CCB/CBB 3033

ADVANCED TRANSPORT
PROCESSES /
TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
2. Introduction to Transport Phenomena
3. Introduction to Momentum Transport

Course outcome
CLO1
Explain the theoretical aspect of momentum, mass and
energy transport

Lesson outcomes
1. Explain the importance and general concept of
Transport Phenomena
2. Derive general transfer equations for momentum,
energy and mass
3. Explain the relationship of momentum flux, stress and
viscosity
4. Estimate the viscosity of fluids
5. Derive the equation for total molecular transport of
momentum
6. Derive the equations for convective transport of
momentum and combined momentum flux

Lesson outcomes
1. Explain the importance and general concept of
Transport Phenomena
2. Derive general transfer equations for momentum,
energy and mass
3. Explain the relationship of momentum flux, stress and
viscosity
4. Estimate the viscosity of fluids
5. Derive the equation for total molecular transport of
momentum
6. Derive the equations for convective transport of
momentum and combined momentum flux

1. Introduction to
Transport Phenomena

The importance of Transport phenomena

Transport phenomena is an advanced knowledge of
transport processes.
It deals with transport of fluid materials
What is fluid?
Fluid is defined as a substance that does not permanently
resist distortion and will change shape

The importance of Transport phenomena

In process industries, many of the materials (gases,
liquids and vapors) must be stored, handled, pumped
and processed.
Effective process and equipment design and
operation requires fundamental knowledge of
Transport Phenomena
Transport phenomena involves the transfer of
momentum, heat and mass in/between fluids.

Momentum Heat and Mass Transfer

Momentum transfer is the transfer of momentum
in a fluid from one location to another, fluid
mechanics.
Heat transfer is the transfer of heat from one
location or stream to another.
Mass transfer is the net movement of mass from
one stream or phase to another. Mass transfer
occurs in many processes, such as absorption,
distillation, evaporation, adsorption, drying, etc.

Chemical Plant

Ammonia Reactor

10

Chemical Reactors: CSTR

In exothermic CSTR there will be
Momentum transfer
Due to the flow material into and out of
the reactor
Mixing of the reacting medium
Due to the movement of cooling medium
into and out of the reactor
Heat transfer
Because the heat generated due to
reaction is transferred from the reaction
medium to the cooling medium through
the solid wall
Mass Transfer
The reaction components should come into
contact for the reaction to occur

11

Heat Exchangers
In heat exchangers there will be
Momentum transfer
Due to the movement of the
heating and cooling medium into
and out of the heat exchanger
Heat transfer
Because heat transfers from the
heating medium to the cooling
medium

12

Example
Distillation Tower.mp4

13

Distillation Column
In Distillation column there will be
Momentum transfer
Due to the movement of
Feedstock into the distillation
Liquid down the column
Vapor up the column
Heat transfer
Between the liquid and vapor
In the condenser
Re-boiler
Mass Transfer
Movement the light component and
heavy component in the vapor and
liquid phase

14

The importance of Transport phenomena

The study of transport phenomena concerns the
exchange of momentum, energy or mass between
observed and studied engineering systems.
Grouping together fluid dynamics, heat transfer and
mass transfer.

15

Three Levels of Study of Transport Phenomena

A flow system containing N2 and O2

How mass,
momentum &
energy change?Macroscopic
balance
equations
What is happening in
the small region?Microscopic
Equation of Change

What is happening at
molecular level?

16

The concept of Transport phenomena:

Conservation Laws
Conservation of mass (Mass Balance Equation)

Conservation of energy (Energy Balance Equation)

Conservation momentum (Momentum Balance Equation)

17

Lesson outcomes
1. Explain the importance and general concept of
Transport Phenomena
2. Derive general transfer equations for momentum,
energy and mass
3. Explain the relationship of momentum flux, stress and
viscosity
4. Estimate the viscosity of fluids
5. Derive the equation for total molecular transport of
momentum
6. Derive the equations for convective transport of
momentum and combined momentum flux

18

General Transfer Equation

driving force
Rate of transfer process
resis tan ce
Momentum transport- Newtons Law
Heat transport Fouriers Law
Mass Transport Ficks Law

19

Momentum Transfer Equation - Newtons Law

F
V

A
Y

yx

(1.1-1)

dv x

dy

(1.1-2)

kinematic viscosity,

dv x
dy

yx

(1.1-4)

Newtons Law of Viscosity

20

Momentum Transfer Equation - Newtons Law

yx

dv x

dy

Force in the x-direction on a

unit area perpendicular to
y-direction

21

Energy Transport Equation Fouriers Law

Heat Flow, Q

T1 T0
Q
k
A
Y
dT
q y k
dy

(9.1-1)
(9.1-2)

22

Mass Transport Equation Ficks Law

Mass flow rate,

Ay
A

D AB

j Ay D AB

A0 0 (17.1-1)
Y
d A
dy

(17.1-4)

23

2. Introduction to
Momentum Transport

24

Lesson outcomes
1. Explain the importance and general concept of
Transport Phenomena
2. Derive general transfer equations for momentum,
energy and mass
3. Explain the relationship of momentum flux, stress and
viscosity
4. Estimate the viscosity of fluids
5. Derive the equation for total molecular transport of
momentum
6. Derive the equations for convective transport of
momentum and combined momentum flux

25

Momentum Flux
What is momentum?
Momentum = Mass Velocity
Momentum [= ] (kg x m/s)
Momentum Flux = rate of transfer of momentum / area
kg m

s
Rate of Transfer of Momentum [= ]

m
m
kg 2
s s N Pa
m2 s
m2
m2

kg

Momentum flux [=]

26

Momentum Transfer Equation - Newtons Law

yx

dv x

dy

Two ways of interpretation of yx

1. Force in the x-direction on a unit area perpendicular to

y-direction
2. Flux of x-momentum in the positive y-direction

27

Generalization of Newtons Law

v j vi
v x v y v z
2

ij

( 3 )

y
z

ij

(1.2-6)

Where
i, j = x, y, z
= dilatational viscosity / not important in this course/
Note:
1. For gasses you can assume = 0
2. For liquids the second term becomes zero because they are
incompressible
3. For shear stress (i j, i.e., yx, zx ) the second term becomes zero
For case 2 and 3

v j vi

ij

j
i

28

Generalization of Newtons Law

Definition of Kroncker delta ij

1 if i j
ij
0 if i j

29

Generalization of Newtons Law

Example 1.1 :- Derive the formula for yy for Newtonian liquids from the
generalized Newtons law of viscosity.
Solution
For liquids the second term of the generalized Newtons law of
viscosity becomes zero. Therefore,
ij

v j vi

j
i

For i =y and j = y
v y v y
yy

y
y

v
2 y

30

Generalization of Newtons Law

Example 1.2 :- Derive the formula for yx for Newtonian fluids from the
generalized Newtons law of viscosity.
Solution
From the generalized Newtons law of viscosity for i =y and j=x
yx

v
v
x x
y
y

v x v y v z

2
( )

3
y
z

Second term vanishes since yx 0

yx

v x v y

x
y

yx

( i j)

31

Generalization of Newtons Law

Example 1.3 :- Derive Newtons low of viscosity from the Generalized
Newtons Law for two large parallel plates separated by Newtonian fluid,
when the bottom plates moves at constant velocity in x direction, i.e.,
vx.as shown below.

From the generalized equation for i=y and j=x

yx

v x v y

x
y

Since vy = 0
yx

dv x
dy
32

Lesson outcomes
1. Explain the importance and general concept of
Transport Phenomena
2. Derive general transfer equations for momentum,
energy and mass
3. Explain the relationship of momentum flux, stress and
viscosity
4. Estimate the viscosity of fluids
5. Derive the equation for total molecular transport of
momentum
6. Derive the equations for convective transport of
momentum and combined momentum flux

33

Definition of viscosity
The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance
to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile
stress. It is also defined as fluids resistance to flow.

Liquids with different viscosities.

34

Viscosity
For Newtonian fluids
dv x

yx
dy

The viscosity of all gasses and all liquids with molecular weight of less
than about 5000 can be described by the above equation and such
fluids are referred to as Newtonian fluids.
Polymeric liquids, suspensions, pastes, slurries, and other complex
fluids are not described by the above equation and are referred to as
non-Newtonian fluids.
Kinematic viscosity :- viscosity divided by density () is some times
used and is known as kinematic viscosity.

35

Estimation of Viscosity
When experimental data are lacking , the viscosity
can be estimated by empirical methods, making use
of other data on the given substance
Corresponding-state correlation
Illustrates the general trends of viscosity with
temperature and pressure
The Principle of Corresponding States(PCS) says that
all gases behave alike at the same reduced
conditions.

36

Estimation of viscosity
The reduced viscosity can be estimated from the
reduced temperature and pressure using
r f (Tr , Pr )

where

T
P
r , Tr , Pr
c
Tc
Pc
c 7.70 M 1/ 2 Pc2 / 3Tc1/ 6
[ c ] micropoise, [ Pc ] atm
~
[Tc ] K ,
[Vc ] cm 3 / g mole
37

Example
Estimate the viscosity of N2 at 50 oC and 854 atm, given
M=28.0 g/g-mole, Pc=33.5 atm, and Tc=126.2 K.
The critical viscosity can be estimated using
c 7.70(28.0)1/ 2 (33.5) 2 / 3 (126.2) 1/ 6
189 micropoise 189 10 -6 poise
Reduced temperature and pressure
Tr

273.2 50
854
2.56 Pr
25.5
126.2
33.5

From r -graph with Tr=2.56 and Pr=25.5 r =2.6

Therefore, the predicted value of the viscosity

c r (189 10 6 )(2.6) 490 10 6 poise

The measured value is 45510-6 poise
38

Estimation of viscosity of low density gasses

The viscosity of a pure monoatomic gas ( can be used
also for polyatomic gas) at low density (i.e. P<10 atm )
in terms of Lennard-Jones Parameters:
2.6693 10 5

MT
2 y

(1.4-14)

where
2.44(Tc / Pc )1/ 3
0.841V~1c/ 3
/ 0.77Tc
y f ( / K )

Use Table E2
39

Estimation of viscosity of low density gasses

Symbols

= characteristic diameter of the molecule/

collision diameter
= is the maximum energy of attraction
between a pair of molecules
= Boltzmann constant
y = Collision integral for viscosity

40

Viscosity estimation for mixture of gasses

Use the following semi-empirical formula to estimate
the viscosity of mixture of gasses
x
1 S
N

mix

where

1 M

8 M

1 / 2

S x

1...N

1/ 2

1/ 4

N = number of chemical species in the mixture

x= is the mole fraction of species

= is the viscosity of species at the system temperature and pressure

M=is the molecular weight of species

= Dimensionless quantity relating species and

41

Viscosity estimation for mixture of gasses

Algorithm for estimating viscosity of a mixture

1. Determine the values of 11, 12,

2. Determine the values of Sk as follows
S1 x111 x2 12 ... x N 1N
S 2 x1 21 x2 22 ... x N 2 N
.
.
.
S N x1 N 1 x2 N 2 ... x N NN

3. Determine the values of mix as follows

mix

x
x11 x2 2

... N N
S1
S2
SN
42

Example
Example:- Estimate the viscosities of the following
gas mixtures at 1 atm and 293 K from the given data
on the pure components at the same temperature
and pressure.
Species

CO2
O2
N2

Mole fraction
x

Molecular
Weight

0.133

44.01

0.039

32.00

0.828

28.02

Viscosity
(g/cm.s)

-7
146210
-7
203110
-7
175410

43

Example
Solution

x [0.133 0.039 0.828]

1.000 0.730 0.727

1.394 1.000 1.006
1.370 0.993 1.000

S1 0.133 1 0.039 0.73 0.828 0.727 0.7634

S 2 0.133 1.394 0.039 1 0.828 1.006 1.0574
S 3 0.133 1.37 0.039 0.993 0.828 1 1.0489
mix

0.133 1462 E 7 0.039 2031E 7 0.828 1754 E 7

0.7634
1.0574
1.0489

mix 1714 10 7 g/cm.s

44

Lesson outcomes
1. Explain the importance and general concept of
Transport Phenomena
2. Derive general transfer equations for momentum,
energy and mass
3. Explain the relationship of momentum flux, stress and
viscosity
4. Estimate the viscosity of fluids
5. Derive the equation for total molecular transport of
momentum
6. Derive the equations for convective transport of
momentum and combined momentum flux

45

Total Molecular Transport

In addition to viscous force fluid are also exposed to
pressure force (p) that acts always perpendicular to the
exposed surface.

ij p ij ij

Molecular
stresses

Pressure
stress

viscous
stress

Static pressure (p) :- acts always perpendicular (normal) to the

exposed surface
- acts both on static and moving fluid
Viscous stress () :- can act in all directions ( both normal and
tangential/shear)
- acts only when there is velocity gradient
46

Total Molecular Transport

1 if i j
ij
0 if i j
The fluxes of momentum due to molecular stress
Normal stress

xx p xx
yy p yy
yy p yy

Shear stress

xy xy
xz xz
yz zy

47

Lesson outcomes
1. Explain the importance and general concept of
Transport Phenomena
2. Derive general transfer equations for momentum,
energy and mass
3. Explain the relationship of momentum flux, stress and
viscosity
4. Estimate the viscosity of fluids
5. Derive the equation for total molecular transport of
momentum
6. Derive the equations for convective transport of
momentum and combined momentum flux

48

Convective Transport
In addition to molecular transport momentum can
also be transferred by the bulk movement of the
fluid and this process is called convective transport.

A fluid element with velocities vx, vy ,vz and mass m

caries wit it the momentums
x momentum m x

y momentum m y
z momentum m z
49

Convective Transport
The momentum by convection per unit volume is given by
m x
x momentum
x
V
m y
y momentum
y
V
m z
z momentum
z
V
The momentum flux ( rate of momentum per unit area) by
convection across the area normal to x (Ax) is given by
x momentum flux across Ax

Q
x x x x x
Ax

y momentum flux across Ax

Q
y x y x y
Ax

Q
z momentum flux across Ax
z x z x z
Ax
50

Convective Transport
The momentum flux by convection across the area normal to
y (Ay) is given by
Q
x momentum flux across Ay
x y x y x
Ay

y momentum flux across Ay

Q
y y y y y
Ay

z momentum flux across Ay

Q
z y z y z
Ay

Similarly, The momentum flux by convection across the area

normal to y (Ay) is given by
x momentum flux across Az z x
y momentum flux across Az z y
z momentum flux across Az z z
51

Convective Momentum Transport

Summary of the momentum transfer by convection is
given in the table below

Area of
momentum
transfer

Ax
Ay
Az

Convective momentum flux components

x-momentum

y-momentum

z-momentum

v x v x

v x v y

v y v x

v y v y

v x v z
v y v z

v z v x

v z v y

v z v z

52

Combined momentum flux

The combined momentum flux, , which is the sum
of the molecular momentum flux and the convective
momentum flux is defined as:
ij ij vi v j p ij ij vi v j

The subscript can be dropped and vector notation

can be used as given below:
= p + + vv

53

Combined momentum flux

Example:- Derive simplified expression for the
combined x-momentum flux of a Newtonian liquid:
(1) across an area perpendicular to x
(2) across an area perpendicular to y
given that vy= vz = 0.
Solution

xx p xx v x v x

(1)

Applying Newtons Law of viscosity

v x
v x v x

x
x

v
xx p 2 x v x v x
x

xx

54

Combined Momentum Flux

(2)

yx p yx yx v y v x yx v y v x

Applying Newtons Law of

viscosity
v y

v
yx
x
x
x

Since it is given that vy=0

v x
yx
y
v y v x 0

Since it is given that vy=0

yx

v x
y

55

Combined momentum flux

Exercise:- Derive simplified expression for the combined
x-momentum flux of a gas:
(1) across an area perpendicular to x
(2) across an area perpendicular to y
given that vy= vz = 0.

56

Lesson outcomes
1. Explain the importance and the general concept of
Transport Phenomena
2. Derive general transfer equations for momentum,
energy and mass
3. Explain the relationship of momentum flux, stress and
viscosity
4. Estimate the viscosity of fluids
5. Derive the equation for total molecular transport of
momentum
6. Derive the equations for convective transport of
momentum and combined momentum flux

57