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Appendix PDF

This document provides further reading references and appendices on statistical mechanics topics. The further reading section lists 14 references for books and papers on Monte Carlo methods, critical phenomena, scaling and renormalization, thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, phase transitions, and critical exponents. Appendix A defines distribution functions for classical particles, fermions, and bosons. Appendix B covers Maxwell relations and applying them to thermodynamic functions. Appendix C reviews basic thermodynamic relations for magnetic systems, defining internal energy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, and Gibbs free energy, and providing equations involving entropy, temperature, magnetic field, heat capacity, susceptibility, and other variables.

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101 views8 pages

Appendix PDF

This document provides further reading references and appendices on statistical mechanics topics. The further reading section lists 14 references for books and papers on Monte Carlo methods, critical phenomena, scaling and renormalization, thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, phase transitions, and critical exponents. Appendix A defines distribution functions for classical particles, fermions, and bosons. Appendix B covers Maxwell relations and applying them to thermodynamic functions. Appendix C reviews basic thermodynamic relations for magnetic systems, defining internal energy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, and Gibbs free energy, and providing equations involving entropy, temperature, magnetic field, heat capacity, susceptibility, and other variables.

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[email protected]
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Further Reading

[1] K. Binder (ed.), Monte-Carlo methods in statistical physics, Springer-Verlag


(New York, 1986).
[2] J.J. Binney, N.J. Dowrick, A.J. Fisher, and M.E. Newman, The Theory of
Critical Phenomena, Oxford University Press (Oxford, 1992).
[3] J. Cardy, Scaling and Renormalization in Statistical Physics, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge, 1996).
[4] W. Greiner, L. Neise, and H. Stocker, Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics, Springer-Verlag (New York, 1995).
[5] K. Huang, Statistical Mechanics, J. Wiley (New York, 1987).
[6] R. Kubo, Statistical Mechanics, North Holland (Amsterdam, 1967).
[7] L.D. Landau and E.M. Lifshitz, Statistical Physics I,II, Pergamon Press (Oxford, 1980).
[8] S.-k. Ma, Modern Theory of Critical Phenomena, Benjamin (Reading, 1976).
[9] B.M. McCoy and T.T. Wu, The Two-Dimensional Ising Model, Harvard (Cambridge, 1973).
[10] M. Plischke and B. Bergersen, Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics, World
Scientific (Singapore, 1994).
[11] F. Schwabl, Statistical Mechanics, Springer Verlag (Berlin, 2002).
[12] H.E. Stanley, Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena, Oxford University
Press (London, 1971).
129

I. Vilfan

Statistical Mechanics

Chapter 4

[13] K.G. Wilson, Scientific American, 241, 140 (1979).


[14] Julia M Yeomans, Statistical Mechanics of Phase Transitions, Clarendon
(Oxford, 1992).

130

Appendix A
Distribution Functions
We have to distinguish three kinds of systems:
(a) identical but distinguishable particles (classical particles)
(b) identical indistinguishable particles with half-integer spin (Fermi-ons)
(c) identical indistinguishable particles with integer spins (Bosons)
The occupation probability of a state i with energy Ei is:
(a-Maxwell-Boltzmann):
1
(A.1)
n(Ei ) = Ei
e
2
Maxwell Boltzmann distrubution

n(E)

1: T = 1 000 K
2: T = 5 000 K
1
3: T = 10 000 K
3
2
1
0
0

0.5

1
Energy (eV)

(b-Fermi-Dirac):
n(Ei ) =

1.5

1
e(Ei F )

(c-Bose-Einstein):
n(Ei ) =

1
.
1

eEi

131

+1

(A.2)

(A.3)

I. Vilfan

Statistical Mechanics

Appendix A

2
Fermi Dirac distrubution
EF = 1 eV
1: T = 0 K
n(E)

2: T = 1 000 K
2: T = 5 000 K
1
3

3: T = 10 000 K

0
0

0.5

1
Energy (eV)

1.5

5
Bose Einstein distrubution

n(E)

1: T = 1 000 K
2: T = 5 000 K

3: T = 10 000 K
3

2
1

0
0

0.5

1
Energy (eV)

132

1.5

Appendix B
Maxwell Relations
Let df be a total differential of the function f (x, y). Then,
df = u(x, y)dx + v(x, y)dy
with
u(x, y) =
and
u
y

=
x

f
x

v(x, y) =

2f
yx

2f
xy

(B.1)
f
y

v
x

(B.2)
x

(B.3)

This is a very useful relation that - when applied to thermodynamic functions gives the Maxwell relations:
T
V

!
S

T
p
S
p

=
S

S
V

p
=
S

V
S

=
T

133

p
T

(B.4)

(B.5)

V
=
T

(B.6)

(B.7)

!
V

I. Vilfan

Statistical Mechanics

134

Appendix B

Appendix C
Basic Thermodynamic Relations of
Magnetic Systems Revisited
The internal energy is:
U (S, M ) =

Ji,j hSi Sj i

(C.1)

hiji

where S is the entropy, M is the total magnetic moment (in dimensionless units),
M = N m, m is the magnetic moment per lattice site, m = hSi i. Ji,j is the
exchange interaction between the spins i and j. The (magnetic) enthalpy is (here
we will use E for the enthalpy, to avoid confusion with the field H):
E(S, H) = U HM hHi

(C.2)

where H is the magnetic field in units of energy. The Helmholtz free energy is:
F (T, M ) = kB T ln Z(T, M, N ) = U T S

(C.3)

and its total differential is


dF = S dT + H dM

(C.4)

(see Table II of Part I; the number of spins N is constant): The Gibbs free energy
is
G(T, H) = kB T ln Y (T, H) = E T S
= F HM = U T S HM
135

(C.5)

I. Vilfan

Statistical Mechanics

Appendix C

and its differential is


dG = S dT M dH

(C.6)

Here, we introduced also the corresponding partition functions Z and Y . From


Eq. (C.4) we get immediately the equation of state:
F
M

H=

(C.7)
T,N

From Eq. (C.6) we also get an equation of state:


G
M =
H

!
T,N

E
=
H

(C.8)
S,N

Of course, the equations (C.7) and (C.8) must lead to the same equation, they are
just two ways of writing the equation of state. When we want to study systems at
constant H (and not at constant M ), the more convenient thermodynamic potential
is the Gibbs free energy G(T, H, N ) instead of the Helmholtz free energy.
Other useful thermodynamic relations are:
CH = T

S
T

CM = T

T =

S =

!
H

dU
=
= T
dT

S
T

M
H

M
H

= T
M

2G
T 2

2F
T 2

(C.9)
H

(C.10)
H

2G
=
H 2

2E
=
H 2

136

(C.11)
T

(C.12)
S

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