an
approximation to \ 103. By comparing it with the exact value, comment on the
accuracy of your approximation.
Solution:
1

\ ( 1 + 3x ) = ( 1 + 3x )

=1+

1
3x +
2

1
1
) (
) ( 3x ) 2
2
2

2!

1
1
3
) (
) (
) ( 3x ) 3
2
2
2

3!

=1+

3
2x

9 2
8x

27 3
16 x

This expansion is valid if | 3x | < 1

Substitute x = 0.01 (OK, as | x | <
3

1
3)

|x| <

1
3

into both sides to give

27

2
3
~ 1+
\ 1 + 3 0.01
2 0.01 8 0.01 + 16 0.01
~ 1 + 0.015 0.0001125 + 0.0000016875
\ 1.03

103
100

\ 103
10

~ 1.014889188

~ 1.014889188

103
\ 103
\ 103

\ 100 = \ 100 = 10

10

~ 10.14889188
\ 103
Using a calculator

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\ 103 = 10.14889157
Hence approximation correct to 6 d.p.
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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
The binomial expansion
Exercise A, Question 4

Question:
1

2
2 the coefficient of x is 24. Find possible values
In the expansion of ( 1 + ax )
of the constant a and the corresponding term in x3.

Solution:

( 1 + ax )

1
2

=1+

ax

1
3
) (
) ( ax ) 2
2
2
2!

1
3
5
) (
) (
) ( ax ) 3
2
2
2

3!

=1

1
2 ax

3 2 2
8a x

5 3 3
16 a x

This expansion is valid if | ax | < 1

|x| <

1
a

If coefficient of x2 is 24 then
3 2
8a

= 24

a2 = 64
a= 8
Term in x3 is

5 3 3
16 a x

5
16

( 8 ) 3x3 = 160x3

If a = 8, term in x3 is 160x3
If a = 8, term in x3 is + 160x3
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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
The binomial expansion
Exercise A, Question 5

Question:
1+x
is approximated by 1 + x +
1x

Show that if x is small, the expression \

1 2
x .
2

Solution:
\
1+x

1+x

= (

1x

1x

= (1+x)
1

= [1+ (

Expand using the binomial expansion

) (x) +

(1x)

) (

) (x) 2

3 2
x
8

x+
2

3 2
x
8

[1+ (

1
2

) ( x) +

2!
1

) (

3
2

) ( x) 2

2!

= (1+

1
2

=1(1+
1

x+
2
=1+

3 2
x
8

Hence \

x+
2

1+x
1x

3 2
x
8

1 2
x
2

3 2
x
8

x+
2

=1+x+

1 2
x
8

) (1+
) +

x+

x(1+
2

)
+

1 2
x
8

(1+

)
+

x+
2

1 2
x
4

1 2
x
8

Add like terms

~ 1+x+

1 2
2x

If terms larger than or equal to x3 are ignored.

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
The binomial expansion
Exercise A, Question 6

Question:
3

Find the first four terms in the expansion of ( 1 3x )

. By substituting in a suitable

value of x, find an approximation to 97 2 .

Solution:
3

( 1 3x )

=1+ (

) ( 3x ) +

) (

1
2

) ( 3x ) 2

) (

2!

=1

9x

27x2
8

27x3
16

1
2

) (

) ( 3x ) 3

3!

Expansion is valid if | 3x | < 1

|x| <

1
3.

Substitute x = 0.01 into both sides of expansion to give

3

( 1 3 0.01 )
3

( 0.97 )

2
3

( 0.97 )

97
100

=1

1000
3

97

27 ( 0.01 ) 2
8

27 ( 0.01 ) 3
16

~ 1 0.045 + 0.0003375 + 0.000001687

~ 0.955339187

~ 0.955339187 ,

97 2

9 0.01
2

~ 0.955339187

97

100

3
2

97 2

97 2

100 2

( 100 ) 3

= 1000

97 2

1000

~ 955.339187

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
The binomial expansion
Exercise B, Question 1

Question:
Find the binomial expansions of the following in ascending powers of x as far as
the term in x3. State the range of values of x for which the expansions are valid.
(a) \ ( 4 + 2x )
(b)

1
2+x
1

(c)

(4x) 2

(d) \ ( 9 + x )
(e)

1
\ (2+x)

(f)

5
3 + 2x

(g)

1+x
2+x

2+x
1x

(h) \

Solution:
(a) \ ( 4 + 2x )

Write in index form.

1

= ( 4 + 2x )
=

=2

2x

4 1+ 4

=4

Take out a factor of 4

1+ 2

1+ 2

Remember to put the 4 to the power

=2

1
2

1
2

Use the binomial expansion with n =

1
2 and

x=

x
2

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=2 1+

1 x
+
2 2

=2+
Valid if
1
2+x

x
2

x2
16

Multiply by the 2

x3
64

x
<1
2

|x| <2

Write in index form

= (2+x) 1
=

2!

x
x
x

= 2 1 + 4 32 + 128 +

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1
1
x
) (
) (
) 2
2
2
2

1
1
3
x
) (
) (
) (
) 3
2
2
2
2
3!

(b)

Page 2 of 8

Take out a factor of 2

x 1

2 1+ 2

=21

x 1

1+ 2
,

n = 1 and x =

1
= 2 1+

Remember to put 2 to the power 1

21=

1
2.

Use the binomial expansion with

x
2

x
+
1
2

( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
3!

x
2 3+

( 1) ( 2)
2!

x 2
+
2

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1
2

1
2

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2

x
4

x2
8

Multiply by the

1
2

|x| <2

Write in index form

(4x) 2

= (4x) 2

Take 4 out as a factor

x 2

4 1 4

=42

x 2

1 4
,

n = 2 and x =
=

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x3
16

x
<1
2

Valid if

(c)

x
x
x

1 2 + 4 8 +

Page 3 of 8

1
16

=
=

1
16

4
+
2

1+

Valid for
(d) \ 9 + x

4 3+

Use the binomial expansion with

x3
256

x
<1
4

3x2
256

( 2) ( 3)
2!

3x
x
x

1 + 2 + 16 + 16 +

x
32

1
16 .

x
4

( 2) ( 3) ( 4)
3!
1
16

42=

4 2+

Multiply by

1
16

|x| <4

Write in index form

1

= (9+x)
=

x=

Take 9 out as a factor

9 1+ 9

=9

1+ 9

1
2

1
2

= 3. Use binomial expansion with n =

1
2 and

x
9

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=3 1+

Page 4 of 8

1 x
+
2 9

1
1
3
) (
) (
)
2
2
2
3!

1
1
) (
)
2
2

2!

x
9 3+

=3+

Valid for

(e)

1
\2+x

x2
216

x 2
+
9

x
x
x

= 3 1 + 18 648 + 11664 +

x
6

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Multiply by 3

x3
3888

x
<1
9

|x| <9

Write in index form

= (2+x)

1
2

Take out a factor of 2

2 1+ 2

=2

1
2

1+ 2

1
2

1
2

1
2

1
2.

Use binomial

2 2

expansion with n =

1
2 1 +

1
2 and

x=

x
2

1 x

2
+

1
3
) (
)
2
2
2!

x 2
+
2

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1
3
5
) (
) (
)
2
2
2
3!

(f)

1
2

1
2

2
2

x 3
+
2

x
42

2x
8

3x2
32 2

3 2x2
64

5x3
128 2

x
<1
2

5
3 + 2x

Write in index form

= 5 ( 3 + 2x ) 1

n = 1 and x =
=

=
=

5
3

Multiply by

1
2

Rationalise surds

|x| <2

Take out a factor of 3

1+

2x 1

1+ 3
,

2x
+
1
3

2x 3
+
3

Valid if

1
3.

Use binomial expansion with

20x2
27

2x
<1
3

( 1) ( 2)
2!

2x 2
+
3

4x2
8x3
2x

1 3 + 9 27 +

10x
9

31=

2x
3

( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
3!
5
3

2x 1

3
1+ 3

=531

5
3

52x3
256

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3x
5x
x

1 4 + 32 128 +

Valid if

=5

Page 5 of 8

Multiply by

5
3

40x3
81

|x| <

3
2

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(g)

1+x
2+x

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Write

1
2+x

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in index form

= (1+x) (2+x) 1

Take out a factor of 2

x 1

1+x
2
1+ 2

x 1

1+x 21 1+ 2

x 1

1+ 2
using the

Expand

binomial expansion

1
1+x 2 1+

( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
3!

x2
4

x 3
+
2

x3
8

x 2
+
2

Multiply 1

1
by 2

( 1) ( 2)
2!

x2
x3
x

1
1+x
1

4
8 +
2

=
x
2

x
+
1
2

x
x
x

1
1+x

8
16 +
4

Multiply your answer

by ( 1 + x )
x2
x3
x
1
=1
4 + 8 16 +
2

x2
x3
x

1
+x
4 + 8 16 +

1
2

x
4

1
2

1
4x

x2
8

x3
16

x
2

x2
4

x3
8

Collect like

terms
=

Valid if

(h) \

1 2
8x

x
<1
2

1 3
16 x

|x| <2

2+x
1x
1

= (2+x)

(1x)

1
2

Put both in index form

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1

=2

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1+ 2

(1x)

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Expand both using the binomial

expansion

= 2 1+

1 x
+
2 2

1
1
3
) (
) (
)
2
2
2
3!

x
2 3+

1
3
) (
) ( x) 2
2
2
2!

1
1
) (
)
2
2
2!

1+

x 2
+
2

2
x +

1
3
5
) (
) (
) ( x) 3
2
2
2
3!

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1
1
1

1 + 4 x 32 x2 + 128 x3 +

= 2
5 3
16 x

Page 8 of 8

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Multiply out

1
3
5

= 2 1
1 + 2 x + 8 x2 + 16 x3 +

3 2
8x

5 3
16 x

1 3
128 x

1
3

1 + 2 x + 8 x2 +

1
1

+ 4x 1 + 2x +

1
1
3
5

1 + 2 x + 8 x2 + 16 x3 +
32 x2

1
3
5

1 + 2 x + 8 x2 + 16 x3 +

1
3
5
1
1
3
1
1
= 2 1 + 2 x + 8 x2 + 16 x3 + 4 x + 8 x2 + 32 x3 32 x2 64 x3 +

1 3
128 x

= 2

Collect like terms

3
15
51

1 + 4 x + 32 x2 + 128 x3 +

= 2+
Valid if

32
4 x

15 2 2
32 x

Multiply by 2

51 2 3
128 x

x
< 1 and | x |
2

<1

| x | < 1 for both to be valid

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
The binomial expansion
Exercise B, Question 2

Question:
Prove that if x is sufficiently small,
11
x
16

5 2
x .
64

3 + 2x x2
may
4x

be approximated by

3
4

What does sufficiently small mean in this question?

Solution:
3 + 2x x2
4x

3 + 2x x2
(4x) 1

Write

x 1

3 + 2x x2
4
1 4

x 1

1
3 + 2x x2
1

1
4x

as ( 4 x ) 1

Take out a factor of 4

Expand

x 1

1 4
using the

binomial expansion
1

2
3 + 2x x 4 1 +

2
+

4
+
1

Ignore terms higher than x2

x2
x

1
2
3 + 2x x
1 + 4 + 16 +

( 1) ( 2)
2!

Multiply expansion by

Multiply result by

1
4
2

x
x

1
3 + 2x x2
+
+
64 +
16

( 3 + 2x x2 )
x2
x
1
=3
+ 16 + 64 +
4
1
4

x
16

x2
64

x2
x

1
+ 2x
+ 16 + 64 +

2
x

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3
4

3
16 x

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3 2
64 x

1
2x

1 2
8x

1 2
4x

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Ignore any terms

bigger than x2
=

3
4

11
16 x

5 2
64 x

Expansion is valid if

x
<1
4

|x| <4

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
The binomial expansion
Exercise B, Question 3

Question:
1
,
9

Find the first four terms in the expansion of \ ( 4 x ) . By substituting x =

find a fraction that is an approximation to 35. By comparing this to the exact

value, state the degree of accuracy of your approximation.
Solution:
1

\ (4x) = (4x)

= [4(1

=4

(1

4
1

=2[1+ (

) ]

) (

) +

1
2

) (

1
2

2!
x

) 3+
x

=2(1
x

=2

Valid for

x2

64

x2
128

x3

1024

x3

512

4
<1

Substitute x =

1
9 into

35
3

~ 2

1
36

1
2

) (

1
2

) (

3
2

3!

|x| <4

both sides of the expansion:

~ 2 4
4 9

35
9

1
9

1
5184

1 2
)
9
64

1 3
)
9
512

1
373248

736055
373248

~ 3
35

736055
373248

736055
124416

= 5.916079

925

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By calculator 35 = 5.916079 | 783

Fraction accurate to 6 decimal places
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
The binomial expansion
Exercise B, Question 4

Question:
The expansion of ( a + bx ) 2 may be approximated by

1
4

1
x
4

+ cx2. Find

the values of the constants a, b and c.

Solution:
( a + bx ) 2 = [ a ( 1 +

bx

bx

=a2(1+
=
=
=

Compare this to

1
a2
1
a2
1
a2

(1+

) ] 2

) 2

a
bx

) 2

1
4

2bx

a3

1
4x

3b2x2

a2 = 4

a= 2

b=

a3
8

b=

( 2) 3
8

b= 1

Compare terms in

c=

) +

( 2) ( 3)
2!

bx
a

) 2+

+ cx2
1
a2

1
4

( )

Comparing terms in x:

a4

Comparing constant terms:

bx

[1+ ( 2) (

Take out a factor of a

2b
a3

1
4

Substitute a = 2

x2:

c=

3b2
a4

Substitute a4 = 16, b2 = 1

31
16

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3
16

Hence a = 2, b 1, c =

3
16

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
The binomial expansion
Exercise C, Question 1

Question:
(a) Express

8x + 4
(1x) (2+x)

as partial fractions.

(b) Hence or otherwise expand

8x + 4
(1x) (2+x)

in ascending powers of x as far as

the term in x2.

(c) State the set of values of x for which the expansion is valid.

Solution:
(a) Let

8x + 4
(1x) (2+x)

A
(1x)

B
(2+x)

A(2+x) +B(1x)
(1x) (2+x)

Set the numerators equal:

8x + 4 A ( 2 + x ) + B ( 1 x )
Substitute x = 1: 8 1 + 4 = A 3 + B 0
12 = 3A
A=4
Substitute x = 2:
12 = 3B

B= 4

Hence
(b)

8 ( 2) +4=A0+B3

4
(1x)

8x + 4
(1x) (2+x)

4
(1x)

4
(2+x)

=4(1x) 1

=4 1+

1
x
+

( 1) ( 2) ( x) 2
2!

= 4 ( 1 + x + x2 +
= 4 + 4x + 4x2 +
4
(2+x)

=4(2+x) 1

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=4

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1
2

=4
+

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x 1

2
1+ 2

=421

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x 1

1+ 2

1+

x
1
+

( 1) ( 2)
2!

x
2

x
x

=2 1 2 + 4 +

=2x+

1 2
2x

Therefore
8x + 4
(1x) (2+x)

4
(1x)

4
(2+x)

4 + 4x + 4x2 +

= 2 + 5x +

(c)

2 x + 2 x2 +

7x2
2

4
(1x)

is valid for | x | < 1

4
(2+x)

is valid for | x | < 2

Both are valid when | x | < 1.

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
The binomial expansion
Exercise C, Question 2

Question:
(a) Express

2x

as a partial fraction.

(2+x) 2

2x

(b) Hence prove that

(2+x)

can be expressed in the form 0

2

1
x
2

+ Bx2 + Cx3

where constants B and C are to be determined.

(c) State the set of values of x for which the expansion is valid.

Solution:
(a) Let

2x
(2+x) 2

A
(2+x)

B
(2+x) 2

A(2+x) +B
(2+x) 2

Set the numerators equal:

2x A ( 2 + x ) + B
Substitute x = 2:
4=A0+B B=4
Equate terms in x:
Hence

(b)

2
2+x

2x
(2+x) 2

2=A

2
(2+x)

A= 2

(2+x) 2

= 2(2+x) 1
= 2

x 1

2
1+ 2

= 221
= 1
( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
3!

1+

x 1

1+ 2

x
+
1
2

x 3
+
2

= 1

( 1) ( 2)
2!

x 2
+
2

x
x
x

1 2 + 4 8 +

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= 1+
4
(2+x)

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x
2

x2
4

x3
8

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=4(2+x) 2
x 2

2
1+ 2

=4

x 2

1+ 2

=422

1+

=1

x
+
2
2

x 3
+
2

( 2) ( 3) ( 4)
3!

3x2
x3

1x+ 4 2 +

=1

=1x+

3x2
4

x3
2

( 2) ( 3)
2!

x 2
+
2

Hence
2x

2
(2+x)

(2+x) 2

= 1+
=0
Hence B =
(c)

2
(2+x)

1
2

1
2x

x
2

4
(2+x) 2
x2
4

1 2
2x

x3
8

+1x+

3x2
4

x3
2

3 3
8x

, (coefficient of x2) and C =

3
8

, (coefficients of x3)

is valid for | x | < 2

4
(2+x) 2

is valid for | x | < 2

Hence whole expression is valid | x | < 2.

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
The binomial expansion
Exercise C, Question 3

Question:
(a) Express

6 + 7x + 5x2
(1+x) (1x) (2+x)

(b) Hence or otherwise expand

as a partial fraction.

6 + 7x + 5x2
(1+x) (1x) (2+x)

in ascending powers of x

as far as
the term in x3.
(c) State the set of values of x for which the expansion is valid.

Solution:
(a) Let

6 + 7x + 5x2
(1+x) (1x) (2+x)

A
(1+x)

B
(1x)

C
(2+x)

A(1x) (2+x) +B(1+x) (2+x) +C(1+x) (1x)

(1+x) (1x) (2+x)

Set the numerators equal:

6 + 7x + 5x2 A

1x
2+x
+B 1+x
2+x
+C

1+x
1x

Substitute x = 1:
18 = 6B

6+7+5=A0+B23+C0

B=3
Substitute x = 1:
4 = 2A

67+5=A21+B0+C0

A=2
Substitute x = 2:
12 = 3C

6 14 + 20 = A 0 + B 0 + C ( 1 ) 3

C= 4

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Hence

(b)

2
1+x

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6 + 7x + 5x2
(1+x) (1x) (2+x)

2
(1+x)

1 x +

( 1) ( 2) ( 3) (x) 3
3!

3
(1x)

4
(2+x)

( 1) ( 2) (x) 2
2!

= 2 ( 1 x + x2 x3 +
~ 2 2x + 2x2 2x3

)
Valid for | x | < 1

=3(1x) 1

=3 1+

1 x +

( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( x) 3
3!

( 1) ( 2) ( x) 2
2!

= 3 ( 1 + x + x2 + x3 +
~ 3 + 3x + 3x2 + 3x3

4
2+x

=2(1+x) 1

=2 1+

3
1x

[email protected]

)
Valid for | x | < 1

=4(2+x) 1
=4

x 1

2 1+ 2

=421

=2 1+

( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
3!

x 1

1+ 2

x
+
1
2

x 3
+
2
2

~ 2x+

x2
2

x3
4

x 2
+
2

x
x
x

=2
1 2 + 4 8 +

( 1) ( 2)
2!

Valid for | x | < 2

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Hence
6 + 7x + 5x2
(1+x) (1x) (2+x)

=
2

2
(1+x)

3
(1x)

2
3
2 2x + 2x 2x +

4
(2+x)

2
3
3 + 3x + 3x + 3x

x
x

2x+ 2 4

= 2 + 3 2 2x + 3x + x + 2x2 + 3x2
x2
2

2x3

3x3

x3
4

= 3 + 2x +

9 2
2x

5 3
4x

(c) All expansions are valid when | x | < 1.

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
The binomial expansion
Exercise D, Question 1

Question:
Find binomial expansions of the following in ascending powers of x as far as the
term in x3. State the set of values of x for which the expansion is valid.
(a) ( 1 4x ) 3
(b) \ ( 16 + x )
(c)

1
( 1 2x )

(d)

4
2 + 3x

(e)

4
\ (4x)

(f)

1+x
1 + 3x

(g)

1+x 2
1x

(h)

x3
( 1 x ) ( 1 2x )

Solution:
(a) ( 1 4x ) 3
=1+

Use binomial expansion with n = 3 and x = 4x

( 3 ) ( 2 ) ( 1 ) ( 4x ) 3
3!

As n = 3 expansion is finite

and exact
= 1 12x + 48x2 64x3
(b) \ 16 + x

( 3 ) ( 2 ) ( 4x ) 2
2!

3
4x
+

Valid for all x

Write in index form

1

= ( 16 + x )

Take out a factor of 16

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16 1 + 16

= 16

1 + 16

3
+

Use binomial expansion with n =

1
1
) (
)
2
2

2!

x
8

Valid for

(c)

x
x
x

1 + 32 2048 + 65536 +

=4+

1
1 2x

x2
512

x3
16384

x
<1
16

=1+

x
16

1
1
3
) (
) (
)
2
2
2
3!

Multiply by 4

| x | < 16

Use binomial expansion with n = 1 and x = 2x

1 2x +

= 1 + 2x + 4x2 + 8x3 +
Valid for | 2x | < 1

( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 2x ) 2
2!

|x| <

1
2

Write in index form

= 4 ( 2 + 3x ) 1
=4

( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 2x ) 3
3!

4
2 + 3x

x=

Write in index form

= ( 1 2x ) 1

(d)

x 2
+
16

1
2 and

=4

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1 x
=4 1+ 2
+
16

x
16

Page 2 of 5

Take out a factor of 2

3x 1

2 1+ 2

=421

3x 1

1+ 2

Use binomial expansion with n = 1 and

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3x
+
2

( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
3!

3x 3
+
2

9x2
2

= 2 3x +
Valid for
4
\4x

3x
<1
2

=44

1
2

|x| <

2
3

Multiply by 2

Write in index form

1
2

Take out a factor of 4

1 4

1
2
1
2

Use binomial expansion with n =

1
2 and

x
4

1
2

1+

1
x

2
4
+

1
3
) (
)
2
2

2!

4 3+

x
3
5

1 + 8 + 128 x2 + 1024 x3 +

1
3
5
) (
) (
)
2
2
2
3!

=2

3x 2
+
2

4 1 4

=4

=4

=4(\4x) 1

=4(4x)

x=

27x3
4

( 1) ( 2)
2!

9x2
27x3
3x

=2 1 2 + 4 8 +

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3x
2

=2 1+ 1

(e)

Page 3 of 5

4 2+

Multiply by 2

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x
4

=2+

(f)

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3 2
64 x

5 3
512 x

Valid

4
<1

1+x
1 + 3x

Page 4 of 5

|x| <4

1+x
( 1 + 3x ) 1

1+x 1+

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Write

1
1 + 3x

1 3x +

( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 3x ) 3
3!

( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3x ) 2
2!

(g)

1+x 2
=
1x

(1+x) 2

|x| <

2
1 + 2x + x 1 +

( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( x) 3
3!

Multiply out
Collect like terms

1
3

Write in index form

(1x) 2

= (1+x) 2(1x) 2
=

Expand ( 1 x ) 2 using binomial expansion

2 x +

x3
( 1 x ) ( 1 2x )

A
(1x)

( 2) ( 3) ( x) 2
2!

= ( 1 + 2x + x2 ) ( 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + )
= 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + 2x + 4x2 + 6x3 + x2 + 2x3 +
terms
= 1 + 4x + 8x2 + 12x3 +
Valid for | x | < 1
(h) Let

= ( 1 + x ) ( 1 3x + 9x2 27x3 + )
= 1 3x + 9x2 27x3 + x 3x2 + 9x3 +
= 1 2x + 6x2 18x3 +
Valid for | 3x | < 1

in index form then expand

B
( 1 2x )

A ( 1 2x ) + B ( 1 x )
( 1 x ) ( 1 2x )

Multiply out brackets

Collect like

Put in partial fraction form

Add fractions.

Set the numerators equal: x 3 A ( 1 2x ) + B ( 1 x )

Substitute x = 1:
13=A 1+B0
2 = 1A

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A=2

Substitute x =
1
2

B= 5

1
2:

1
2

2
(1x)

2
(1x)

( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( x) 3

( 1) ( 2) ( x) 2

= 2 ( 1 + x + x2 + x3 +
~ 2 + 2x + 2x2 + 2x3

2!

3!

= 5 ( 1 2x ) 1
= 5 [ 1 + ( 1 ) ( 2x ) +
( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 2x ) 3

3!

= 5 ( 1 + 2x + 4x2 + 8x3 +
~ 5 + 10x + 20x2 + 40x3

Hence

5
( 1 2x )

=2(1x) 1
=2[1+ ( 1) ( x) +

( 1 2x )

1
2

1
2B

x3
( 1 x ) ( 1 2x )

Hence

3=A0+B

x3
( 1 x ) ( 1 2x )

( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 2x ) 2
2!

2
(1x)

5
( 1 2x )

( 2 + 2x + 2x2 + 2x3 ) ( 5 + 10x + 20x2 + 40x3 )

3 8x 18x2 38x3

2
1x

is valid for | x | < 1

5
1 2x

is valid for | 2x | < 1

Both are valid when | x | <

|x| <

1
2

1
2.

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
The binomial expansion
Exercise D, Question 2

Question:
Find the first four terms of the expansion in ascending powers of x of:
1

1 2x

, |x| <2

and simplify each coefficient.

(adapted)

Solution:

(1

=1+ (

) (

x)
2

x) +
2

1
2

) (

1
2

) (

1
2

x) 2

2!

1
2

1
2

) (

1
2

) (

3
2

) (

1
2

x) 3

3!

=1
=1

1
4
1
4

x+ (
x

1
32

1
8

x2

) (
1
128

1 2
x
4

) + (

1
16

) (

1 3
x
8

) +

x3

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
The binomial expansion
Exercise D, Question 3

Question:
Show that if x is sufficiently small then
3
x
16

3
\ (4+x)

can be approximated by

3
2

9 2
x .
256

Solution:
3
\4+x

=3(\4+x) 1
1

=3(4+x)

=3

3
2

Take out a factor of 4

=3[4(1+

Write in index form

(1+

) ]

[1+ (

4 2

) (

x
4

) +

1
2

) (

3
2

1
2

) (

x
4

) 2

2!
1

) (

) (

5
2

) (

) 3

3!

=
=
=

3
2
3
2
3
2

(1

x
8

x+
16
3
16

x+

x2 +
128
9

256
9
256

x2 +
x2

Multiply by

3
2

If terms higher than x2 are ignored

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
The binomial expansion
Exercise D, Question 4

Question:
Given that | x | < 4, find, in ascending powers of x up to and including the
term in x3, the series expansion of:
1

(a) ( 4 x )

2
1

(b) ( 4 x )

( 1 + 2x )

(adapted)

Solution:
1

(a) ( 4 x )
=

4 1 4

=4

1 4

=2 1+

Take out a factor of 4

1
2

1
2

Use binomial expansion with n =

x
1

4 +
2

x
x
x

= 2 1 8 128 1024 +

=2

x
4

x2
64

x3
512

x=

x
4

1
1
x
) (
) (
) 2
2
2
4
2!

1
1
3
x
) (
) (
) (
) 3
2
2
2
4
3!

1
2 and

Multiply by 2

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(b) ( 4 x )

( 1 + 2x )
2

Use answer from part (a)

3

x
x
x

2 4 64 512 +

1 + 2x

Multiply out

brackets
=2

x
4

x2
64

x3
512

33 2
64 x

+ 4x

x2
2

x3
32

Collect

like terms
=2+

15
4 x

17 3
512 x

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
The binomial expansion
Exercise D, Question 5

Question:
(a) Find the first four terms of the expansion, in ascending powers of x, of
( 2 + 3x ) 1, | x | <

2
3

(b) Hence or otherwise, find the first four non-zero terms of the expansion, in
ascending powers of x, of:
1+x
2 + 3x

, |x| <

2
3

Solution:
(a) ( 2 + 3x ) 1
=

Take out factor of 2

3x 1

2 1+ 2

=21

3x 1

1+ 2

Use binomial expansion with n = 1 and x =

3x
2

1
2

1+

3x
+
1
2

( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
3!

1
2

3
9
27

1 2 x + 4 x2 8 x3 +

1
2

Valid for

(b)

3x 3
+
2

1+x
2 + 3x

3
4x

9 2
8x

3x
<1
2

27 3
16 x

( 1) ( 2)
2!

3x 2
+
2

Multiply by

1
2

|x| <

2
3

Put in index form

= ( 1 + x ) ( 2 + 3x ) 1

Use expansion from part (a)

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=
=

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3
9 2
27 3

1
1+x

x
+
x

4
8
16 x +

2
1
2

3
4x

9 2
8x

27 3
16 x

1
2

1
4x

3 2
8x

9 3
16 x

1
2x

3 2
4x

9 3
8x

Multiply out
Collect like

terms
=

Valid for

3x
<1
2

|x| <

2
3

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
The binomial expansion
Exercise D, Question 6

Question:
Find, in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in x3, the series
expansion of ( 4 + x )

, giving your coefficients in their simplest form.

Solution:
(4+x)

1
2

1
2

4 1+ 4

1+ 4

1
2

Take out factor of 4

1
2

42

1+ 4

1
2

1
= 2 1+

Use binomial expansion with n =

1 x

2
+

3!

=
~

2!

1
3
5

1 8 x + 128 x2 1024 x3 +

1
2
1
2

Valid for

1
16 x

3 2
256 x

x
<1
4

x=

x
4

1
3
x
) (
) (
) 2
2
2
4

1
3
5
x
) (
) (
) (
) 3
2
2
2
4

1
2 and

5
3
2048 x

|x| <4

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
The binomial expansion
Exercise D, Question 7

Question:
f ( x ) = ( 1 + 3x ) 1, | x | <

1
.
3

(a) Expand f(x) in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in x3.
(b) Hence show that, for small x:
1+x
1 + 3x

1 2x + 6x2 18x3.

(c) Taking a suitable value for x, which should be stated, use the series
expansion
in part (b) to find an approximate value for

101
,
103

giving your answer to 5

decimal places.

Solution:
(a) ( 1 + 3x ) 1

Use binomial expansion with n = 1 and x = 3x

1 3x +

=1+

( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 3x ) 3
3!

(b)

= 1 3x + 9x2 27x3 +

1+x
1 + 3x

( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3x ) 2
2!

1+x
( 1 + 3x ) 1

Use expansion from part (a)

= ( 1 + x ) ( 1 3x + 9x2 27x3 + )
Multiply out
2
3
2
3
= 1 3x + 9x 27x + x 3x + 9x +
Collect like terms
2
3
= 1 2x + 6x 18x +
Ignore terms greater than x3
Hence

1+x
1 + 3x

1 2x + 6x2 18x3

(c) Substitute x = 0.01 into both sides of the above

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1 + 0.01
1 + 3 0.01

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1 2 0.01 + 6 0.012 18 0.013

1.01
1.03

~ 1 0.02 + 0.0006 0.000018 ,

101
103

~ 0.980582

101
103

~ 0.98058

101
1.01
=
103
1.03

Round to 5 d.p.

(5 d.p.)

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
The binomial expansion
Exercise D, Question 8

Question:
Obtain the first four non-zero terms in the expansion, in ascending powers of x,
of the function f(x) where f ( x ) =

1
\ (1+

3x2

, 3x2 < 1.

Solution:
f
(x)

1
\ 1 + 3x2

= ( \ 1 + 3x2 ) 1
1

= ( 1 + 3x2 )
=1+ (

1
2

Use binomial expansion with n =

) ( 3x2 ) +

1
2

) (

3
2

) ( 3x2 ) 2

1
2

and x = 3x2

2!
(

1
2

) (

3
2

) (

5
2

) ( 3x2 ) 3

3!

~ 1

3x2
2

27x4
8

135x6
16

Valid for | 3x2 | < 1

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
The binomial expansion
Exercise D, Question 9

Question:
1

Give the binomial expansion of ( 1 + x )

1
,
4

By substituting x =

up to and including the term in x3.

find the fraction that is an approximation to 5.

Solution:
Using binomial expansion
1

=1+ (

(1+x)

) (x) +

) (

) (x) 2

2!

1
2

) (

) (

) (x) 3

3!
1

~ 1+

1 2
x
8

16

x3

Expansion is valid if | x | < 1.

1
4 in

Substituting x =
1

1+ 4

5
4

1
2

1
2

~ 1+

~ 1+

5
4

1145
1024

5
2

1145
1024

~
5

1145
512

both sides of expansion gives

1
8

1
2

1
4

1
128

\ 4 =

5
4

1
8

5
4

1
1024

1
1 2
+
16
4

5
2

1
2

=\

1 3
4
5
4

Multiply both sides by 2

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
The binomial expansion
Exercise D, Question 10

Question:
When ( 1 + ax ) n is expanded as a series in ascending powers of x, the
coefficients of x and x2 are 6 and 27 respectively.
(a) Find the values of a and n.
(b) Find the coefficient of x3.
(c) State the values of x for which the expansion is valid.

Solution:
(a) Using binomial expansion
n

( 1 + ax )

n ( n 1 ) ( ax )

= 1 + n ax
+
2!

n ( n 1 ) ( n 2 ) ( ax ) 3
3!

If coefficient of
From

a=

6
n

n(n1)
2

( n 1 ) 18
n

n ( n 1 ) a2
2

. Substitute in

6 2
= 27
n
n2

na = 6

27 then

n(n1)
2

36

If coefficient of x is 6 then
x2 is

= 27

= 27

= 27

( n 1 ) 18 = 27n
18n 18 = 27n
18 = 9n
n= 2
Substitute n = 2 back in

2a = 6

a=3

(b) Coefficient of x3 is

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n ( n 1 ) ( n 2 ) a3
3!

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( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) 33
321

(c) ( 1 + 3x ) 2 is valid if | 3x | < 1

= 108

|x| <

1
3

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
The binomial expansion
Exercise D, Question 11

Question:
(a) Express

9x2 + 26x + 20

as
(1+x) (2+x) 2

a partial fraction.

(b) Hence or otherwise show that the expansion of

powers of x can be approximated to 5

7x
2

9x2 + 26x + 20

in
(1+x) (2+x) 2

ascending

+ Bx2 + Cx3 where B and C are

constants to be found.
(c) State the set of values of x for which this expansion is valid.

Solution:
(a) Let

9x2 + 26x + 20
(1+x) (2+x)

A
(1+x)

9x2 + 26x + 20
(1+x) (2+x) 2

B
(2+x)

C
(2+x) 2

A(2+x) 2+B(1+x) (2+x) +C(1+x)

(1+x) (2+x) 2

Set the numerators equal:

9x2 + 26x + 20 A ( 2 + x ) 2 + B ( 1 + x ) ( 2 + x ) + C ( 1 + x )
Substitute x = 2:
36 52 + 20 = A 0 + B 0 + C ( 1 )
4 = 1C
C= 4
Substitute x = 1:
3 = 1A

9 26 + 20 = A 1 + B 0 + C 0

A=3

Equate terms in x2:

9=3+B

Hence

9=A+B

B=6
9x2 + 26x + 20
(1+x) (2+x)

3
(1+x)

6
(2+x)

4
(2+x) 2

(b) Using binomial expansion

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3
(1+x)

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(2+x)

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=3(1+x) 1
( 1) ( 2) (x) 2

=3[1+ ( 1) (x) +

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2!

= 3 ( 1 x + x2 x3 +

= 3 3x + 3x2 3x3 +

( 1) ( 2) ( 3) (x) 3

3!

=6(2+x) 1
x

=6[2(1+

) ] 1

=621(1+
1

=6
3

) 1

[1+ ( 1) (

) +

( 1) ( 2)
2!

) 2+

( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
3!

]
x

=3(1
=3

3x

8
3x3

x3

3x2

x2

4
(2+x)
2

=4(2+x) 2
=4[2(1+

) ] 2

=422 (1+
1

=4
3

) 2

[1+ ( 2) (

) +

( 2) ( 3)
2!

x
2

) 2+

( 2) ( 3) ( 4)
3!

x
2

=1 (1x+
=1x+

3 2
x
4

3 2
x
4

1 3
x
2

1 3
x
2

Hence
9x2 + 26x + 20
(1+x) (2+x)

3 2
4x

3
(1+x)

3 3x + 3x2 3x3

1 3
2x

6
(2+x)

4
(2+x) 2

3x
3
3

3 2 + 4 x2 8 x3

1x+

~ 3 3x + 3x2 3x3 + 3

3x
2

3 2
4x

3 3
8x

1+x

3 2
4x

1 3
2x

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7x
2

+ 3x2

23 3
8 x

Hence B = 3 and C =

23
8

(c)

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3
(1+x)

is valid if | x | < 1

6
(2+x)

is valid if | x | < 2

4
(2+x) 2

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is valid if | x | < 2

Therefore, they all become valid if | x | < 1.

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