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Introduction to Building
Automation Systems (BAS)
Ryan R. Hoger, LEED AP
708.670.6383
[email protected]Building Automation Systems
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Centralized controls
Change scheduling for multiple
HVAC units at same time
Monitor health of equipment
Internet accessible
Alarming via text msg or email
Collect/trend data
Integrate to lighting control or
security system
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DDC - Direct Digital Control of an HVAC
system
A method of monitoring and controlling
HVAC system performance by collecting,
processing, and sending information
using sensors, actuators, and
microprocessors.
What is DDC?
DDC is the concept or theory of HVAC
system control that uses digital controls
Physically, DDC encompasses all the
devices used to implement this control
method: a whole group of DDC
controllers/microprocessors, actuators,
sensors, and other devices.
What is DDC?
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DDC - the Control
Theory
input-process-output
cycle
A point is ANY input or
output device used to control
the overall or specific
performance of equipment or
output devices related to the
equipment.
What Is a Point?
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AI z Analog input - a sensor that monitors physical
data, such as temperature, flow, or pressure.
DI z Discrete input - a sensor that monitors status.
Momentary and maintained switches, ON-OFF
equipment status, and digital pulses from flow
and electric power meters are discrete inputs.
AOz Analog output - a physical action of a proportional
device in the controlled equipment - e.g., actuator
opens air damper from 20% to 40%, other dampers,
valves, inlet guide vanes, etc.
DOz Discrete output - changes or maintains device
status. Performs momentary or maintained
switching for start/stop of pumps, fans,
two-position dampers, and on/off control.
Four Kinds of Points
Input sensors and status
devices react to changes in
conditions. Conditions
include internal load, outside air
temperature, and output actions.
Output devices act based
on sensor and status
device reactions.
Ex. 1:
Open cooling coil valve (output action). Supply air temperature sensor
Ex. 2:
Filters on an air handler get dirty (conditions). Air switch reacts by
SAT detects (input reaction) decrease in temperature.
closing contact for filter dirty alarm.
DDC: Actions and Reactions
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Control Point
Identification Exercise
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Temperature
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DI
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Thermistors
Resistance Temp. Detectors
(RTDs)
Transmitters
Pressure
Humidity
Flow (CFM, GPM)
Voltage
Current
CO2
Switch dry contact
(open or closed)
High/low limit switch
(alarm or normal)
Airflow
Water
Differential pressure
Freeze alarm
Smoke detectors
Wattmeter pulses
(pulse initiator or
counter)
Sensor and Status Devices
used as Input Points
(Reactions)
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AO
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Damper actuators
Modulating valves
VFD
DO
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Solenoid valves
Relays /
contactors
Alarm signal
Devices used as Output Points
(Actions)
Closed Loop Control is accomplished by the control
signal being sent to the controlled device with
constant feedback from the sensor/status device
providing input to the controller.
DDC: Closed Loop Control
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Closed loop control is determined by:
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Control algorithms
Configuration values
Time schedule data
Setpoint schedule data
Closed Loop
Control
Heating/cooling coil control
Humidification/dehumidification
Mixed air damper optimization
VAV fan control
VAV supply & return fan tracking
Indoor air quality
Generic PID control
Control point reset
Typical Control
Algorithms
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Time of day scheduling
Discrete device controlled as analog
Discrete interlock
Discrete staging
Proportional thermostat
Primary/secondary pump control
Night free cooling
Adaptable start/stop
Permissive interlock
Typical Control
Algorithms (contd)
Proportional
PI
Proportional-Integral
PID Proportional-Integral-Derivative
Algorithm Type Used by
Processor Determines
Control Strategy
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PID =
Proportional-Integral-Derivative Control
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What it is: This type of control algorithm is based on
value/amount (proportion), rate of change (integral),
and error allowances (derivative). PID control
calculates and sends commands for outputs based
on all three types of information.
Advantages: More precise than P and PI controls,
PID wastes less energy based on more frequent
feedback and quicker responses.
What Is PID Control?
What it is: Control algorithm based only on
value/amount (proportion).
Disadvantages: Less precise than PID and PI control;
cannot respond to error margins or time. Uses the most
energy due to over- and under- outputs.
Proportional Control (P)
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What it is: Control algorithm based on value/amount
(proportion), rate of change (integral). PID uses error
allowances (derivative) as well.
Advantages: More precise control and less energy
used than proportional (P); minimum swings from
setpoints.
Proportional-Integral Control (PI) &
(PID)
Exercise 1:
Building Direct Digital Control on
a CV Air Handler
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Exercise 1: Base CV
Air Handler Unit -No
Controls
Exercise 1: AHU - DDC
Control of
Start / Stop
Scheduling
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Exercise 1: AHU - Add
DDC
Damper
Exercise 1: AHU - Add DDC
Cooling Coil
Control
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Exercise 1: AHU - Add DDC Outside Air reset
and Enthalpy Control
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Control Point Summary
for Base CV AHU
Exercise 2:
Building Direct Digital Control on
a VAV Air Handler
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History
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VAV systems came into favor for mid and large size
facilities in the 1960s and 1970s
Save energy
Improve comfort
Take advantage of building diversity
Cooling needed year round for true interior core zones
Sequence
Main AHU provides morning warm-up heat until RAT
setpoint is satisfied all zones at 100% design airflow
AHU switches to 55F discharge air controlled cooling
zones modulate CFM to controls space temp
No AHU heat remainder of day individual zone reheat or
baseboard as needed
Zoning Systems
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Single Zone Systems
Heating/Cooling
Unit
Heating/Cooling
Unit
Heating/Cooling
Unit
Heating/Cooling
Unit
ROOF
TMT
TMZC
TM
ZONE 1
ZONE 2
ZONE 3
TM
ZONE 4
Multiple Zone Systems
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To Build DDC on a VAV AHU,
Start with DDC on a CV AHU...
Exercise 2: Create a VAV
AHU with Inlet Guide
* If using VFD, use two Variable Frequency Drives instead, but
you will still need the same control points and HPS shown.
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Filter Status (FLTS)
FreezeStat (FRZ)
Smoke Detector (SMK)
Typical DDC Items You Can Add
as Optional Items:
Exercise 2: VAV AHU with DDC Filter Status
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Exercise 2: VAV AHU with DDC
FreezeStat
Exercise 2: VAV AHU with DDC Smoke
Detector
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Control
Point
Summary
for Base
VAV AHU
DDC Controllers
Application
Specific
controllers
Programmable
controllers
Factory integrated
controllers
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Types of Direct Digital Control Networks
Interface - devices and software that work as
a translator between a DDC system and the
humans who operate it.
An interface is the operators window into a
buildings operating systems and conditions.
Interfaces to DDC
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User interfaces:
Allow more efficient system operation monitoring.
You can look at whats happening on all floors from
the tenth floor if DDC network is peer-to-peer.
Allow immediate diagnosis of HVAC units and
controls, including changes, without physically being
in front of the unit.
Can provide reports (e.g., historical, consumable,
run times, system activity) to be used as records of
building operations.
Can provide graphical representations of the
controlled system.
User Interface Benefits
User Interface Types
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Interface
Examples
Hand-held Connected to a DDC Controller
PC Connected to a DDC Network
Interface
Examples
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Web Server Connected to DDC Network
Interface
Examples
Web Interfaces
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Standard web
browser or WAP
access
View system status
Access schedules
and setpoints
Trending, alarming,
reporting
Real time interactive
graphics
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FLOOR PLAN GRAPHICS
EQUIPMENT GRAPHICS
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EQUIPMENT GRAPHICS
FLEXIBLE SCHEDULING
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TRENDING
Internet Thermostats
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Low cost alternative to
BAS
Direct to Ethernet
No PC software uses
standard web browser
No access fees
Text/email alerts
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Internet Thermostats
Internet Thermostats
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Phone Apps for Thermostats
Integration
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Information Transfer
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Add new HVAC equipment to an existing Building
Management System
Common User Interface
Building Integration
Lighting, HVAC, Security, Fire & Life Safety
Enterprise Integration-Utilities, Financial
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Building Management Systems
Security
Lighting
Power
Metering
HVAC
Common Protocols
PT
MODBUS
PT
PT
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Integration
Interoperability is the ability of different devices from the
same or different manufacturers to function accurately
together.
Standard protocol - a set of guidelines for commands,
inputs, and output encoding to create a universal language
for all DDC devices. When the same standard protocol is
used in DDC devices, interoperability is possible.
Gateways - devices added to DDC networks to make
standard protocols available and interoperability possible.
Interoperability
BACnet
Standard protocol requirements for Building Automation
and Control networking, created by ASHRAE to ensure
interoperability. BACnet uses software and a LAN
interface to DDC to provide:
Representation of all manufacturer devices internal
functioning in a common, network-visible way.
A common command set for device services.
Common encoding of commands, understandable by
all devices and interfaces adhering to the protocol.
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Enterprise
CFO
Lighting
Energy
Security Systems
MODBUS
XML SQL
HTTP HTML
Fire Systems
LEGACY
Open System
Framework
Facility
Management
ODBC SNMP
JDBC
FTP
SMTP
WAP
Maintenance
Maintenance
HVAC Systems
And More
Typical Questions
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Q: What part of the control system is done by the HVAC designer?
What is done by the installing contractor? Do most HVAC engineers
actually do control system work or is that done by specialty
contractors?
A: Depends on the project
A good designer lays out the control system as an integral part of the
mechanical system, including:
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Sequence of operation
Front-end/user interface details
The details of hardware, software, and cabling should be left to the
contractor since every manufacturers system is different
Unfortunately, most designers rely on manufacturers to write project
specs, or worse, contractors to design in the field as they install
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Typical Questions
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Q: How does one select the type, number, and position of
sensors? (i.e. measure temp in a room or in the supply
duct? Where in the room or duct do the sensors go?
How many go in each room?)
A: Depends on the project
Best to measure what you want to control usually space temp
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Mount between 4 and 5 ft high, out of direct sunlight, and in the
return air path
One sensor per controllable piece of equipment is best usually one
per room
Many exceptions for specialty systems and/or install cost
compromises
Typical Questions
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Q: How does one go about determining the coefficients of
a P, PI, or PID controller and tune the system once it has
been installed?
A: Practice and Patience
Zero out the derivative term HVAC equipment and building
systems react too slowly for it to matter
Tune the proportional term first, then worry about integral term
Make small changes and monitor
Use a dynamic graph
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Typical Questions
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Q: Where can one go to get more information and
training?
A:
Iowa Energy Center / Iowa State University
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ASHRAE Learning Institute
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www.ddc-online.org
http://www.ashrae.org/education/page/1809
Continental Automated Buildings Association - www.caba.org
www.automatedbuildings.com
BACnet - www.bacnet.org
Case Study Conrad Hotel
352 HVAC units
311 guestrooms
Added DDC controls
Occupancy sensors
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Entrance door & motion
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Energy Savings Estimation Tools
Utility Rebates for Controls
Programmable Thermostat
Economizer Controls
Nicor Gas or NIPSCO Gas $50
Peoples Gas or North Shore Gas $80
Wisconsin Focus on Energy $100 per RTU
ComEd $40 per ton
Wisconsin Focus on Energy $250 per RTU
CO2-based DCV
ComEd $0.03 per ft2
DCEO $0.28 to 0.40 per ft2
Peoples Gas or North Shore Gas double custom
NIPSCO Gas $0.15 per ft2
Wisconsin Focus on Energy $0.05/CFM supply
Wisconsin Focus on Energy $350 per RTU
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Utility Rebates for Controls
Boiler Reset Control
Nicor Gas $0.50 per MBH
Peoples Gas or North Shore Gas $500
NIPSCO Gas $0.35 per MBH
Wisconsin Focus on Energy $75/controller
DDC Controls
ComEd $0.20 per ft2
DCEO $0.20 to 0.40 per ft2
Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs)
ComEd $60 per Hp
DCEO $92 per Hp
NIPSCO Electric - $40 per Hp
Wisconsin Focus on Energy $50 per Hp
Utility Rebates for Controls
Hotel Guest Room Energy Mgmt System
Kitchen Exhaust Demand Control Ventilation
ComEd $25 to 65 per unit
ComEd $350 per Hp
Custom Incentives (based on annual
savings)
ComEd $0.06 to 0.07 per kWh
Nicor Gas $0.75 to 1.00 per therm
Peoples Gas or North Shore Gas $1.00 per therm
DCEO $0.12/kWh and $3.00/therm
NIPSCO $0.09/kWh and $0.60/therm
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Thanks for Coming!
and Special Thanks to those who allowed me to use their graphics
Ryan R. Hoger, LEED AP
708.670.6383
[email protected]37
