Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Basic Foundations:
Standards, Models, and Language
Chapter 3
Introduction
Standards
Standards organizations
Protocol standards of transport layers
Protocol standards of management
(application) layer
Management Models
Language
Chapter 3
T a b le 3 .1 N e tw o r k M a n a g e m e n t S ta n d a r d s
S ta n d a rd
O S I / C M IP
SN M P /
In te rn e t
TM N
IE E E
W e b -b a s e d
M anagem ent
S a lie n t P o in t s
I n t e r n a tio n a l s t a n d a r d ( I S O / O S I )
M a n a g e m e n t o f d a ta c o m m u n ic a tio n s n e tw o r k - L A N a n d
W AN
D e a ls w ith a ll 7 la y e r s
M o s t c o m p le te
O b je c t o r i e n t e d
W e ll s t r u c t u r e d a n d la y e r e d
C o n s u m e s la r g e re s o u r c e in im p le m e n ta tio n
In d u s tr y s ta n d a r d ( IE T F )
O r ig in a lly in t e n d e d f o r m a n a g e m e n t o f In t e r n e t c o m p o n e n t s ,
c u r r e n tly a d o p te d fo r W A N a n d te le c o m m u n ic a tio n s y s te m s
E a s y to im p le m e n t
M o s t w id e ly im p le m e n te d
I n t e r n a tio n a l s t a n d a r d ( I T U - T )
M a n a g e m e n t o f te le c o m m u n ic a tio n s n e tw o r k
B a s e d o n O S I n e tw o rk m a n a g e m e n t fra m e w o rk
A d d r e s s e s b o th n e tw o r k a n d a d m in is tr a tiv e a s p e c ts o f
m anagem ent
I E E E s t a n d a r d s a d o p t e d in te r n a tio n a lly
A d d re s s e s L A N a n d M A N m a n a g e m e n t
A d o p ts O S I s ta n d a r d s s ig n ific a n tly
D e a ls w ith fir s t tw o la y e r s o f O S I R M
W e b - B a s e d E n te rp ris e M a n a g e m e n t (W B E M )
J a v a M a n a g e m e n t A p p lic a tio n P r o g r a m I n t e r f a c e ( J M A P I )
Chapter 3
OSI Architecture and Model
Network
Mangement
Organization
Model
Information
Model
Communication
Model
Functional
Model
Figure 3.1 OSl Network Management Model
Chapter 3
SNMP Architecture and Model
Network
Mangement
Organization
Model
Information
Model
Communication
Model
Functional
Model
Figure 3.1 OSl Network Management Model
Chapter 3
TMN Architecture
Addresses management of telecommunication
networks
Based on OSI model
Superstructure on OSI network
Addresses network, service, and business
management
Chapter 3
Organizational Model
Manager
Sends requests to agents
Monitors alarms
Houses applications
Provides user interface
Agent
Gathers information from objects
Configures parameters of objects
Responds to managers requests
Generates alarms and sends them to
mangers
Managed object
Network element that is managed
Houses management agent
All objects are not managed / manageable
7
Chapter 3
Two-Tier Model
MDB
Manager
Managed objects
Unmanaged objects
MDB Management Database
Agent process
Figure 3.2 Two-Tier Network Mangement Organization Model
Chapter 3
Three-Tier Model
MDB
Manager
MDB
Agent / Manager
Managed objects
MDB Management Database
Agent process
Figure 3.3 Three-Tier Network Mangement Organization Model
Chapter 3
Manager of Managers
MoM
MDB
Agent
Agent
Agent NMS
Agent NMS
Manager
MDB
Manager
MDB
Managed objects
Managed objects
Agent NMS
MoM
MDB
Manager of Managers
Management Database
Agent
Manager
Agent process
Figure 3.4 Network Mangement Organization Model with MoM
10
Chapter 3
Peer NMSs
Agent NMS
Manager NMS
Manager NMS
Agent NMS
Figure 3.5 Dual Role of Management Process
11
Chapter 3
Information Model: Analogy
Figure in a book uniquely identified by
ISBN, Chapter, and Figure number in that
hierarchical order
ID: {ISBN, chapter, figure}
The three elements above define the syntax
Semantics is the meaning of the three
entities according to Websters dictionary
The information comprises syntax and semantics
about an object
12
Chapter 3
Structure of Management Information (SMI)
SMI defines for a managed object
Syntax
Semantics
plus additional information such as status
Example
sysDescr:
Syntax:
Definition:
Access:
Status:
{ system 1 }
OCTET STRING
"A textual description of the entity. "
read-only
mandatory
13
Chapter 3
Management Information Base (MIB)
Information base contains information about objects
Organized by grouping of related objects
Defines relationship between objects
It is NOT a physical database. It is a virtual
database that is compiled into management module
14
Chapter 3
Information Base View: An Analogy
Fulton County library system has many branches
Each branch has a set of books
The books in each branch is a different set
The information base of the county has the
view (catalog) of all books
The information base of each branch has the
catalog of books that belong to that branch.
That is, each branch has its view (catalog) of
the information base
Let us apply this to MIB view
15
Chapter 3
MIB View and Access of an Object
A managed object has many attributes - its
information base
There are several operations that can be
performed on the objects
A user (manager) can view and perform only
certain operations on the object by invoking
the management agent
The view of the object attributes that the agent
perceives is the MIB view
The operation that a user can perform is the
MIB access
16
Chapter 3
Management Data Base / Information Base
MDB
Manager
MIB
MDB Management Database
MIB Management Information Base
Agent process
Managed objects
Figure 3.6 Network Configuration with Data and Information Base
17
Chapter 3
Managed Object
Managed objects can be
Network elements (hardware, system)
hubs, bridges, routers, transmission facilities
Software (non-physical)
programs, algorithms
Administrative information
contact person, name of group of objects
(IP group)
18
Chapter 3
Management Information Tree
Root
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Figure 3.7 Generic Representation of Management Information Tree
19
Chapter 3
OSI Management Information Tree
itu
0
iso
1
iso-itu
2
org
3
dod
6
internet
1
Figure 3.8 OSI Management Information Tree
20
Chapter 3
Object Type and Instance
Type
Name
Syntax
Definition
Status
Access
Instance
21
Chapter 3
Managed Object:
Internet Perspective
Access:
Access
privilege
Object Type:
Object ID and
Descriptor
circle
Status:
Implementaion
requirements
Syntax :
model of object
Defintion:
Semantics textual description
Figure 3.9(a) Internet Perspective
22
Chapter 3
Managed Object:
OSI Perspective
object
Behaviour
Elliptical
Object Class:
Circular
object
Object Class:
Notifications:
Notify changes in
attribute values
Operations:
Push
Attributes:
circle, dimension
Attributes:
ellipse, dimension
Figure 3.9(b) OSI Perspective
23
Chapter 3
Packet Counter Example
C h a r a c te r is tic s
E x a m p le
O b je c t t y p e
P k tC o u n te r
S y n ta x
C o u n te r
A ccess
R e a d - o n ly
S ta tu s
M a n d a to ry
D e s c r ip t io n
C o u n ts n u m b e r o f p a c k e ts
F ig u r e 3 .1 0 (a ) In te r n e t P e r s p e c tiv e
C h a r a c te r is tic s
E x a m p le
O b je c t c la s s
P a c k e t C o u n te r
A t t r ib u t e s
S in g le - v a lu e d
O p e r a t io n s
g e t, s e t
B e h a v io r
R e t r ie v e s o r r e s e t s v a lu e s
N o t if ic a t io n s
G e n e r a t e s n o t if ic a t io n s o n n e w
v a lu e
F ig u r e 3 .1 0 (b ) O S I P e r s p e c tiv e
F ig u r e 3 .1 0 P a c k e t C o u n te r A s E x a m p le o f M a n a g e d O b je c t
24
Chapter 3
Internet Vs OSI Managed Object
Scalar object in Internet Vs Object-oriented
approach in OSI
OSI characteristics of operations, behaviour, and
notification are part of communication model in
Internet: get/set and response/alarm
Internet syntax is absorbed as part of OSI attributes
Internet access is part of OSI security model
Internet status is part of OSI conformance application
OSI permits creation and deletion of objects;
Internet does not: Enhancement in SNMPv2
25
Chapter 3
Mgmt. Communication Model
Operations /
Requests
Manager
Applications
Responses
Agent
Notifications /
Traps
Network Elements /
Managed Objects
Figure 3.11 Management Message Communication Model
26
Chapter 3
Transfer Protocols
Manager
Applications
Operations / Requests / Responses
Traps / Notifications
Agent
Applications
Manager
Communication
Module
SNMP (Internet)
CMIP (OSI)
Agent
Communication
Module
Transport Layers
UDP / IP (Internet)
OSI Lower Layer Profiles (OSI)
Transport Layers
Physical Medium
Figure 3.12 Management Communication Transfer Protocols
27
Chapter 3
Abstract Syntax Notation One
ASN.1 is more than a syntax; its a language
Addresses both syntax and semantics
Two type of syntax
Abstract syntax: set of rules that specify
data type and structure for information storage
Transfer syntax: set of rules for communicating
information between systems
Makes application layer protocols
independent of lower layer protocols
Can generate machine-readable code: Basic
Encoding Rules (BER) is used in management
modules
28
Chapter 3
Backus-Nauer Form (BNF)
Definition:
<name> ::= <definition>
Rules:
<digit> ::= 0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9
<number> ::= <number> | <digit> <number>
<op> ::= +|-|x|/
<SAE> ::= <number>|<SAE>|<SAE><op><SAE>
Example:
9 is primitive 9
19 is construct of 1 and 9
619 is construct of 6 and 19
29
Chapter 3
Simple Arithmetic Expression
<SAE> ::= <number> | <SAE><op><number>
Example: 26 = 13 x 2
Constructs and primitives
30
Chapter 3
Type and Value
Assignments
<BooleanType> ::= BOOLEAN
<BooleanValue> ::= TRUE | FALSE
ASN.1 module is a group of assignments
person-name Person-Name::=
{
first
"John",
middle "I",
last
"Smith"
31
Chapter 3
Data Type: Example 1
P e rs o n n e lR e c o rd ::= S E T
{
Nam e,
title
G ra p h ic S trin g ,
d iv is io n C H O IC E
m a rk e tin g
[0 ] S E Q U E N C E
{S e c to r,
C o u n try},
re s e a rc h
[1 ] C H O IC E
{p ro d u c t-b a s e d
[0 ] N U L L ,
b a s ic
[1 ] N U L L },
p ro d u c tio n
[2 ] S E Q U E N C E
{P ro d u c t-lin e ,
C o u n try }
}
e tc .
F ig u re 3 .1 3 A S N .1 D a ta T yp e D e fin itio n E x a m p le 1
32
Chapter 3
Data Type: Example 2
T ra d e -m e s s a g e ::= S E Q U E N C E
{ in v o ic e - n o
IN T E G E R
nam e
G r a p h ic S tr in g ,
d e ta ils
SEQUENCE OF
SEQUENCE
{p a rt-n o
IN T E G E R
q u a n tity
IN T E G E R },
c h a rg e
REAL,
a u th e n tic a to r
S e c u r ity - T y p e }
S e c u r ity - T y p e ::= S E T
{
}
F ig u r e 3 .1 4 A S N .1 D a ta T y p e D e fin itio n E x a m p le 2
33
Chapter 3
ASN.1 Symbols
Symbol
Meaning
::=
Defined as
or, alternative, options of a list
Signed number
--
Following the symbol are comments
{}
Start and end of a list
[]
Start and end of a tag
()
Start and end of subtype
..
Range
34
Chapter 3
Keyword Examples
CHOICE
SET
SEQUENCE
OF
NULL
35
Chapter 3
ASN.1 Data Type Conventions
Data Types
Convention
Example
Object name
Initial lowercase letter
sysDescr, etherStatsPkts
Application data type
Initial uppercase letter
Counter, IpAddress
Module
Initial uppercase letter
PersonnelRecord
Macro, MIB module
All uppercase letters
RMON-MIB
Keywords
All uppercase letters
INTEGER, BEGIN
36
Chapter 3
Data Type: Structure & Tag
Data Type
Tag
Structure
Number
Simple
Structured
Tagged
Other
Universal
Class
Application
Contextspecific
Private
Figure 3.15 ASN.1 Data Type Structure and Tag
37
Chapter 3
Structure
Simple
PageNumber ::= INTEGER
ChapterNumber ::= INTEGER
Structure / Construct
BookPageNumber ::=
SEQUENCE
{ChapterNumber, Separator, PageNumber
Example: {1-1, 2-3, 3-39}
Tagged
Derived from another type; given a new ID
In Fig. 3-14, INTEGER is either universal or
application specific
Other types:
CHOICE, ANY
BookPages ::= SEQUENCE OF { BookPageNumber}
or
BookPages ::=
SEQUENCE OF
{
SEQUENCE
{ChapterNumber, Separator, PageNumber}
}
38
Chapter 3
Tag
Tag uniquely identifies a data type
Comprises class and tag number
Class:
Universal - always true
Application - only in the application used
Context-specific - specific context in application
Private - used extensively by commercial
vendors
39
Chapter 3
Enumerated Integer
RainbowColors ::= ENUMERATED
{
violet
(0)
indigo
(1)
blue
(2)
green
(3)
yellow
(4)
orange
(5)
red
(6)
40
Chapter 3
ASN.1 Module Example
IpNetMediaEntry ::=SEQUENCE{
ipNetToMediaIfIndex
INTEGER
ipNetToMediaPhysAddress
PhysAddress
ipNetToMediaNetAddress
IpAddress
ipNetToMediaType
INTEGER}
41
N
T
E
D
N
N
C
a m e :
J o h n P S m ith
itle :
D ir e c to r
m p lo y e e N u m b e r
5 1
a te o f H ir e :
1 7 S e p te m b e r 1 9 7 1
a m e o f S p o u se ;
M a r y T S m ith
u m b e r o f C h ild r e n 2
h ild In fo r m a tio n
N a m e
R a lp h T S m ith
D a te o f B ir th 1 1 N o v e m b e r 1 9 5 7
C h ild In fo r m a tio n
N a m e
S u sa n B Jo n e s
D a te o f B ir th 1 7 J u ly 1 9 5 9
( a ) In fo r m a l d e s c r ip tio n o f p e r s o n n e l r e c o r d
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------P e r s o n n e lR e c o r d ::= [A P P L IC A T IO N 0 ] IM P L IC IT S E T {
N a m e ,
title [0 ] V is ib le S tr in g ,
n u m b e r E m p lo y e e N u m b e r ,
d a te O fH ir e [1 ] D a te ,
n a m e O fS p o u s e [2 ] N a m e ,
c h ild r e n [3 ] IM P L IC IT S E Q U E N C E O F C h ild In fo r m a tio n D E F A U L T { } }
C h ild In fo r m a tio n ::= S E T {
N a m e ,
d a te O fB ir th [0 ] D a te }
N a m e ::= [A P P L IC A T IO N 1 ] IM P L IC IT S E Q U E N C E {
g iv e n N a m e V is ib le S tr in g ,
in itia l V is ib le S tr in g ,
fa m ily N a m e V is ib le S tr in g }
E m p lo y e e N u m b e r ::= [A P P L IC A T IO N
2 ] IM P L IC IT IN T E G E R
D a te ::=
[A P P L IC A T IO N 3 ] IM P L IC IT V is ib le S tr in g - - Y Y Y Y M M D D
( b ) A S N .1 d e s c r ip tio n o f th e r e c o r d s tr u c tu r e
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------{
{ g iv e n N a m e J o h n , in itia l T , fa m ily N a m e S m ith } ,
title
D ir e c to r
n u m b e r
5 1
d a te O fH ir e
1 9 7 1 0 9 1 7
n a m e O fS p o u s e
{ g iv e n N a m e M a r y , in itia l T , fa m ily N a m e S m ith } ,
c h ild r e n
{ {
{ g iv e n N a m e R a lp h , in itia l T , fa m ily N a m e S m ith } ,
d a te O fB ir th
1 9 5 7 1 1 1 1 },
{
{ g iv e n N a m e S u s a n , in itia l B , fa m ily N a m e J o n e s }
d a te O fB ir th
1 9 5 9 0 7 1 7 }}}
( c ) A S N .1 d e s c r ip tio n o f a r e c o r d v a lu e
42
Chapter 3
Object Name
itu
0
iso
1
iso-itu
2
org
3
dod
6
internet
1
private
4
enterprise
1
IBM
2
43
Chapter 3
TLV Encoding
Type
Class
(7-8th bits)
Length
P/C
(6th bit)
Class
Universal
Application
Context-specific
Private
Value
Tag Number
(1-5th bits)
8th bit
0
0
1
1
7th bit
0
1
0
1
44
Chapter 3
Macro
< m a c ro n a m e > M A C R O ::=
B E G IN
T Y P E N O T A T IO N ::= < s y n ta x O fN e w T y p e >
V A L U E N O T A T IO N ::= < s y n ta x O fN e w V a lu e >
< a u x ilia r y A s s ig n m e n ts >
E N D
Example:
C S 8 8 0 3 O B J E C T -ID E N T IT Y
S T A T U S
c u rre n t
D E S C R IP T IO N
" A g r a d u a te - le v e l n e tw o r k
m a n a g e m e n t c o u r s e o ffe r e d e v e r y fa ll b y
C o lle g e o f C o m p u tin g in G e o r g ia In s titu te o f
T e c h n o lo g y ."
::= { c s c la s s e s 5 0 }
45
Chapter 3
Functional Model
OSI
Functional Model
Configuration
Management
Fault
Management
Performance
Management
Security
Management
Accounting
Management
46
