Engineering Design and Graphics:
Engineer 1C03
Technical Sketches and Engineering
Drawings
Dr. Colin P. McDonald, PhD
Week 2: January 13th 17th
Announcement
o Lab Assignment/Test Submission
For all assignments/tests, you are required to zip your
files using Marking Monkey
In order to receive a grade for your test, you MUST
submit a ZIPPED file!!!
DO NOT submit using any other file type (e.g.,
*.ipt, *.iam, etc.)
Students who fail to submit a zipped file will receive
a zero NO EXCEPTIONS
Announcement
o Lab / Tutorial Tests
Week 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 (5% each test)
o Design Project: Important Dates
Week 4 form groups during lab
Friday February 28th (Week 7) Milestone I due
Week 10 Milestone II due (during lab time)
Week 12 Project Interviews (during lab time)
Announcement
o Access to 3D Printers
Weeks 4-6
Printers available for tutorial/demonstrations
Weeks 7-9
Printers available for printing Milestone II parts*
Weeks 10-12
Printers available for printing remaining parts
* No printed parts are required for Milestone I
Sketching
Understanding Sketching Techniques
o Sketching can be simplified by breaking down
complex shapes into simpler geometric primitives
Basic curves / straight lines are the basis of many objects
Look for essential shapes and sketch those shapes
Examples of Primitives
o
o
o
o
o
Cube: 8 vertices, 12 edges, 6 faces
Cylinder: no vertices, 2 edges, 3 faces
Cone: 1 vertex, 1 edge, 2 faces
Sphere: no vertices, no edges, 1 face
Torus (Donut): no vertices, no edges, 1 face
But what do these terms mean?
Characteristics of an Object in Solid
Modelling
Faces, Edges, and Vertices
o Any object can be defined by its boundary
This boundary is made up of surfaces, called faces
o Faces can be any mathematically definable surface but we
will usually restrict ourselves to planar, cylindrical, conical,
and spherical surfaces
Faces
Faces, Edges, and Vertices
o Each face is bounded by edges
o Edges can be any curves in three-space, but we will
generally restrict ourselves to lines, circular arcs, and
elliptical arcs
o Each edge is bounded by vertices
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Interpretation of Geometric Features
o In any given view of an object, there may never
appear more lines/curves than the object has edges
Less may appear when they are coincident such as in
the case of the cube
Interpretation of Geometric Features
o What about a sphere, which has no edges?
Using the rule discussed on the previous slide, there
would be nothing to draw!
o Consequently, the previously
stated rule is amended to
include limiting elements
Limiting elements are drawn to
show the extent of curved faces
in a view
Interpretation of Geometric Features
o A straight line (visible or hidden) in a drawing or
sketch has three possible meanings:
An edge (intersection) between two surfaces
The edge view of a surface
The limiting element of a curved surface (e.g., cylinder)
Understanding Projections
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Understanding Projections
o Types of Projection
Perspective projectors
come together at station
point
Parallel
Fig. 2.1 Concept of projection. Points a-h
are piercing points.
Understanding Projections
o Types of Projection
Perspective
Parallel
Oblique
Orthographic
Isometric
(Axonometric)
Multi-view
Fig. 2.3 Classification of projections.
Projections:
Isometric Pictorials and Multiviews
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Isometric Pictorials and Multiviews
o In ENG 1C03, you will be studying two types of graphical
representations of objects:
Isometric Pictorials
Multiviews
o Both are types of parallel projection
o They differ in the intended effect of the representation
Isometric Pictorials and Multiviews
o Isometric pictorials are intended to produce a view of
an object that is three-dimensional in appearance
o A multiview combines multiple two-dimensional views
of the object
Isometric Pictorials
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Isometric Pictorial
o Object tipped to planes of projection so all principal
faces are shown in single view
An isometric pictorial is a
pictorial representation of
an object rotated 45 and
tilted 36 160
o Objects represented by
isometric pictorials will
normally appear three
dimensional
Isometric Pictorial
o Defining characteristics:
Parallel, orthographic, axonometric projection
o In an isometric pictorial, right angles do not usually
appear as right angles
Parallel lines are parallel
o Lengths of the principal
edges are foreshortened
Equal foreshortening along
all three axes
Isometric means equal
measure
Multiviews
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Multiviews
o Isometrics are optimal for visualization purposes
However, a complete and clear description of an object
is necessary to ensure the object is manufactured as
intended by designer
Solution: a multiview drawing
o A multiview is a graphical representation using two or
more views
The views show only two dimensions of the object
Such views provide certain definite information
Multiviews
o It is a type of orthographic projection
Recall: an orthographic projection is a particular kind of
parallel projection
Multiview Defined
o Any object can be viewed from six mutually
perpendicular directions
o Top view referred to as the
plan view
o Front, rear and side views
referred to as elevation views
o Views are arranged on paper
according to standards (ANSI)
o Top, front, and bottom views
align vertically
o Rear, left-side, front and rightside views align horizontally
Fig. 4.2 The six principal views.
Multiview Defined
o Standard Views:
Front or Frontal (F)
Displays height, width
Horizontal or Top (H)
Displays width, depth
Profile or Side or Right Side (P)
Displays height, depth
Multiview Alignment
o Note the alignment and relative
position of the views
The top view is always above
the frontal view when present
o The profile (right-side) view is
always to the right of the frontal
view when present
Why is this the case?
Multiview Alignment Glass Box
o Helps understand standard arrangement of views
o Looking inside a box, one would see six views
Fig. 4.8 The glass box.
Multiview Alignment Glass Box
o Organize views of 3D object on flat sheet of paper
o Imagine six planes of the glass box being unfolded
Fig. 4.9 Unfolding the glass box.
Multiview Alignment Glass Box
o Position of six planes after unfolding are representative
of how one would arrange views in a drawing
Fig. 4.10 The glass box unfolded
A straight line in a multiview drawing is
indicative of:
A. An intersection
between two surfaces
B. The limiting element of
a cylinder
C. The edge view of a
surface
D. All of the above
E. How can we know?
Multiviews Necessary Views
o All views of an object must be examined to determine
the meaning of the lines
Without both views,
we would never know
if this was a curved
surface or an edge!
How many views are required to sketch the
object shown below?
A.
B.
C.
D.
One
Two
Three
Four
Principles of Orthographic Projections
o Alignment of Features: every point or feature in one
view must be aligned on a parallel projector in any
adjacent view
o Distances in related views:
distances between any two
points of a feature in related
views must be equal
Principles of Orthographic Projections
o True length and size: features are
true length or true size when lines
of sight are perpendicular to
feature
o Foreshortening: features are
foreshortened when lines of sight
are not perpendicular to feature
i.e., feature angled to plane of
projection
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Principles of Orthographic Projections
o Edge Views: surface that are
parallel to the lines of sight will
appear on edge and be
represented as a line
o Contiguous Areas: no two
contiguous areas can lie in the
same plane
Two areas sharing
a common border
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Principles of Orthographic Projections
o Configuration of Planes: areas that are
the same feature will always be similar
in configuration from one view to the
next, unless viewed on edge
o Parallel Features: parallel features will
always appear parallel in all views
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Interpreting Views
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Interpreting Views
o Key to interpreting
sketches or drawings
o Reverse mental process
used in projecting them
o Each view provides
certain definite
information about the
shape of the object
o In a multiview, all views
are necessary to
visualize it completely
Interpreting Views
o Front View
o Shows the objects L-shape,
its height and width, and the
thickness of its members
Interpreting Views
o Front View
o Shows the objects L-shape,
its height and width, and the
thickness of its members
o Top View
o Shows the depth and width
of the object
o Makes it clear that the
horizontal feature is
rounded at the right end
with a round hole
Interpreting Views
o Right View
o shows the height and depth
of the object
o Reveals that the left end
has rounded corners at the
top and an open-end slot in
a vertical position
Summary
o
o
o
o
o
o
Understanding Sketching Techniques
Characteristics of an Object in Solid Modelling
Understanding Projections
Isometric Pictorials
Multiviews
Interpreting Views
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