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About the IPEX Group of Companies
As leading suppliers of thermoplastic piping systems, the IPEX Group of
Companies provides our customers with some of the worlds largest and
most comprehensive product lines. IPEX products are backed by more than
50 years of experience. With state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities and
distribution centers across North America, we have earned a reputation for
product innovation, quality, end-user focus and performance.
Markets served by IPEX group products are:
Electrical systems
Telecommunications and utility piping systems
PVC, CPVC, PP, PVDF, PE, ABS, and PEX pipe and fittings
Industrial process piping systems
Municipal pressure and gravity piping systems
Plumbing and mechanical piping systems
Electrofusion systems for gas and water
Industrial, plumbing and electrical cements
Irrigation systems

Installation Guide

Products are manufactured by IPEX Inc.

Ultra-Rib, Ultra-X2TM & Enviro-Tite are trademarks of IPEX Branding Inc.

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This literature is published in good faith and is believed to be reliable.

However, it does not represent and/or warrant in any manner the
information and suggestions contained in this brochure. Data presented
is the result of laboratory tests and field experience.

M U N I C I P A L

S Y S T E M S

P V C SE W E R P I P E & FI TTI N G S
100 mm - 1200 mm ( 4" - 48")

A policy of ongoing product improvement is maintained. This may result

in modifications of features and/or specifications without notice

IGMNNAIP140208C 2015 IPEX MN003C

We build tough products for tough environments

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

TABLE OF CONTENTS
STARTING THE JOB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Receiving and Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Unloading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Cold Weather Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Stockpiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Weathering Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Distribution Along Trench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Loading Transfer Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Gaskets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Line and Grade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Trench Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

INSTALLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Trench Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Embedment Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Selection of Embedment Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Preparation of Trench Bottom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Trench Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Lowering Pipe Into Trench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Assembly of Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Lubricant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Curved Sewers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
Field Cut Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Manhole Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Service Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Sewer Laterals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Riser Problems Demand Special Attention . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Backfilling and Tamping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Tamping Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

TESTING OF SEWERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

Joint Tightness Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Deflection Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

SPECIAL APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

IPEX PVC SEWER PIPE INSTALLATION GUIDE

Installing Pipe Through Casings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

Deep Burial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Shallow Burial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Percent (%) Deflection of Ring-Tite, Enviro-Tite DR35,
Ultra-Rib and Ultra-X2 Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Percent (%) Deflection of IPEX Centurion Pipe . . . . . . . . . . .41
Tie-In Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Repairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Solvent-Weld Pipe & Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44

FOR RING-TITE, ENVIRO-TITE,

SOLVENT CEMENTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

Principles of Solvent Cementing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
Solvent Cementing Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Storage Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Safety Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Cold Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
Initial Set Time Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
Joint Cure Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
Unit Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55

ULTRA-RIB AND ULTRA-X2

INTRODUCTION
This book was written especially for the installer and for
those who direct the actual handling and installation of IPEX
Ring-Tite, Enviro-Tite, Ultra-Rib and Ultra-X2 PVC Gravity Sewer
Pipes. This guide is not intended to supply all necessary design
information nor to assume the responsibility of the Engineer (or
other designer) in establishing procedures best suited to
individual job conditions in order to attain satisfactory
performance.
Engineers, superintendents, contractors, foremen and pipe
laying crews will find this guide contains many helpful
suggestions. This guide will also be of help in determining needs
when ordering pipe and fittings.

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

STARTING THE JOB

Receiving and Handling
Each pipe and fitting shipment should be inspected with care
upon its arrival. The pipe and fittings were carefully loaded at the
factory using methods acceptable to the carrier and it is their
responsibility to deliver it in good order. It is the duty of the
receiver to ensure that there has been no loss or damage in
transit.
The tally sheet or bill of lading which accompanies each
shipment provides a complete list of all items included.
Check the load against the tally sheet and report any errors to
the transportation agent immediately. Be sure to have proper
notations made on the delivery receipt.
Below is a checklist to follow when receiving shipments from
carriers:
1. Make an overall examination of the load. If intact, ordinary
inspection while unloading should be enough to make sure
the pipe has arrived in good condition.
2. If the load has shifted or shows rough treatment, each piece
must then be carefully inspected for damage.
3. Check total quantities of each item against tally sheet (pipe,
gaskets, fittings, lube, etc.).
4. Any damaged or missing items must be noted on delivery
receipt and returned to the transportation company.
5. Notify the carrier immediately and make claim in accordance
with their instructions.
6. Do not dispose of any damaged material. The carrier will
notify you of proper procedure to follow.
7. Shortages and damaged material are not automatically
reshipped. If replacement material is needed, reorder
through your distributor or IPEX representative.

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

Unloading
It is the customer's decision and responsibility on how PVC
sewer pipe and fittings are unloaded in the field.
When unloading units, follow these instructions carefully:
(a) Remove restraints from the top unit loads; typically being 32
mm (1-1/4") straps.
(b) If needed, remove all 25 mm x 100 mm (1" x 4") boards
across the top and down the sides of the units.
(c) Remove the strapping only on the bundles of pipe being
unloaded, and remove one unit at a time.
(d) Use a forklift (or front end loader with forks) to remove each
top unit separately. Remove the rear units first. Do not slide
the equipment forks against the underside of pipe in a pallet.
This may damage the pipe by abrasion.
(e) If a forklift is not available, a spreader bar on top and nylon
straps capable of handling the load may be used. The straps
must be spaced approximately 2.5 m (8.2') apart and be
looped under the unit. Cables should be cushioned with a
rubber hose or other soft material to prevent abrasion to the
pipe.
(f) During the removal and handling, be sure that the units
do not hit anything. Severe impact could cause damage,
particularly during very cold weather installations.
(g) Do not
i.

Handle units with chains or single cables.

ii. Attach cables to unit frames for lifting.

(h) Units should be:
i.

Stored and placed on level ground.

ii. Stacked no more than two units high.

iii. Protected by dunnage (scrap wood) the same way they
were loaded on the truck. The dunnage must support
the weight of all units so that pipe lengths do not carry
the weight of the unit loaded above them.
(i) To unload lower units, repeat the above process
(items A through H).
(j) For Ultra-Rib pipe, if there are broken ribs for a continuous
length of 300 mm (12") or more, that pipe length should not
be used.

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

Preferred unloading is by units. If unloading equipment is not

available, the pipe may be removed individually by cutting the
bands securing the top tiers to those below. Care should be
taken to ensure that the pipe is not dropped or damaged. Since
the bands are tightly bound, the pipe may have a tendency to
move when a band is cut. Make sure the truck is parked on
level ground and that no one is standing near either side of the
truck in case a length should roll off. Do not stand on the
banded pipe while cutting the band.

during installation and backfilling. It should be noted that

degradation does not continue after PVC pipe has been buried.

A method of protecting PVC during extended exposure to sunlight

is to cover it with an opaque material such as canvas. Air
circulation should be provided under the protective cover. For
above ground installations, application of a water-based latex paint
will be effective protection against continuous sunlight exposure.
Distribution along Trench

Cold Weather Handling

Extra care should be taken in handling during cold weather.
As the temperature drops below freezing, the flexibility and
impact resistance of PVC pipe is reduced.
Pipe at the bottom of a bundle may become out of round
slightly due to the weight of the pipe stacked above it.
At normal temperatures, this situation will correct itself soon after
the load is removed. Under freezing conditions, the recovery to
initial roundness may take several hours.
Stockpiles
Stockpiles should always be built on a flat base. If mechanical
equipment is being used to handle the unit, bearing pieces
provide an excellent base. If unloading by hand, secure two
timbers for a base. Set them on a flat area spaced the same
distance as a factory load. Nail stop blocks at each end. Build
up the stockpile in the same manner as it was stacked for
shipment, transferring dunnage and chock blocks from the load
to the stockpile.
Individual lengths of pipe should be stacked in piles no higher
than 1.5 m (5').
Weathering Resistance
It should be noted that when PVC
pipe is stored outside and exposed
to prolonged periods (i.e. six months
or more) of direct sunlight, an
exterior discoloration may occur.
This process is simply a hardening
of the outer thousandths of an inch
layer of vinyl. Physical properties
such as pipe stiffness and tensile strength of PVC pipe are
unaffected by surface discoloration. However, impact resistance
may be reduced slightly. As a result, extra care should be used

In stringing out PVC pipe, keep these points in mind:

1. Lay pipe as near the trench as possible to avoid
excess handling.
2. If the trench is open, it is advisable to string pipe on the side
away from excavated soil wherever possible. This will allow
pipe to be moved easily to the edge of the trench for
lowering into position.
3. If the trench is not yet open, find out to which side
excavated soil will be thrown. Then, string out pipe on the
opposite side.
4. Place pipe in such a manner to protect it from traffic and
heavy equipment. Also, safeguard it from the effects of any
blasting which may be done.
5. Direct sunlight may cause the exposed side of the pipe to
heat up creating a bow in the pipe. Should this occur, rotate
the cool side towards the sun or place the pipe in the shade
to alleviate the curving effect. Leaving the pipe in units will
minimize bowing of PVC pipe due to heat from the sun.
6. It is common practice to string pipe with bell ends
pointing upgrade.

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

Loading Transfer Trucks

Line and Grade

Use trucks with long bodies so that pipe lengths do not

overhang more than 600 mm (24"). Make certain that the truck
bed is smooth, without cross-strips, bolt heads, or other
protrusions which could damage the pipe.

Abrupt directional changes for sewer lines are often

accomplished using manholes. Besides being an access
chamber to the line, the manhole acts as a directional junction
box for sewer pipe laid in straight lines.

Place the first layer with the bell ends overhanging; avoid sliding
the pipe and abrading it. Subsequent layers can be slid into
place. All bell ends should overhang the layer below.

The grade to which the pipe is to be laid is generally specified

on the project drawings. Rather than suggesting a minimum
grade to be used at all times with IPEX sewer pipe, it is
recommended that the grade be sufficient to provide a
minimum velocity of 0.6 m/s (2.0 fps). This will ensure that the
flow is self-cleansing at all times inside the pipe.

Short body trucks may be used if fitted with racks which

properly support the pipe in a horizontal position, with supports
spaced every meter (3') or less along the pipe lengths. Pad
contact areas to avoid damage to the pipe.
Gaskets
IPEX Ring-Tite, Enviro-Tite, Ultra-Rib, Ultra-X2 and Centurion
sewer pipes are provided with factory installed rubber gaskets
eliminating the need for field installation. For Ring-Tite,
Enviro-Tite and Centurion pipe, the gasket is placed inside the
bell end to accommodate a smooth-walled spigot for assembly.
With Ultra-Rib and Ultra-X2, the gasket is positioned on the
spigot exterior for assembly into the smooth-surface interior of
the bell.
Gaskets standardly supplied with IPEX PVC sewer pipe are
made from the commonly used elastomer, SBR. Other gasket
materials such as neoprene or nitrile are available should the
gasketed joint require any special chemical resistance. Consult
IPEX for recommendations.
Excavation
As a general rule, do not open the trench too far ahead of pipe
laying. Avoiding long stretches of opened trench will often
reduce your costs by:
(a) reducing pumping and sheeting requirements
(b) minimizing the possibility of flooding the trench
(c) reducing caving caused by ground water
(d) helping to avoid frozen trench bottom and backfill
(e) lowering safety hazard risks to workers and traffic
For sewer projects involving extremely deep cuts, Ring-Tite,
Enviro-Tite and Ultra-Rib are available in shorter lengths.
Contact IPEX for details on availability and delivery for these
special orders.

Trench Width
The width of the trench at the top of the pipe should allow for
proper placement and compaction of the haunching materials.
Generally, the minimum trench width should be 300 mm (12")
greater than the outside diameter of the pipe, with a minimum
value of 450 mm (18") at all times.
For a rigid pipe, keeping the trench width narrow is important
since the load imposed upon the pipe is a function of the trench
width. However, for flexible pipe, the maximum load on the pipe
is the "prism load" which is the weight of the soil column directly
above the pipe. Thus, precautions in keeping the trench narrow
are unnecessary for a PVC pipe installation. The key is to
compact the haunching material out to the undisturbed trench
walls. More details on proper installation are contained in the
following section.

10

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

INSTALLATION

Initial Backfill This zone begins above the springline to a level

150 mm (6") to 300 mm (12") above the top of the pipe.
Compaction here will give little additional side support to PVC
pipe, but may be required to maintain stability of any above
ground surfaces (i.e. roads or sidewalks).

An understanding of flexible conduit terminology is essential for

the installer. The soil class and density realized in the bedding,
haunching and initial backfill zones are important factors in
achieving a satisfactory installation of PVC pipe.
Much of the installation information can also be found in
Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Standard B182.11,
entitled, "Recommended Practice for the Installation of
Thermoplastic Drain, Storm and Sewer Pipe and Fittings" or
ASTM Standard D2321, entitled, Underground Installation of
Thermoplastic Pipe for Sewers and Other Gravity Flow
Applications.

11

Note: The particle size recommended for the three zones described above
should not exceed 38 mm (1.5") for Ring-Tite, Enviro-Tite, Ultra-Rib, UltraX2 and Centurion.

Final Backfill The remainder of the trench fill above the initial
backfill provides no support for a PVC pipe and should be free of
stones 150 mm (6") and larger. Compaction may be required for
reasons other than support of the PVC pipe since this zone is
very significant in supporting the above ground surfaces
(i.e. roads or highways).

Trench Zones
The following figure has been prepared to illustrate the various
zones used with flexible pipe terminology.
Pipe Zone Terminology

Embedment Materials
Some general rules about all soils to be used in a buried pipe-line
trench include that they must be free of sharp objects, sticks, large
clumps, frozen material, organic materials and boulders.
Most of the soils commonly found can be classified into one of
the following categories, which are referenced from ASTM D2487.
Class 1: Angular, 6 mm to 38 mm (1/4" 1-1/2") graded stone,
including a number of fill materials such as coral, slag, cinders,
crushed stone or crushed shells.

Foundation A foundation is required when the trench bottom

is unstable. Any foundation that will support a rigid pipe without
causing loss of grade or structural breakage will be more than
adequate for PVC pipes.
Bedding The bedding directly underneath the pipe is required
only to bring the trench bottom up to grade. It should not be so
thick or soft that the pipe will settle and lose grade. The sole
purpose of the bedding is to provide a firm, stable and uniform
support of the pipe. A bedding thickness of 100 mm (4") is most
times sufficient. The engineer may wish to increase the bedding
to 150 mm (6") for ledge rock foundations.
Haunching This area is the most important in terms of limiting
the vertical deflection of the flexible pipe. Pipe support is
obtained in the haunch zone by compacting soil in both
directions away from the pipe to the undisturbed trench walls.

Class 2: Coarse sands and gravels with a maximum particle

size of 38 mm (1-1/2"), including various graded sands and
gravels containing small percentages of fines, generally granular
and non-cohesive.
Class 3: Fine sand and clayey gravels, including fine sands,
sand-clay mixtures and gravel-clay mixtures.
Class 4: Silt, silty clays, and clays including inorganic clays and
silts of medium to high plasticity and liquid limits.
Class 5: Includes organic soils such as frozen earth, debris and
other foreign materials. These materials are not recommended
for use in the bedding, haunch or initial backfill zones.
Note: The performance of a flexible conduit does not depend only on the
class of embedment materials used, but more importantly, on the density
achieved in compaction of the haunching material.

12

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

Selection of Embedment Materials

Soil to be used in the pipe zone should be capable of
maintaining the specified soil density. For example, if a coarse
material such as Class 1 is used for bedding the pipe, it should
also be used in the haunch zone to the springline of the pipe.
Otherwise, side support may be lost due to migration of the
Class 2, 3 or 4 material into the bedding.
When selecting the embedment materials, ensure that native soil
migration from the trench walls cannot occur. A well-graded
compacted granular material will prevent this condition from
occurring. In trenches subject to inundation, the granular
material should be compacted to a minimum of 85% Standard
Proctor Density.
Preparation of Trench Bottom
Preparation of the trench bottom is the starting point for a
satisfactory and safe sewer pipe installation. The trench bottom
should be smooth and free from large stones, clumps of dirt, and
any frozen material as approved by the engineer. It is economical
on most sewer installations to undercut the trench bottom by
machine and bring it up to grade by use of granular material.
If the bedding material chosen is a loose granular such as sand, the
pipe can be laid directly on it. If the bedding is a hard, compacted
material, excavation for the bells (bell holes) should be provided so
that the pipe is uniformly supported along the entire length.
Coarse sand, crushed stone or shell often is the most
economical granular material because compaction is easily
obtained. With all types of soil, voids should be eliminated under
and around the lower half of the pipe by working in granular
materials by shovel slicing.
Native backfill may be used for the trench bottom providing the
soil is free of large stones, hard lumps and debris, and can be
properly compacted by tamping. Ensure that the fill does not fit
the Class 5 description.
In rocky trenches, place a minimum 100 mm (4") layer of select
bedding material to provide a cushion for the pipe. The rock
foundation must first be excavated to at least 100 mm (4") below
the final grade of the pipe bottom. Any buried pipe, regardless of
pipe material, that rests directly on rock may be subject to
eventual breakage under the weight of soil and/or live loads.
When an unstable trench bottom is encountered and appears to
be unable to support the pipe properly, the engineer may insist

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

13

that the bottom be excavated and refilled to pipe grade with an

approved foundation and bedding material. This layer should be
compacted to a minimum 85% Standard Proctor Density.
Trench Boxes
It is good safety practice to use movable trench boxes whenever
possible while installing pipe in a below ground trench. The trench
box serves as a lateral support to protect workers from possible
cave-ins. They are often a requirement of local labor codes.
In order not to compromise the integrity of a PVC pipe
installation, there are essentially two options available when
using a trench box:
1. Set the box directly on the trench foundation after having
bottom corner sections of the box removed on each side.
This will permit proper placement and compaction of bedding
material in the pipe zone. The box should be regularly moved
along in the direction of the excavation with the cut-away
section being at the back end (as shown below).

Notched Section

Direction
Of Travel

Trench Bottom

2. A full profile box may be used but only if it is set on ledges

or shelves made in the sidewalls of the trench. These ledges
should be located above the springline of the pipe. This will
create a subditch condition within the trench, and will ensure
optimal compaction around the PVC pipe. A full profile box
will also be effective if suspended from the top of the trench
by cross beams or side-wheels.
Lowering Pipe into Trench
PVC sewer pipe in sizes up to 375 mm (15") diameter are capable
of being handled and lowered into the trench by hand. Larger pipe
should be lowered using ropes and skids or an excavator bucket
with slings. Do not kick or throw PVC pipe into the trench.
Pipe and fittings should be inspected for defects or damage
prior to lowering into the trench. Any defective or damaged pipe
or fittings should be repaired or replaced. All foreign matter
should be removed from the pipe interior before lowering for
usage. For Ultra-Rib Pipe, the maximum permitted continuous
length of broken ribs is 300 mm (12").

14

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

15

Dimensions
1. Ring-Tite and Enviro-Tite

where, O.D.
I.D.
t
Dmax
C

=
=
=
=
=

2. Ultra-Rib

average outside diameter

average inside diameter
minimum wall thickness
approximate outside diameter of the bell
insertion depth distance

where,

O.D.
I.D.
t
Dmax

Note: Bell profiles are for information only. Actual profiles may vary

Enviro-Tite available in all DR28 sizes & DR35 from 100 375 mm.
Pipe Size
mm

in

O.D.
mm

I.D.
in

mm

Dmax

t
in

mm

in

mm

in

Pipe Size

C
mm

in

mm

=
=
=
=

average outside diameter of barrel

average inside diameter
minimum waterway wall thickness
approximate outside diameter of bell

O.D.

in

mm

I.D.

Dmax

in

mm

in

mm

in

mm

in

200

224

8.8

200

7.87

2.20

0.09

248

9.8

99.0 3.90

3.8 0.15 135 5.31 71

2.8

250

10

280

11.0

251

9.88

2.30

0.09

311

12.2

125 * 5 143.3 5.64 132.5 5.22

5.1 0.20 173 6.81 72

2.8

300

12

333

13.1

298

11.73 2.60

0.10

371

14.6

3.5

375

15

408

16.1

365

14.37 2.80

0.11

453

17.8

450

18

497

19.6

448

17.64 3.30

0.13

556

21.9

2.8

525

21

584

23.0

527

20.75 4.06

0.16

665

26.2

600

24

660

26.0

597

23.50 4.58

0.18

724

28.5

DR28
100 * 4 107.1 4.22

150 * 6 159.4 6.28 147.3 5.80

5.7 0.22 191 7.52 89

DR35
100

107.1 4.22 100.7 3.96

3.1 0.12 133 5.24 71

125

143.3 5.64 134.6 5.30

4.1 0.16 171 6.73 72

2.8

150

159.4 6.28 149.6 5.89

4.6 0.18 189 7.44 89

3.5

200

213.4 8.40 200.4 7.89

6.1 0.24 245 9.65 100 3.9

250 10 266.7 10.50 250.5 9.86

7.6 0.30 310 12.20 115 4.5

300 12 317.5 12.50 298.1 11.74 9.1 0.36 364 14.33 125 4.9
375 15 388.6 15.30 365.1 14.37 11.1 0.44 442 17.40 145 5.7
450 18 475.0 18.70 448.1 17.56 13.6 0.53 550 21.65 286 11.3
525 21 560.0 22.05 528.3 20.71 16.0 0.63 640 25.20 317 12.5
600 24 630.0 24.80 594.4 23.36 18.0 0.71 700 27.56 343 13.5
675 27 710.0 27.95 669.9 26.26 20.3 0.80 800 31.50 343 3.5
750 30 812.8 32.00 763.8 30.07 23.2 0.91 926 36.46 356 4.0
900 36 972.8 38.30 914.4 36.00 27.8 1.09 1108 43.62 406 6.0
1050 42 1130.3 44.50 1062.0 41.81 32.3 1.27 1265 49.80 406 16.0

16

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

3. Ultra-X2

4. IPEX Centurion

OD

mm

in

O.D.
mm

Crest Wall Thickness

Liner Wall Thickness

ID

Nominal
Pipe Size

17

Crest Wall
Thickness

I.D.
in

mm

in

mm

in

Liner Wall Insertion

Thickness Force
mm
in
lbf

750 25.53 816.6 32.15 749.2 29.50 3.7

0.15

5.6

0.22

900 35.43 984.6 38.76 901.4 35.49 3.3

0.13

4.6

0.18 1000

985

where, O.D.
I.D.
t
Dmax
C

=
=
=
=
=

average outside diameter

average inside diameter
minimum wall thickness
approximate outside diameter of the bell
insertion depth distance

Note: Bell profiles are for information only. Actual profiles may vary.
Pipe Size
mm

in

O.D.
mm

I.D.
in

mm

Dmax

t
in

mm

in

mm

in

C
mm

in

DR41
600 24

655

25.8

623

24.5 16.0 0.63 752 29.6 330 13.0

750 30

813

32.0

773

30.4 19.8 0.78 917 36.1 368 14.5

38.3

925

36.4 23.7 0.93 1089 42.9 393 15.5

900 36

973

1050 42

1130 44.5 1075 42.3 27.5 1.09 1255 49.4 406 16.0

1200 48

1290 50.8 1227 48.3 31.5 1.24 1424 56.1 432 17.0

600 24

655

25.8

630

24.8 12.8 0.50 745 29.3 330 13.0

750 30

813

32.0

781

30.7 15.9 0.63 909 35.8 368 14.5

900 36

973

38.3

935

36.8 19.1 0.75 1080 42.5 393 15.5

1050 42

1130 44.5 1086 42.8 22.2 0.87 1240 48.8 406 16.0

1200 48

1290 50.8 1240 48.8 25.3 1.00 1409 55.5 432 17.0

DR51

Note: The installation recommendations presented in this booklet for RingTite and Enviro-Tite are generally valid for IPEX Centurion pipe used for
gravity sewer applications.
For specific recommendations, contact your local IPEX sales office.

18

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

19

Assembly of Pipe
Ring-Tite, Enviro-Tite, Ultra-Rib, Ultra-X2 and Centurion pipe are
assembled in the form of a bell and spigot gasketed joint.
For Ring-Tite, Enviro-Tite pipe and Centurion pipe, the gasket is
in place in the interior of the bell while the spigot is factorybeveled for easy insertion. Ultra-Rib and Ultra-X2 differ by having
the gasket positioned on the spigot exterior, between the
second and third ribs, for insertion into a smooth-interior bell.
Assembly procedures are virtually identical.
Assembly Steps
1. Ensure that the bell interior and spigot exterior are clean and
free from foreign material that could prevent an effective seal
between the bell and spigot.
Note: All Ring-Tite, Enviro-Tite and Centurion PVC pipe is shipped with
a chamfer on the end of the spigot. If there is no chamfer, follow the
example of a factory-made spigot and machine a suitable chamfer
using a beveling tool, hand rasp, disk cutter or router.

2. Apply IPEX lubricant to the pipe as follows:

(a) Ring-Tite, Enviro-Tite and Centurion Pipe Apply lube
to the spigot end only. The coating of lube should extend
back 50 to 75 mm (2 to 3") from the spigot edge and should
cover the entire circumference. The bell interior need not be
lubricated.
(b) Ultra-Rib and Ultra-X2 Pipe Lube should be applied
to the entire circumference of the bell interior to half of the
bell depth. A thin layer of lube should also be applied to the
gasket exterior on the spigot end.
The lube may be applied using a brush, cloth, glove,
sponge or pad.
3. Insert the spigot end into the bell until the Ring-Tite, EnviroTite or Centurion spigot comes in contact with the rubber
ring, or for Ultra-Rib and Ultra-X2, until the spigot gasket
contacts the bell end.
4. While keeping the lengths in proper alignment, brace the bell
and push the spigot into the bell. The spigot should be
inserted until the reference mark on the pipe barrel is
even with the edge of the bell.
Note: If undue resistance is felt to the assembly, the joint should be
disassembled, cleaned and remade in accordance with the above
methods. Dislodged gaskets can be re-installed on the spigot of UltraRib, and Ultra-X2 or in the bell of all IPEX Ring-Tite, and Enviro-Tite
except for pipe with the pinched O-ring gasket. If excessive resistance
still exists upon reassembly, do not attempt to force the assembly.
Contact IPEX immediately for assistance.

Pipe can normally be assembled by hand or by bar and block

for sizes up to 375 mm (15"). For larger sizes, it may be
necessary to install the pipe using methods such as lever
pullers, hydraulic jacks or the backhoe bucket.
When such mechanical means are used, the assembly effort
should not be applied directly to the edge of the pipe. A two-byfour or a plank should be placed between the backhoe bucket and
the pipe edge. The use of the excavator bucket has the
disadvantage that the machine operator is unable to clearly see the
pipe installation. A helper should assist by observing the reference
mark and signalling the operator when the assembly is complete.
Note: Insertion depths may vary among different pipe manufacturers. As a
result, care should be taken when assembling IPEX pipe with another
brand of PVC pipe. The insertion depth of the other brands bell should be
measured and marked on the IPEX spigot. If assembling the spigot of
another brand of pipe into an IPEX bell, refer to Dimension C on page 14
for proper insertion depths of the IPEX bells.

CAUTION: Over-assembly of a PVC sewer pipe joint may cause

one or both of the problems below:
(a) Joint flexibility may be lost which may cause a leak in the
case of uneven settlement.
(b) The inside diameter may be reduced enough to appear as
an over-deflection on a deflection mandrel test.
Lubricant
To assemble IPEX PVC sewer pipe, the installer should only use
IPEX lubricant. The correct amount of lubricant can be
calculated using the chart below. If adverse conditions are
encountered, such as extreme cold or high water table, extra
lubricant must be used.

20

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

LUBRICANT USAGE - Joints Per Container

Nominal Pipe
Size

A. Bending the Pipe Barrel

Average Number of Joints per Container

mm

in

250 g

516 g

1 kg

4 kg

11 kg

23 kg

100

17

34

70

280

805

1,610

125

14

28

56

225

645

1,290

150

10

20

40

160

460

920

200

14

28

110

320

640

250

10

10

20

80

230

460

300

12

14

55

160

320

375

15

32

87

175

450

18

16

45

90

500

20

12

35

70

525

21

12

35

70

600

24

22

45

675

27

17

35

750

30

12

25

900

36

15

1050

42

10

1200

48

= # of joints

or
# of feet of pipe (per diameter)
lay length of pipe (ft)
# of joints
joints per container

Smaller diameters of IPEX PVC Ring-Tite and Enviro-Tite Pipe

up to 300 mm (12") diameter may be subjected to limited
bending to follow the outline of a curved trench. This practice
should not be attempted with Ultra-Rib, Ultra-X2 and
Centurion Pipe.
The recommended procedure is as follows:
1. Make a concentric assembly in the usual way. Keep the
spigot in straight alignment with the bell.
2. Place compacted backfill around the assembled joint to
restrict its movement while the curvature is being made.
3. Place compacted backfill at the inside of the curve, at the
mid-point of the pipe length, to form a fulcrum.
4. Using only manual effort, move the leading bell of the pipe
length to be curved by no more than the offset distance
shown in the following table.
Below is a table showing the minimum radius of curvature
achieved by bending IPEX Ring-Tite and Enviro-Tite Pipe, and
the resultant maximum offset for standard 4 m (13') lengths.
Minimum Radius of
Curvature

Pipe Size

How to use the chart:

# of meters of pipe (per diameter)
lay length of pipe (m)

21

= # of joints

= # of containers

Maximum Offset, A

mm

in

mm

in

mm

in

100

13

43

600

23

125

18

57

450

18

150

19

64

400

16

200

26

86

300

12

250

10

33

107

240

300

12

39

128

200

Note: Bending is not recommended for Ring-Tite and Enviro-Tite pipe sizes
greater than 300 mm (12") or for any size of Ultra-Rib, Ultra-X2 and
Centurion pipe.

Curved Sewers
As a cost-saving alternative to manholes, gradual changes in
direction for IPEX PVC sewer pipe may be achieved using
one of the following:
(a) bending the pipe (IPEX Ring-Tite and Enviro-Tite only)
(b) deflecting the gasketed joint
(c) using IPEX PVC fittings

Radius of Curvature

A = Offset
A

22

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

23

B. Deflecting the Joint

C. Using PVC Fittings

The gasketed joints of IPEX PVC sewer pipe and fittings are
flexible enough to permit deviation in the assembled joint for
directional changes. Below is the recommended procedure for
curving a pipeline using joint deflection:

IPEX offers standard elbows and short or long radius sweeps

in 11-1/4, 22-1/2, 45 or 90. PVC elbows can also be
fabricated to any other angle configuration for all sizes of
Ring-Tite, Enviro-Tite, Centurion, Ultra-Rib or Ultra-X2 pipe.
These fittings are assembled in the same manner as the pipe.

1. Make a concentric assembly, but push the spigot into the

bell only to a point about 13 mm (1/2") short of the
reference line. This incomplete assembly permits more
movement of the end of the pipe at the neck of the bell.
2. Shift the loose bell end of the assembled length by not more
than indicated in the following table.
3. This procedure should not be used in conjunction with
Method A (bending the pipe barrel).
Below is a table illustrating the maximum allowable angle of
deviation at the bell of IPEX PVC sewer pipe, as well as the
resultant maximum offset for a standard 4 meter (13') length.
Angle at
One Bell

Pipe Size
mm

in

degrees ()

Maximum
Offset, B
mm

Radius of
Curvature

in

ft

Ring-Tite and Enviro-Tite - 4m (13ft) lengths

100 - 300

4 - 12

350

13.6

46

150

375 - 600

15 - 24

210

8.2

76

250

675 - 1050

27 - 42

1.5

105

4.1

150

490

Ultra-Rib - 4m (13 ft) lenths

200 - 600

8 - 24

350

13,6

46

150

210

76

249

Ultra-X2
750 - 900

30 - 36

IPEX Centurion - 6.1m (20ft) lengths

600 - 1200

24 - 48

1.5

160

6.3

230

750

Note: If half lengths of pipe are used, the above offset values must be
divided by two.

Field-Cut Assembly
Before assembly is being made using field-cut PVC sewer pipe,
follow the instructions below:
(a) Ring-Tite, Enviro-Tite and Centurion Pipe The spigot
end must be chamfered to a thickness of about 50% of the
pipe wall at a bevel angle of 15. Next, a reference line for
insertion should be
applied to minimize
possibility of
over-insertion. Dimension
C in the table entitled,
Pipe Dimensions (page
14), in this booklet may
be used as a guide.
Alternatively, the installer
may determine the correct insertion line position from an
uncut length of the same diameter pipe.
(b) Ultra-Rib Pipe A gasket must be field installed between
the second and third ribs of the spigot end. An insertion line
can be marked using the table below as a guide.
Pipe Size

Stop Mark

mm

in

(between ribs)

200

4 and 5

250

10

5 and 6

300

12

5 and 6

375

15

5 and 6

450

18

5 and 6

525

21

6 and 7

ft.)
4 m (13

(c) Ultra-X2 Pipe A gasket must be field installed on the

second valley of the spigot end. An insertion line can be
marked using the table below as a guide.
Offset, B

Pipe Size

Stop Mark (from end of spigot)

mm

in

mm

in

750

30

265

10.5

900

36

280

11

24

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

25

Manhole Connections

Manhole Installation Notes

Very often, connections of PVC sewer pipe to concrete

manholes and other rigid structures require a watertight
connection. Some options to obtain such a connection are
described below.

To minimize the effects of possible manhole settlement over

time, shorter sections [typically 1 meter or (3')] of PVC sewer
pipe should be used when entering and exiting the manhole.

It is good practice to compact the foundation below the

manhole to prevent excessive settlement.

1. Gasketed Outlet Manhole suppliers normally offer a

precast concrete base manhole with a gasketed outlet to
accommodate smooth-walled Ring-Tite and Enviro-Tite PVC
pipe. (IPEX Centurions ODs must be specified prior to
order.) The installer must simply specify the appropriate
outside diameter of the pipe to ensure a properly sized
gasket will be cast into the manhole. The Ring-Tite and
Enviro-Tite pipe should be chamfered and lubricated before
insertion.

The area directly underneath the PVC pipe at the manhole

should be supported by compacted soil or sand to assist in
load bearing capacity.

Manhole connections other than those listed above may be

acceptable to the designer for varying water and soil
tightness requirements.

2. Grout Adapters These fittings are manufactured from a

stub of Ring-Tite, Enviro-Tite and Centurion pipe that has
been coated externally with a sand, epoxy, cement mortar
mixture. A watertight connection can be made by placing the
adapter into a manhole outlet followed by filling the annular
space around the adapter with a non-shrink grout. The
special coating is required because grout will not form a
watertight bond with bare PVC pipe.

IPEX offers four methods of connecting service lines or tie-ins to

PVC sewer pipe. PVC fittings are the preferred method for
service connections for newly installed lines up to 375 mm (15"),
while saddles and Inserta-Tees are advantageous for larger sizes
and for tie-ins to existing sewer mainlines of all diameters.
Solvent weld fittings are not compatible with fabricated gasketed
fittings because the spigot is too short to engage the gasket in a
fabricated fitting.

Ultra-Rib/Ultra-X2

1. PVC Fittings IPEX manufactures gasketed molded PVC

fittings up to 375 mm (15"), and fabricated PVC fittings up to
1200 mm (48") in all configurations. Custom configurations
can also be made to suit design needs.
Joint assembly methods are the same as for pipe joints

Ring-Tite and Enviro-Tite

1. Smooth-Walled Adapter IPEX offers a Bell x Spigot PVC

adapter that will transform Ultra-Rib to smooth-walled RingTite and Enviro-Tite outside diameter. Connection to the
manhole can then be achieved exactly as described in
Method 1 for Ring-Tite and Enviro-Tite pipe. The adapter will
be factory chamfered.
2. Grout Adapter The concept here is identical to the grout
adapter used for Ring-Tite and Enviro-Tite pipe, except that
the bell end of the grout adapter is made to accept an UltraRib spigot. The procedure involves the application of a nonshrink grout to create a seal between the adapter and the
concrete manhole wall. Some manhole manufacturers offer
these type of adapters grouted into place in precast factorymade manholes for convenience to the pipeline installer.
3. Straight Connection Although non-shrink grout will not
bond to PVC, it will adhere to elastomeric gaskets. Thus, a
watertight grout-sealed connection can be made to the
Ultra-Rib providing there is an Ultra-Rib gasket on the pipe
spigot. An even better seal can be obtained if two (2)
gaskets are placed consecutively on the Ultra-Rib spigot.

SERVICE CONNECTIONS

except the fittings may have different insertion depths. The

insertion line on a factory-made pipe spigot should be
disregarded when installing fittings on that spigot. A correct
insertion distance may be determined by measuring the bell
depth of the fitting with a measuring tape prior to assembly.

26

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

2. Inserta-Tees These devices are available for use on

Ring-Tite, Enviro-Tite, Ultra-Rib and Ultra-X2 PVC sewer
pipe. Inserta-Tees can be installed on mainlines up to 1050
mm (42") diameter, with outlet sizes ranging from 100 mm
(4") to 300 mm (12"). Follow the instructions below for
proper installation:
Outlet Size

Hole Diameter

mm

in

mm

in

100

114

4-1/2

150

165

6-1/2

200

222

8-3/4

250

10

276

10-7/8

300

12

327

12-7/8

(a) Core the appropriate sized

hole with a hand-held drill with
holesaw attachment. A tie-down
coring machine is recommended
for 250 mm (10") and 300 mm
(12") Inserta Tee sizes. **

PVC
Hub

Band

Rubber
boot

INSERTA TEE

(b) Insert the rubber sleeve into

the hole with the gold vertical line on the rubber sleeve
facing perpendicular to the direction of mainline flow. The
upper lip should be positioned against the wall exterior, while
the lower lip should be against the inner pipe wall.
(c) Apply Inserta-Tee solution to the rubber sleeve interior
and the PVC hub exterior. Do Not use an oil-based
lubricant.
(d) Place the PVC hub into the rubber sleeve while aligning
the vertical red line on the PVC hub with the gold line on the
rubber sleeve.
(e) Tap the PVC hub into the sleeve using a hammer and
block of wood. The hub should only be inserted until the
horizontal red line on the hub is even with the outer edge
of the rubber sleeve.
(f) Place the stainless steel band around the top of the
rubber sleeve and tighten. The lateral pipe can now be
inserted into the PVC hub to complete the service
connection.
Note: Ensure that the Inserta-Tee used is designed for the type and
size of pipe being used (i.e. for Ring-Tite, Enviro-Tite, Ultra-Rib or
Ultra-X2).

27

** The following precautions should be observed when holecutting through Ultra-Rib pipe:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

use a variable speed drill

to prevent binding, and possible injury, initially operate
hole cutter in the reverse direction
after establishing a groove, complete the hole in either
the forward or reverse direction.

3. Strap-On Gasketed PVC Saddles These devices are

available as either tees or wyes. Mainline connections can be
made to pipe as large as 1050 mm (42") with outlet sizes up to
150 mm (6") standardly available. This method is for use on
Ring-Tite and Enviro-Tite PVC pipe only. The procedure
below should be followed to ensure proper installation:
(a) Place saddle in position on pipe. Use the saddle as a
template and marker guide for the hole cut-in. Remove the
saddle from the pipe.
(b) Using the hole guide mark, cut a hole through the pipe
wall outside the mark by the thickness of the saddle stem
[more than 6 mm (1/4")]. Use a hand, keyhole or power jig
saw to cut the hole. For wye saddles, cut or bevel the
downstream side of the hole at a 45 angle to obtain a better
fit for the saddle stem.
(c) Clean and dry both the underside of the saddle and the
mating surface of the pipe.
(d) Position the saddle over the hole. Place the two (2)
stainless steel hose clamps around the pipe and through the
slots at each end of the saddle skirt. Check to see that the
saddle stem is recessed into the hole for stability and that
the straps are at right angles to the pipe surface.
(e) Tighten the straps alternately with a large screwdriver until
the maximum torque has been reached by hand. The
minimum applied torque should be 6.8 joules (5.0 ft/lbs).
(f) Place and tamp the select backfill around the pipe and
saddle to provide firm and continuous support for both.
Note: If saddles are not properly positioned, the rubber gasket may not
be touching the pipe wall which may result in a leak.

When performing any of the above service connection methods,

every effort should be made to:
(a) Ensure no foreign matter enters the main line through
the connection outlet.
(b) Keep the outlet plugged until the service lateral pipe
is installed.
(c) Keep the lateral service pipe capped at its terminating
point until the house sewer line is later installed.

28

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

Sewer Laterals
In general, service laterals should be taken off at an angle of no
greater than 45 degrees from the horizontal. This will minimize
the effects of side-soil friction imposing excessive downward
loads on the service connection.
When connecting laterals, use a long sweep PVC bend
wherever possible to facilitate changes in slope more gradually.
Good compaction is imperative beneath the long sweep bends
as well as below the branch of the service connection in order to
maintain proper soil support. The PVC long sweep bends from
IPEX are made to a radius of curvature of six (6) times the
nominal diameter of the bend.
Riser Problems Demand Special Attention
When vertical risers cannot be avoided, consult the design
engineer as more special precautions may be required.
Service lines from the property to the street sewer demand
special design considerations when the collection sewer is
deeper than 4 m (13') regardless of the piping material used.
Service risers from main sewers buried more than 4 m (13')
should be taken off at an angle not less than 45 from the
vertical. The service should then be moved to the vertical
position by an appropriate elbow and vertical section of pipe. In
sanitary sewer systems, drop laterals and drop manholes are the
most common examples of areas requiring this special attention.
Drop laterals may create undue stresses on the buried pipe and
fitting assembly. Horizontal portions of a lateral laid over
disturbed uncompacted materials may experience a loss of
bedding support if the foundation settles. This can lead to loss
of grade and ultimately beam or shear failure in the pipe or
fitting. As the soil adjacent to the pipe settles with the
foundation, it attempts to drag the pipe with it, magnifying the
load on the fittings.
It is critical to provide proper support beneath the mainline,
service fitting, lateral, elevation fittings and their adjacent fill. Since
this is usually difficult, the best approach is to turn
the lateral down immediately when entering the trench and keep it
against the trench wall thus eliminating any unsupported portion.
Keeping the drop portion (and the upper elbow) immediately
adjacent to the trench wall can reduce drag down effects and

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

29

can control beam bending during backfill. Even then, the elbow
at the bottom must be both strong enough and bedded on a
sound foundation to react to the loads. As depths increase,
settlement loads can ultimately fail the system or buckle
the riser.
Designs employing sleeves or concrete encasement of the drop
portion of the lateral are effective if the designer provides an
adequate means of supporting the loads at the bottom.
Sleeving the lateral with a crushable sleeve such as corrugated
polyethylene drainage tubing can also solve the problem. As the
fill adjacent to the lateral settles, the sleeve folds up and moves
down with it. This accordion-like effect displaces the load from
the lateral. It should be noted that when this method is used, the
annular space between the sleeve and the lateral should not be
filled with backfill.
ELBOW AT
EDGE OF TRENCH

LATERAL AGAINST
TRENCH WALL

SOUND BEDDING
SUPPORT REQ'D

For moderate trench depth

STD. SOIL
EMBEDMENT

RIGID
SLEEVE

CONCRETE
SUPPORT

Rigid sleeve for any trench

(concrete must support sleeve)

SLEEVE
TO TOP

UNDISTURBED
TRENCH BOTTOM

CRUSHABLE
PROTECTIVE
SLEEVE

SOUND BEDDING
SUPPORT REQ'D

Sloping lateral trench - any depth

(slope at 1:1 or flatter)

LATERAL AGAINS
TRENCH WALL

STD. SOIL EMBEDMENT

Crushable Sleeve - any depth

(sleeve of near zero column strength)

Backfilling and Tamping

Backfilling should follow pipe assembly as closely as possible.
This protects pipe from falling rocks, eliminates possible lifting of
the pipe off grade due to flooding, avoids shifting pipe out of line
by cave-ins, and lessens the possibility that backfill material will
freeze.
The two purposes for proper haunching and proper initial
backfilling of PVC pipe are:
(a) to provide the side soil support, which is necessary to
enable the pipe and soil to work together to meet the

30

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

designed load requirements within the allowable deflection

limit.

Flood or water tamping may be used as a method of compaction

only in trenches that are excavated in soils from which water
drains quickly. Care should be taken not to float the pipe. The
introduction of water under pressure (i.e. water-jetting) should
never be used to compact embedment soils of PVC pipe.

(b) to provide protection for the pipe from impact damage due
to large rocks, etc., contained in the final backfill.
After initial backfilling has been completed, the balance of the
backfill can be done by machine.
Tamping Equipment

31

TESTING OF SEWERS
Joint Tightness Testing

The following are some forms of tamping equipment commonly

used.
Tamping Bars If manual tamping is to be done directly beside
or above PVC pipe, tamping bars are preferred. Two types of
tamping bars should be available for a good tamping job. First, a
bar with a narrow head should be used. (See A or B below)
These are used to tamp under the pipe. The second type of
tamping bar should have a flat head. It is used to compact the
soil along the sides of the pipe to the trench walls. (See C
below) The flat tamper will not do the work of the tamping bar
and vice-versa.

To ensure the integrity of the assembled gasketed joints of a

PVC sewer pipeline, the designer will often require testing after
installation is complete. This testing is frequently a requirement
for sanitary sewer lines and is a growing trend for storm sewer
systems as well.
There are two options that may be specified by the designer to
test joint tightness air testing or water testing. Air testing is
preferable where possible because of its accuracy, simplicity and
minimal time consumption. Water testing tends to be more
expensive than with air, but is advantageous in some situations.
1. Air Testing

25 mm (1 in.)
Bar

20, 25 or 30 mm
(3/4, 1, 1 1/4 in.) Pipe

1.8 m
(6 ft.)

30
Bend

30
Bend
Weld to flat bar
15 cm x 10 cm x 25 cm
(5/8 in. x 1/2 in. x 1 in.)

Tee and two

10 cm (4 in.)
nipples

Tampers These devices are well-suited for use in the Bedding,

Haunch, Initial Backfill, or Final Backfill zones. A minimum cover
of 300 mm (12") is recommended for jumping jacks to avoid
excessive impacts, while flat plate tampers may be used with as
little as 150 mm (6") of backfill over the pipe.
Mechanical Compactors This category refers to such
machines as hoe-pacs and vibratory rollers. They should only be
used in the Final Backfill zone and must always have a minimum
cover of 1 meter (3.3') above the pipe.

Here, the installer must plug both ends of a section of sewer

to be tested before subjecting that section of pipe to low
pressure air. The air must be maintained at a minimum
pressure of 24.0 kPa (3.5 psi) for the specified time period
for each diameter shown in the table below. Duration times
vary with changes in pipe size and length of test sections.
A maximum pressure drop of 3.5 kPa (0.5 psi) is permitted
within the specified time duration. If a maximum pressure
drop of 7.0 kPa (1.0 psi) is specified, the time values in the
table should be doubled.
Should the pressure drop be greater than 3.5 kPa (0.5 psi)
within the specified time duration, the installer must locate
and repair any deficiencies at his own expense. Re-testing
must be performed until a successful test is achieved.
Sources of leaks may be dirt in an assembled gasketed joint,
incorrectly tightened service saddles or improper plugging or
capping of sewer lateral piping. If there is no leakage
(i.e. zero pressure drop) after one hour of testing, the section
should be passed and presumed free of defects.
If there is groundwater present at a level higher than the pipe
invert during the air-test, the test pressure should be
increased to a value of 24.0 kPa (3.5 psi) greater than the
water head at the bottom of the pipe [to a maximum air test
pressure of 34.0 kPa (5.0 psi)].

32

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

Pipe Size

Minimum
Time

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

Time for
Time for
Length for
Meter Longer Feet
Minimum Time Longer
Length
Length

mm

in

min:sec

ft

sec

sec

100

1:53

182.0

600

0.62 L

0.19 F

125

2:31

137.0

450

1.10 L

0.34 F

150

2:50

121.3

400

1.40 L

0.43 F

200

3:47

90.8

300

2.49 L

0.76 F

250

10

4:43

72.8

240

3.89 L

1.19 F

300

12

5:40

60.7

200

5.61 L

1.71 F

375

15

7:05

48.5

160

8.76 L

2.67 F

450

18

8:30

40.5

133

12.62 L

3.85 F

525

21

9:55

34.7

114

17.17 L

5.24 F

600

24

11:20

30.2

100

22.43 L

6.84 F

675

27

12:45

26.8

88

28.38 L

8.65 F

750

30

14:10

24.4

80

35.04 L

10.68 F

900

36

17:00

20.1

66

50.47 L

15.38 F

1050

42

19:54

17.4

57

68.71 L

20.94 F

1200

48

22:47

15.2

50

89.74 L

27.35 F

where

L = length of test section in meters

F = length of test section in feet

example If there is 0.5 meters (1.65 ft.) of water above the

invert of a buried PVC sewer line, what must the air-test
pressure be?
solution The static head of the groundwater at the pipe
invert will be:
0.5 m x (9.73 kPa / m) = 4.87 kPa
therefore, the total air-test pressure should be:
4.87 kPa + 24.0 kPa = 28.87 kPa
or
1.64 ft. x (.43 psi / ft.) = .71 psi
therefore, the total air-test pressure should be:
.71 psi + 3.5 psi = 4.21 psi
Since this value is less than 34.0 kPa (5.0 psi), the installer
may proceed with the air test using this start pressure.
Knowing the density of water to be 1000 kg/m3 (62.4 lb/ft3),
the maximum head of groundwater permitted above the invert
of a PVC sewer pipe for an air test is 1 meter (3.3').

33

2. Water Testing
Infiltration The allowable infiltration for any pipe section
should be measured by a weir or current meter placed in an
appropriate manhole. This is an acceptable method of
leakage testing only when the ground-water level is above
the top of the pipe throughout the section of line being
tested. It is especially
useful when the water table is well above the top of the pipe.
Usually the designer will give explicit instructions for
conducting the test.
Exfiltration This test is suitable for very dry areas, or
where the water table is suitably low that test pressures can
easily exceed the static head of the water table. Test
pressures should be a minimum of 5.9 kPa (0.9 psi) above
the water table head. The test section of pipe shall be filled
with water and the leakage rate measured.
For sizes 100 mm - 375 mm (4" - 15"), the allowable
leakage rate shall be 4.63 liters per mm of pipe diameter
per kilometer per 24 hours (50 USgal./inch/mile/day). For
sizes 450 mm (18") and larger, the allowable rate for testing
shall be 0.93L/mm/km/day (10 USgal./inch/mile/day).
Should the allowable leakage rate be exceeded for either an
infiltration or exfiltration test, the installer must locate and
repair any deficiencies at his own expense until a successful
test is conducted. Tests are typically conducted from
manhole to manhole.
Deflection Testing
Deflection is the way a flexible pipe reacts to vertical soil loads
when buried in a trench. It illustrates how the pipe and
surrounding soil work together to easily withstand common, and
even extreme soil loads.
The maximum deflection of plastic pipe or fittings can be
accurately predicted by the designer by knowing the pipe
stiffness, soil stiffness and the height of cover. For the majority of
underground PVC sewer pipe applications, with proper
compaction, the deflection will be well within the recommended
maximum allowable of 7.5%. However, if the designer has
reason to believe that excessive deflection may be present, a
deflection test may be necessary.
There are two commonly used methods of performing deflection
tests on PVC sewer pipe:
1. Go/No-Go Device
2. Physical Measurement

34

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

1. Go/No-Go Device

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

Pipe Size

The most popular method of the two is the rigid Go/No-Go

mandrel. This gage can accurately determine whether the
deflection is within specified limits. The test involves the
pulling of a mandrel through an installed sewer line. The
mandrel will simply get stuck if the actual deflection is
beyond the specified limit (normally 7.5%). The mandrel must
be designed to have dimensions which exactly match the
clearance inside the pipe, at the deflection limit.
Below is a detailed drawing of a suggested mandrel design
for 7.5% deflection, along with tables of appropriate
dimensions for Ring-Tite, Enviro-Tite and Ultra-Rib Pipes.

mm

in

Base I.D.
mm

in

L1, L2
mm

in

R2
mm

35

R1
in

mm

in

Ring-Tite and Enviro-Tite - Mandrel Dimensions

200

194.7

7.67

150

35

1.4

90.0

3.54

250

10

242.9

9.56

200

40

1.6

112.3

4.42

300

12

288.6 11.36

200

45

1.8

133.5

5.26

375

15

353.0 13.90

230

10

50

2.0

163.3

6.43

450

18

431.2 16.98

300

12

55

2.2

199.4

7.85

525

21

508.1 20.00

300

12

60

2.4

235.0

9.25

600

24

571.0 22.48

350

14

65

2.6

264.1 10.40

675

27

643.3 25.33

350

14

70

2.8

297.5 11.71

Ultra-Rib - Mandrel Dimensions

R2

200

196.1

7.7

150

35

1.4

91.2

3.6

250

10

245.2

9.7

200

40

1.6

114.0

4.5

300

12

291.8

11.5

200

45

1.8

135.7

5.3

375

15

357.3

14.1

230

10

50

2.0

166.1

6.5

450

18

438.7

17.3

300

12

55

2.2

204.0

8.0

525

21

515.8

20.3

300

12

60

2.4

239.8

9.4

600

24

584.2

23.0

350

14

65

2.6

271.7

10.7

Notes:
T1 = 10 mm (0.4") and T2 = 25 mm (1") for all sizes of mandrels
For pipes larger than 675 mm (27"), physical measurement is
recommended.
Two times dimension R1 is critical passing dimension for deflection
mandrels.

2. Physical Measurement
To begin this process, measure the vertical inside diameter
at a particular point in a PVC sewer pipe before it is installed
(D1). Next, measure the inside diameter at that same point
after the pipe has been installed and completely backfilled
(D2). Now, the deflection at that point can be computed as
follows:
Deflection = D1 - D2 x 100%
D1
For accurate results, a micrometer should be used.

36

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

37

Videos

Casing Size

The use of video cameras to inspect the interior of newly

installed sewer pipe is very common today. The idea of
videotaping the inside of sewer lines was first conceived to fulfill
the need to evaluate the decaying condition of older sewers
made from traditional pipeline materials such as clay, brick or
concrete. The only practical benefit of videos with regard to
newly installed PVC sewer pipe is in detecting glaring installation
deficiencies such as leaking joints or excessive deflections.
Although videos are able to pinpoint the location of a deficiency,
they are unable to quantify the magnitude of a problem or
whether the deficiency is within allowable limits.

The casing size should be large enough to readily accommodate

the maximum outside diameter of the pipe bells and the
projections of the supporting skids. The bell OD's for
Ring-Tite, Enviro-Tite, Ultra-Rib and Ultra-X2 are presented in the
Pipe Dimensions section found on pages 14 to 17.

SPECIAL APPLICATIONS
Installing Pipe Through Casings
When the direction of pipe laying intercepts a heavily travelled,
protected or landscaped area, it may be advantageous to install
the pipe through a protective casing. A casing may be required
for one of the following reasons:
1. To make the pipeline accessible without excavating
the surface.
2. For installation savings compared to jacking PVC sewer pipe
directly through the unexcavated area.
3. To absorb the effects of extreme impact load situations
(i.e. railway loading with shallow burial).
There are four major precautions to observe in the design and
installation of PVC pipe in casings. To ensure proper installation
always:
1. Select the appropriate casing size
2. Install spacers or skids on the PVC pipe
3. Minimize the friction force during the pull to avoid overinsertion
4. Install a water-permeable seal at the casing ends

On the following page is a summary of the recommended casing

sizes for each diameter of PVC sewer pipe.
Pipe Size

Minimum Casing Size

mm

po

mm

po

100

250

10

125

300

12

150

300

12

200

400

16

250

10

450

18

300

12

500

20

375

15

660

26

450

18

750

30

525

21

810

32

600

24

865

34

675

27

965

38

750

30

1220

48

900

36

1270

50

1050

42

1400

56

1200

48

1550

62

Casing Material Choices

Various options are available for the casing pipe including steel,
corrugated metal, concrete or large diameter PVC pipe. Factors
such as soil conditions, corrosion resistance, and required pull or
push forces should all be considered. If the casing can be
installed in an open-cut excavation, PVC pipe would be an ideal
choice. IPEX can offer a suitable PVC casing pipe up to
1200 mm (48") in diameter. Minimum cover for PVC casings with
H-20 traffic loads should be 300 mm (12").

38

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

39

Skids

Sealing the Casing

The pipe should not rest on the bells after installation in the
casing. Runners or skids should be attached to the pipe with
steel straps for a sufficient distance along the barrel to prevent
any portion of the pipe from touching the casing. Pipe sizes 300
mm (12") and under should have 4 skids arranged at 90
intervals around the pipe. Pipes over 300 mm (12") should have
6 skids positioned 60 apart. To help avoid over-belling as the
pipe is being pushed or pulled through the casing, place one set
of runners with their ends even with the insertion lines on the
pipe spigot.

IPEX does not recommend the use of cement grouting between

the pipe wall and the casing. The grout will transfer the external
load from the casing directly onto the pipe. After the pipeline has
been tested and accepted, the space between the pipe and
casing should be sealed with a permeable grouting material at
the entry and exit points only. The chosen material should be
selected so that backfill cannot enter the casing, while water is
permitted to escape. If the installer is obliged to use a grout, the
grout pressure must not exceed 80 kPa
(12 psi) at 23C (73F) or lower. If warmer temperatures will be
encountered the grouting pressure must be decreased. Contact
IPEX for further information.

If this method is used, ensure that the wood has not been
treated with creosote which could harm PVC over its lifetime.
To check the compatibility of any other wood preservatives with
PVC, consult the IPEX Chemical Resistance Guide or call your
local IPEX representative.

If pressure grouting is to be used, the following precautions

should be observed:
1. Support the pipe with either skids or casing spacers.

Mechanical Casing Spacers

2. Fill the pipe section to be grouted with water.

Molded plastic spacers can be used on Ring-Tite, Enviro-Tite

and Ultra-Rib and Ultra-X2 pipes. These
molded pipe spacers are available to
provide insulating protection between
the carrier pipe and the casing. These
spacers are manufactured from
polyethylene, stainless steel or carbon
steel and come complete with runners
to provide clearance for the bell and
spigot assemblies. The casing spacer manufacturer should be
contacted for direct information on the location and number of
casing spacers required.

3. Use a lightweight grout to minimize buoyancy forces.

Pulling Pipe Through Casings

A common method used for pulling pipe through a casing
requires the feeding of a cable through the casing and the first
length of pipe, then attaching it to a wooden cross-piece over
the face of the bell-end. The length of pipe is then pulled back
through the casing and repeated for the next lengths.
Each length must be inserted into the bell-end of the previous
length as is done in regular assembly. The pull should be slow
and steady while avoiding any jerking movements. Place a
protective wrap around the spigot end of the first length to
minimize any possible abrasion against the casing.
Non-petroleum based lubricants applied to the casing interior or
skid exteriors will make the sliding easier.

4. Gravity flow the grout into the annular space.

5. Do not exceed maximum grouting pressures.
Maximum Recommended Grouting Pressure
DR
51
41 / Ultra-X2
35 / Ultra-Rib
28

Maximum Grouting Pressure

(kPa)
(psi)
25
not recommended
50
not recommended
82
12
164
24

These maximum pressures are based on the temperature in the

wall of the pipe not exceeding 23C (73F). Maximum grouting
pressures must be reduced with increased wall temperatures.

40

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

Percent (%) Deflection of Ring-Tite, Enviro-Tite DR35,

ASTM Embedment
Material Classification
Manufactured
Granular Angular Class I
Clean Sand and Class II
Gravel

Sand and Gravel Class III

with Fines

Silt and Clay

Class IV

Density
E
(Proctor)
AASHTO T-99 psi (kPa)

41

Ultra-Rib and Ultra-X2

Depth of Cover

meters

0.3

0.6

feet

3.3

6.6

9.8 13.1 16.4 19.7 23.0 26.3 29.5 32.8 49.2

10

15

90%

3 000
(20 700)

0.7

0.5

0.3

0.4

0.4

0.6

0.7

0.9

1.0

1.2

1.3

1.4

2.2

90%

2 000
(13 800)

1.1

0.7

0.5

0.5

0.6

0.8

1.1

1.3

1.5

1.7

1.9

2.1

3.2

80%

1 000
(7 000)

2.0

1.4

1.0

1.0

1.2

1.6

2.0

2.4

2.8

3.2

3.6

4.0

6.0

90%

1 000
(7 000)

2.0

1.4

1.0

1.0

1.2

1.6

2.0

2.4

2.8

3.2

3.6

4.0

6.0

85%

500
(3 500)

n/r

2.5

1.7

1.8

2.2

2.9

3.7

4.4

5.1

5.9

6.6

7.3 11.0

85%

400
(2 760)

n/r

3.0

2.1

2.2

2.6

3.5

4.4

5.3

6.1

7.0

7.9

8.8 13.1

meters

0.6

10

feet

3.3

6.6

9.8 13.1 16.4 19.7 23.0 26.3 29.5 32.8 49.2

0.5
0.5
0.7
0.7
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.4
n/r
n/r
n/r
n/r

0.4
0.3
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
2.0
1.9
2.4
2.3

0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.0
2.1
2.0
2.6
2.4

0.4
0.4
0.7
0.6
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
2.5
2.4
3.1
2.9

Percent (%) Deflection of IPEX Centurion

ASTM Embedment
Material Classification
Manufactured
Granular Angular Class I

Density
E
(Proctor)
AASHTO T-99 psi (kPa)
90%

3 000
(20 700)

90%

2 000
(13 800)

80%

1 000
(7 000)

90%

1 000
(7 000)

85%

500
(3 500)

85%

400
(2 760)

Clean Sand and Class II

Gravel

Sand and Gravel

Class III
with Fines

Silt and Clay

Class IV

Depth of Cover
DR

51
41
51
41
51
41
51
41
51
41
51
41

1. Deflection values shown include effect of H-20 live load

and dead load.
2. External loading based upon a prism load of soil weight of
1900 kg/m3 (120 lbs. per cubic foot)
3. Bedding classifications correspond to ASTM D2321.

0.6
0.6
0.9
0.9
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
3.3
3.1
4.1
3.8

0.7
0.7
1.1
1.1
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.1
4.2
3.9
5.2
4.8

0.9
0.9
1.3
1.3
2.6
2.5
2.6
2.5
5.0
4.7
6.2
5.7

1.0
1.0
1.5
1.5
3.0
2.9
3.0
2.9
5.9
5.5
7.2
6.7

1.2
1.2
1.8
1.7
3.5
3.4
3.5
3.4
6.7
6.3
8.3
7.7

15

1.3 1.5 2.2

1.3 1.5 2.2
2.0 2.2 3.3
1.9 2.2 3.2
3.9 4.3 6.5
3.8 4.2 6.3
3.9 4.3 6.5
3.8 4.2 6.3
7.5 8.4 12.6
7.1 7.9 11.8
9.3 10.3 15.5
8.6 9.6 14.4

4. The deflection lag factor is 1.0 for a prism load.

5. Recommended maximum deflection of 7.5% provides a 4
to 1 factor of safety.
6. Deflection values for DR28 will be slightly less than those
above.

42

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

Deep Burial
The successful performance of PVC pipe is principally governed
by limiting its deflection. The prism load method is typically used
to evaluate the load on PVC pipe. This equals the maximum
actual load the pipe will have to withstand.
The tabular values presented on the following two pages are
long-term deflections after final consolidation of the backfill in the
pipe zone. IPEX recommends that the maximum long-term
deflection for PVC pipe should be set at 7.5%. Since the
critical deflection value for PVC is 30%, the designer is provided
with a 4 to 1 safety factor (30/7.5) against any possible leakage
or structural problems.
The first table of deflections is presented for the Ring-Tite,
Enviro-Tite, Ultra-Rib and Ultra-X2 products. The second table is
for deflection of IPEX Centurion DR41 and DR51 Pressure Pipe.
This pipe is becoming very popular for gravity sewers in
600 mm (24") and larger sizes due to its larger inside diameter,
even tighter joints and cost savings versus Ring-Tite and
Enviro-Tite DR35.
Shallow Burial
When subjected to live traffic loading (H-20), the minimum
cover for DR28, DR35, Ultra-Rib and Ultra-X2 pipe is
300 mm (12"). The installation must be done to yield a minimum
soil stiffness (E') of 7 000 kPa (1 000 psi) in the haunch zone
around the pipe.
For DR41 and DR51 pipe, the minimum cover for H-20 loading
shall be 600 mm (24"). The same minimum E' of 7 000 kPa
(1 000 psi) should be obtained at this depth.
Tie-in Connections
For the installer, one of the more favorable aspects of PVC
sewer pipe, is the ease and simplicity of tie-ins.
Specific instructions are described below.
Ring-Tite, Enviro-Tite and Centurion
1. To cut saw an Enviro-Tite Pipe, a miter box, regular hand or
abrasive wheel saw should be used. The cut should be
square to ensure proper assembly.
Note: If an abrasive wheel saw is used to cut PVC pipe, protective
goggles must be worn by the operator. When cutting in a confined
space, a dust mask should be worn over the nose and mouth.

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

43

2. Next, the spigot end should be chamfered at an angle of 15

to a wall thickness of 50% of the original at the edge. Beveling
can be done using a sander, hand-file, router or side of an
abrasive wheel saw blade. Ensure that all sharp edges are
removed to prevent damage to the gasket during assembly.
3. An insertion line should then be marked circumferentially on
the pipe spigot to act as a guide for correct insertion depth.
Dimension, C, from the table entitled, "Pipe Dimensions"
found on pages 14 and 17 will indicate the insertion line
position if assembly is to be made into a pipe bell or the bell
of an IPEX fabricated fitting. If assembly is to be made to an
injection molded PVC fitting, the installer should physically
measure the bell depth before applying an appropriate
insertion line on the cut pipe.
Ultra-Rib & Ultra-X2
1. The same tools may be used to cut
the Ultra-Rib and Ultra-X2 as were
suggested for Ring-Tite and EnviroTite pipe. The center groove
between ribs should be used as a
guide for proper square-end cuts.
2. To create a spigot for Ultra-Rib: A gasket is field applied to
the plain end between the second and third ribs.
Ultra-X2: A gasket is field applied to the second valley of
the spigot end.
3. Insertion into another length of Ultra-Rib and Ultra-X2 or the
bell-end of a fitting is done using the table presented in the
section entitled, Field Cut Assembly.
Repairs
Repairs can be made for Ring-Tite, Enviro-Tite, Centurion, UltraRib or Ultra-X2 pipe in a similar fashion. One would simply insert
a replacement section of pipe into the damaged area, and join it
to the existing pipe by means of two repair couplings. If one of
the ends of the existing pipe is a bell-end, only one repair
coupling is required.
Should it be necessary to replace a section of pipe, IPEX
provides a repair coupling to simplify and speed up the repair
operation. The replacement section can consist of a length of
pipe with two spigot ends and two double bell repair couplings
or a length of pipe with an integral bell and one spigot end and
one double bell repair coupling.

44

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

45

Solvent-Weld Pipe & Fittings

Many times, pipe other than gasketed joint PVC is used for
underground drainage or sewage. Some of the IPEX products
that would fall into this category include PVC Drainline,
System 15 DWV, Series PVC, PVC or CPVC Schedule 40 and
80, BlazeMaster CPVC or ABS-DWV. Here are some notes
regarding the use of these products underground:
1. Assemble the pipe using the appropriate cement and primer
for the pipe material and application. Solvent-welding
procedures should conform to the recommendations below.
When cutting out the section to be repaired, ensure that
no damaged areas remain (i.e. no hairline fractures).
A minimum pipe length of 0.6 m (2") will give sufficient work
space for a repair.
1. Determine the length of the replacement section as shown
above. Cut the pipe to the proper length.
2. Bevel the ends of the pipeline and the repair section.
Locate the reference marks on all ends.
3. Mount the couplings as shown above or on the pipeline
ends instead of the replacement section.
4. Insert the replacement section into the pipeline and slide the
couplings into position as shown below. The couplings
should be centered over the gap and midway between the
reference marks.
When using a section with an integral bell, additional pipe length
may need to be exposed. This will enable the pipeline to be
deflected to allow proper alignment of the replacement joint. When
determining the length of the replacement section, take care to
allow for the gap dimension on one end only. Complete the integral
bell joint first then slide the double bell coupling into place.

2. Trench zone recommendations for solvent-welded pipes are

exactly the same as those for Ring-Tite, Enviro-Tite, UltraRib and Ultra-X2 pipe, as described in this booklet.
3. The joints of a solvent welded pipe system are rigid, and
thus have no capability to offer flexibility or deviation at the
joint. However, the pipe barrel may be bent within specified
limits. Contact IPEX for details.

SOLVENT CEMENTING
Many solvent cementing techniques have been published,
covering step-by-step procedures on how to make a solventcemented joint. What follows is a review of these basic
principles along with the techniques needed to suit particular
applications, temperature conditions and variations in sizes and
fits of pipe and fittings.
Principles of Solvent Cementing
To make consistently tight joints, the following points should be
clearly understood:
1. The joining surfaces must be softened and made semi-fluid.
2. Sufficient cement must be applied to fill the gap between
pipe and fittings.
3. Assembly of pipe and fittings must be made while the
surfaces are still wet and fluid.
4. Joint strength develops as the cement dries. In the tight part
of the joint, surfaces tend to fuse together; in the loose part,
the cement bonds to both surfaces.
Penetration and softening can be achieved by the cement itself, by
a suitable primer, or by the use of both primer and cement. A
suitable primer will usually penetrate and soften the surfaces more

46

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

quickly than cement alone. In addition, the use of a primer provides

a safety factor for the installer. For example, in cold weather, more
time and additional applications of the solvent are required.

be placed in a warm area where it will soon return to its original,

usable condition. However, if hardening is due to actual solvent
loss (when a container is left open too long during use or not
sealed properly after use), the cement will not return to its original
condition. Cement in this condition has lost its formulation and
should be discarded in an environmentally safe manner.

Apply generous amounts of cement to fill the loose part of the

joint. In addition to filling the gap, adequate cement layers will
penetrate the surfaces and remain wet until the joint is assembled.
To prove this, apply two separate layers of cement on the top
surface of a piece of pipe. First, apply a heavy layer of cement;
then beside it, a thin, brushed-out layer. Test the layers every 15
seconds by gently tapping with your finger. You will note that the
thin layer becomes tacky and then dries quickly (probably 15
seconds). The heavy layer will remain wet much longer. Check for
penetration a few minutes after applying these layers by scraping
them with a knife. The thin layer will have little or no penetration,
while the heavy layer will have more penetration.
If the cement coatings on the pipe and fittings are wet and fluid
when assembly takes place, they tend to flow together,
becoming one cement layer. Also, if the cement is set, the
surfaces beneath the pipe and fittings will still be soft. These
softened surfaces in the tight part of the joint will fuse together.
As the solvent dissipates, the cement layer and the softened
surfaces will harden with a corresponding increase in joint
strength. A good joint will withstand the required working
pressure long before the joint is fully dry and final strength is
obtained. In the tight (fused) part of the joint, strength will
develop quicker than in the looser (bonded) part of the joint.
Solvent Cementing Instructions
Handling
Solvent cements should be used as received in original
containers. Adding thinners to change viscosity is not
recommended. If the cement is jelly-like and not free-flowing, it
should not be used. Containers should be kept tightly covered
when not in use to stop the evaporation of the solvent.
Storage Conditions
Solvent cements should be stored at temperatures between 4C
and 43C (40F and 110F) away from heat or open flame.
Cements should be used before the expiry date stamped on the
container. If new cement is subjected to freezing temperatures, it
may become extremely thick. If the cement is not jelly-like, it can

47

Safety Precautions
Solvent cements are extremely flammable and should not be
used or stored near heat or open flame. In confined or partially
enclosed areas, a ventilating device should be used to remove
vapors and minimize inhalation. Containers should be kept
tightly closed when not in use, and covered as much as
possible when in use. Avoid frequent contact with the skin.
In case of eye contact, flush repeatedly with water.
Keep out of the reach of children.
Cold Weather
Although normal installation temperatures are between 4C and
43C (40F and 110F), high strength joints have been made at
temperatures as low as -26C (-15F) with good cements. To do
this, the installer must ensure he has adequately softened the
joining surfaces as outlined in the following steps of this manual.
In addition, cement must be kept warm to prevent excessive
thickening and gelation in cold weather.
Preparation
1. Use a handsaw and miter box or mechanical saw to cut
squarely. A diagonal cut reduces the bonding area in the
most effective part of the joint.
2. Plastic tube cutters may also be used for cutting plastic
pipe. However, some cutters produce a raised bead at the
end of the pipe. Remove any raised beads with a file or
reamer, as it will wipe the cement away when pipe is
inserted into the fitting.
3. Remove all burrs from both the inside and outside of the
pipe with a knife, file or reamer. Burrs can scrape channels
into pre-softened surfaces or create hang-ups inside
surface walls.
4. Remove dirt, grease and moisture; a thorough wipe with a
clean dry cloth is usually sufficient. Moisture will retard cure,
and dirt or grease can prevent adhesion. Solvent cementing
should not be attempted in the rain.

48

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

5. Check pipe and fittings for fit (dry)

before cementing.
For proper interference fit, the pipe
must go easily into the fittings onethird to three-quarters of the way. Too
tight a fit is not desirable. You must be
Interference Fit Areas
able to fully bottom the pipe in the
socket during assembly with cement.
If the pipe and fittings are not out of round, a satisfactory
joint can be made if there is a "net" fit, i.e. the pipe bottoms
in the fitting socket with no interference, but without excess
movement.
6. Use the right applicator for the size of pipe or fittings
being joined:
a. For pipe sizes 7.5 mm through 25 mm
(3/8" through 1"), use the 20 mm (3/4") dauber
b. For sizes 20 mm through 50 mm (3/4" through 2"),
use the 25 mm (1") brush
c. For sizes 20 mm through 75 mm (3/4" through 3"),
use the 38 mm (1-1/2") dauber
d. For sizes 75 mm through 600 mm (3" through 24"),
use a roller or paintbrush with a width equal to about one
half the pipe diameter being cemented.
It is important that the correct size applicator be used to ensure
that sufficient layers of cement are applied.
7. The purpose of the primer is to penetrate and soften the
pipe and fitting surfaces so that they can be fused. The use
of the primer and the checking of its softening effect
provides assurance that the surfaces are prepared for fusion
in a wide variety of conditions. Also, always check the
penetration or softening on a piece of scrap pipe before you
start the installation and if the weather changes during the
installation process. Use a knife or sharp scraper and draw
the edge over the coated surface. Proper penetration has
been made if you can scrape away a few thousandths of an
inch of the primed surface. As weather conditions affect
priming and cementing action, repeated applications to one
or both surfaces may be necessary. In cold weather, more
time is required for proper penetration.
8. Using the correct applicator (as outlined in step 6), apply
primer freely to the fitting socket, keeping the surface and
applicator wet until the surface has been softened. This will
usually take 5 - 15 seconds. More time is needed for hard

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

49

surfaces and cold weather conditions. Redip the applicator

in primer as required. When the surface is primed, remove
any puddles of primer from the socket of the fitting.
9. Apply the primer to the spigot end equal to the depth of the
fitting socket. Use the same method of application used on
the fitting socket.
10. A second application of the primer in the socket is
recommended.
11. Immediately after reapplying the primer, and while the
surfaces are still wet, apply the appropriate cement. The
correct cement for the job can be quickly determined by
reading the container labels. Be sure that the cement is in a
fluid condition. If it is thicker than normal or appears
gel-like, it should not be used.
12. Stir the cement and apply it, using the correct applicator
(outlined in step 6). Apply a thick, even layer of cement on
the spigot, equal to the depth of the socket. Flow the
cement on with the applicator. DO NOT brush it out to a thin
layer which will dry in a few seconds.
13. Apply a medium layer of cement to the fitting socket; avoid
puddling the cement in the socket. On bell-ended pipe, do
not coat beyond the socket depth or allow cement to run
down in the pipe beyond the bell.
14. Apply a second thick, even layer of
cement on the spigot. There must
be more than sufficient cement to
fill any gap in the joint. Large-sized
pipe and fittings may require two or
more workers to apply the primer
and cement, and assemble the pipe
and fitting.

Cement Coatings of Sufficient Thickness

15. Attach the pipe to the fitting without delay. Cement must be
wet. Use sufficient force to ensure that the spigot bottoms
into the fitting socket. If possible, twist the spigot one-eighth
to one-quarter turn as it is inserted.
16. Hold the pipe and fitting together for a short time
(5 - 30 seconds) to eliminate pushout. Larger sizes with tight
fits may require more time. Since the fitting sockets are
made with a taper, the pipe may move back out of the
fittings just after assembly.
17. A joint will have a ring or bead of cement completely around
the juncture of the pipe and fitting after assembly. If voids in
this ring are present, insufficient cement was applied and the
joint may be defective.

50

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

18. Using a cloth, remove all excess

cement from the pipe and fitting,
including the ring or bead, as it
will needlessly soften the pipe
and the fitting, and does not add
to joint strength.

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

Initial Set Time Schedule
Initial Set Schedule for PVC Solvent Cements*
Temperature Range

Assembly of Surfaces While They are Wet and Soft

19. Handle newly assembled joints carefully until the initial set
has taken place. Recommended setting time allowed before
handling or moving is related to temperature and found on
the next page.
20. Joint strength development is very rapid within the first
48 hours. Short cure periods are satisfactory for high
ambient temperatures with low humidity, small pipe sizes
and interference-type fittings. Longer cure periods are
necessary for low temperatures, large pipe sizes, loose fits
and relatively high humidity.
Note: For solvent cementing 200 mm (8") and larger pipe and fittings,
the following is recommended:

a. Two operators are needed, simultaneously applying primer

and cement to the pipe and fittings.
b. A heavy-bodied, medium setting cement such as IPS WeldOn 711 or an extra-heavy, high-strength cement such as IPS
Weld-On 719 are recommended. They provide thicker layers
and have higher gap-filling properties. They also allow slightly
more open time before assembly.
c. A mechanical device may be needed to pull the joint
together. This may be as simple as a 2 x 4 and a bar, or
another method is to use two come-alongs or lever pullers.
Sufficient chain with a choker strap is laid out on either side
of the joint. The come-alongs are then laid out on either
side of the joint, adjusted to the correct length which is
equivalent to the insertion depth. The primer and cement are
applied; the come-alongs are immediately hooked up, and
the joint pulled together.

Temperature
Range
C

15 to 38 60 to 100

Pipe Size
in

mm

15 to 38

60 to 100

4 to 15

40 to 60

-18 to +4

0 to 40

Pipe Size
100-200

4-8

mm

in

30 minutes

250-375 10-15 > 375 >15

mm

in

mm

in

2 hours

4 hours

2 hours

8 hours

16 hours

12 hours

24 hours

48 hours

Note: Initial set schedule is the necessary time to allow before the joint can
be carefully handled.
* These figures are estimates based on our laboratory tests. Due to the
many variables in the field, these figures should be used as a general
guide only.

After the initial set time, the joints will withstand the stresses of a
normal installation. (A misaligned installation will cause excessive
stresses in the joint.) For long runs of pipe, care should be taken
not to disturb joints for 1/2 to 1-1/2 hours before handling or
burying.
Joint Cure Schedule
The following cure schedules may be used to determine the
necessary time required after assembly before testing the
system or before line pressure can be applied.
Joint-Cure Schedule for PVC Solvent Cements**
(for Relative Humidity 60% or Less)
Temperature Range

Pipe Size
100-200

4-8

mm

po

250-375 10-15 > 375 >15

mm

po

mm

po

15 to 38

60 to 100

90 minutes

2 days

3 days

4 to 15

40 to 60

4 hours

4 days

6 days

-18 to +4

0 to 40

3 hours

8 days

8 days

Note: Joint cure schedule is the necessary time to allow before

pressurising the system. In damp or humid weather, allow 50% more
cure time.

100-200 4-8 250-375 10-15 > 375 >15

mm

51

in

mm

in

90 minutes

2 days

3 days

4 to 15

40 to 60

4 hours

4 days

6 days

-18 to +4

0 to 40

3 hours

8 days

8 days

**These figures are estimates based on our laboratory tests. Due to the
many variables in the field, these figures should be used as a general
guide only.

52

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
The list below identifies some industry standards in use today
regarding manufacturing quality control and proper installation of
PVC sewer pipe. To order a copy of any of these standards,
please contact the appropriate organization using the addresses
presented at the bottom of the list.
Standards
AASHTO M278

Class PS46 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Piping

Systems for Subsurface Drainage of
Transportation Facilities

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

53

CSA B137.3

Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe for

Pressure Applications

CSA B181.2

PVC Drain, Waste and Vent Pipe &

Pipe Fittings

CSA B182.1

Plastic Drain and Sewer Pipe and Fittings

CSA B182.11

Recommended Practice for the Installation

of Thermoplastic Drain, Storm & Sewer Pipe
and Fittings

CSA B182.2

PVC Sewer Pipe and Fittings

CSA B182.4

Profile (Ribbed) PVC Sewer Pipe & Fittings

UNI-B-6

Recommended Practice for Low-Pressure Air

Testing of Installed Sewer Pipe

AASHTO M304

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Ribbed Drain Pipe

and Fittings Based on Controlled Inside
Diameter

ASTM D2321

Underground Installation of Flexible

Thermoplastic Sewer Pipe

UNI-PUB-6

Installation Guide for PVC Sewer Pipe

ASTM D3034

Type PSM Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Sewer

Pipe and Fittings

UNI-PUB-7

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Large Diameter

Plastic Gravity Sewer Pipe and Fittings

External Corrosion of Underground Water

Distribution Piping Systems

UNI-TR-1

Deflection: The Pipe/Soil Mechanism

UNI-TR-6

PVC Force Main Design

ASTM F679

ASTM F794

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Ribbed Gravity

Sewer Pipe and Fittings Based on
Controlled Inside Diameter

AWWA C605

Underground Installation of Polyvinyl

Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipe & Fittings for
Water

AWWA C905

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipe &

Fittings 14" through 48" (350 mm through
1200 mm)

BNQ 3624-130

Piping PVC Plastic Rigid Pipe & Fittings,

150 mm in Diameter or Smaller for
Underground Sewage Application

BNQ 3624-135

Piping PVC Plastic Rigid Pipe & Fittings,

200 mm in Diameter or Greater, for
Underground Sewage Application

BNQ 3624-250

Piping PVC Plastic Rigid Pipe & Fittings,

for Conveyance and Distribution of Water
Under Pressure

Abbreviations
AASHTO
ASTM
AWWA
BNQ
CSA
UNI-Bell

American Association of State Highway and

Transportation Officials
American Society for Testing and Materials
American Water Works Association
Bureau de Normalisation du Quebec
Canadian Standards Association
Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association

54

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

Addresses
CSA International
178 Rexdale Boulevard
Toronto, Ontario, M9W 1R3
Ph: (416) 747-4000
Fx: (416) 747-4149
American Society for Testing and Materials
100 Barr Harbor Drive
West Conshohocken, PA, USA 19428-2959
Ph: (610) 832-9500
Fx: (610) 832-9555
Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association
2711 LBJ Freeway, Suite 1000
Dallas, Texas, USA 75234
Ph: (972) 243-3902, Fx: (972) 243-3907
American Association of State Highway & Transportation
Officials
444 North Capitol St., N.W., Ste. 249
Washington, DC, USA 20001
Ph: (202) 624-5800
Fx: (202) 624-5806
American Water Works Association
6666 West Quincy Avenue,
Denver, Colorado, USA 80235
Ph: (303) 794-7711
Fx: (303) 794-7310
Bureau de Normalisation du Qubec Parc Technologique du
Qubec Mtropolitain
333, Rue Franquet
Sainte-Foy (Qubec) G1P 4C7
Ph: (418) 652-2238
Toll Free: (800) 386-5114
Fx: (418) 652-2292

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

55

Unit Conversion
Parameter
Length

Mass
Volume
Pressure

Energy
Torque
Force
Temperature:

S.I.

Factor

U.S.

mm

0,0394

inch

cm

0,3937

inch

32,808

feet

kg

22,046

lb

kg/m

0,6720

lb/ft

0,2642

U.S. Gal.

kPa

0,3346

ft H-20

kPa

0,2924

in Hg

kPa

0,1450

psi

0,7376

ft-lb

kg-m

72,230

ft-lb

N-m

0,7376

ft-lb

0,2248

lb

deg. C = 0,5556) x (deg. F - 32)

deg. F = (1,8 x deg. C) + 32

56

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

NOTES

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IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

NOTES

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IPEX PVC Sewer Pipe Installation Guide

NOTES

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SALES AND CUSTOMER SERVICE

Customers call IPEX Inc.
Toll free: (866) 473-9462
w w w. i p exi nc .com
About the IPEX Group of Companies
As leading suppliers of thermoplastic piping systems, the IPEX Group of
Companies provides our customers with some of the worlds largest and
most comprehensive product lines. IPEX products are backed by more than
50 years of experience. With state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities and
distribution centers across North America, we have earned a reputation for
product innovation, quality, end-user focus and performance.
Markets served by IPEX group products are:
Electrical systems
Telecommunications and utility piping systems
PVC, CPVC, PP, PVDF, PE, ABS, and PEX pipe and fittings
Industrial process piping systems
Municipal pressure and gravity piping systems
Plumbing and mechanical piping systems
Electrofusion systems for gas and water
Industrial, plumbing and electrical cements
Irrigation systems

Installation Guide

Products are manufactured by IPEX Inc.

Ultra-Rib, Ultra-X2TM & Enviro-Tite are trademarks of IPEX Branding Inc.

w w w . i p e x i n c . c o m

This literature is published in good faith and is believed to be reliable.

However, it does not represent and/or warrant in any manner the
information and suggestions contained in this brochure. Data presented
is the result of laboratory tests and field experience.

M U N I C I P A L

S Y S T E M S

P V C SE W E R P I P E & FI TTI N G S
100 mm - 1200 mm ( 4" - 48")

A policy of ongoing product improvement is maintained. This may result

in modifications of features and/or specifications without notice

IGMNNAIP140208C 2015 IPEX MN003C

We build tough products for tough environments