Material Transport Equipment

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Material transport means providing the right amount of right

material in the right condition, at the right place, at the right time, in right
position and for right cost, by using right method. It is simply picking up,
moving, and lying down materials through manufacture. It applies to the
movement of raw materials, parts in process, finished goods, packing
materials, and disposal of scrape in general hundreds and thousands tones
of materials are transport daily requiring the use of large amount of man
power while the movement of material takes from one processing area to
another or from one department to another department of the plant the
cost of material transport contributes significantly to the total cost of
manufacturing.

A properly designed and integrated material transport system

provides tremendous cost saving opportunities and customer service
improvement potential.

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1.2 Objectives:

The primary objective of a material transport system is to reduce th

e unit cost of production and increase the productivity.

1.2.1 The Other Subordinate Objectives are:

1. Reduce manufacturing cycle time

2. Reduce delays, and damage
3. Promote safety and improve working conditions
4. Maintain or improve product quality
5. Promote productivity.

1.3 Importance of Materials Transport:

 Improve efficiency of a production system by ensuring the right

quantity of materials delivered at the right place at the right time
most economically.
 Cut down indirect labour cost.
 Reduce damage of materials during storage and movement.
 Maximise space utilization by proper storage of materials and
thereby reduce storage and handling cost.
 Minimise accident during materials handling.
 Increase efficiency and saleability of plant and equipment with
integral materials handling features

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2. THEORY

2.1 Kinematic link or element:

Each part of a machine, which moves relative to some other part, is

known as a kinematic link (or simply link) or element. A link may
consist of several parts, which are rigidly fastened together, so that they
do not move relative to one another.

For example, in a reciprocating steam engine, piston, piston rod

and crosshead constitute one link ; connecting rod with big and small end
bearings constitute a second link ; crank, crank shaft and flywheel a third
link and the cylinder, engine frame and main bearings a fourth link.

A link or element needs not to be a rigid body, but it must be a

resistant body. A body is said to be a resistant body if it is capable of
transmitting the required forces with negligible deformation.

 Thus a link should have the following two characteristics:

1. It should have relative motion, and

2. It must be a resistant body.

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2.2 Types of links:

In order to transmit motion, the driver and the follower may be

connected by the following three types of links:

2.2.1. Rigid link: A rigid link is one which does not undergo any
deformation while transmitting motion. Strictly speaking, rigid links do
not exist. However, as the deformation of a connecting rod, crank etc. of
a reciprocating steam engine is not appreciable; they can be considered as
rigid links.

2.2.2. Flexible link:A flexible link is one which is partly deformed

in a manner not to affect the transmission of motion. For example, belts,
ropes, chains and wires are flexible links and transmit tensile forces only.

2.2.3. Fluid link:A fluid link is one which is formed by having a

fluid in a receptacle and the motion is transmitted through the fluid by
pressure or compression only, as in the case of hydraulic presses, jacks
and brakes.

2.3 Properties of machine:

 The parts of a machine move relative to one another.

 A machine transforms the available energy into some useful
Work.
 The links of a machine may transmit both power and motion.

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2.4 Kinematic pair:

The two links or elements of a machine, when in contact with each
other, are said to form a pair. If the relative motion between them is
completely or successfully constrained (i.e. in a definite direction), the
pair is known as kinematic pair.

2.5 Classification of kinematic pairs:

The kinematic pairs according to type of relative motion between
the elements may be classified as discussed below:

2.5.1 Sliding pair:

When the two elements of a pair are connected in such a way that
one can only slide relative to the other, the pair is known as a sliding pair.
The piston and cylinder, cross-head and guides of a reciprocating steam
engine, ram and its guides in shaper, tail stock on the lathe bed etc. are
the examples of a sliding pair. A little consideration will show that a
sliding pair has a completely constrained motion.

2.5.2 Turning pair:

When the two elements of a pair are connected in such a way that
one can only turn or revolve about a fixed axis of another link, the pair is
known as turning pair. A shaft with collars at both ends fitted into a
circular hole, the crankshaft in a journal bearing in an engine, lathe
spindle supported in head stock, cycle wheels turning over their axles etc.
are the examples of a turning pair. A turning pair also has a completely
constrained motion.

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2.5.3 Rolling pair:

When the two elements of a pair are connected in such a way that
one roll over another fixed link, the pair is known as rolling pair. Ball and
roller bearings are examples of rolling pair.

2.5.4 Screw pair:

When the two elements of a pair are connected in such a way that
one element can turn about the other by screw threads, the pair is known
as screw pair. The lead screw of a lathe with nut, and bolt with a nut are
examples of a screw pair.

2.5.5 Spherical pair:

When the two elements of a pair are connected in such a way that
one element (with spherical shape) turns or swivels about the other fixed
element, the pair formed is called a spherical pair. The ball and socket
joint, attachment of a car mirror, pen stand etc., are the examples of a
spherical pair.

2.6 Inversion of Mechanism:

We have already discussed that when one of links is fixed in a

kinematic chain, it is called a mechanism. So we can obtain as many
mechanisms as the number of links in a kinematic chain by fixing, in
turn, different links in a kinematic chain. This method of obtaining
different mechanisms by fixing different links in a kinematic chain is
known as inversion of the mechanism.

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2.6 Types of Kinematic Chains:

The most important kinematic chains are those which consist of

four lower pairs, each pair being a sliding pair or a turning pair. The
following three types of kinematic chains with four lowerpairs are
important from the subject point of view

1. Four bar chain or quadric cyclic chain,

2. Single slider crank chain, and
3. Double slider crank chain.
2.6.1 Four Bar Chain or Quadric Cycle Chain:

The simplest and the basic kinematic chain is a four bar chain or
quadric cycle chain, as shown in Fig. 5.18. It consists of four links, each
of them forms a turning pair at A, B, C and D. The four links may be of
different lengths. According to Grashof ’s law for a four bar mechanism,
the sum of the shortest and longest link lengths should not be greater than
the sum of the remaining two link lengths if there is to be continuous
relative motion between the two links.

Fig 2.6.1 Four Bar Chain

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2.7 Arrangement of link mechanism:

a) ARRANGEMENT : 1

Consider the arrangement of four links AB, BC, CD and DA

connected as a parallelogram as shown in Fig. If both pairs of opposite
sides of a quadrilateral are congruent, the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
And also if both pairs of opposite angles of a quadrilateral are congruent,
the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

Fig 2.1 Prallel Links

Here, AD link is paralle to BC and AB link is paralle to CD link.

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b) ARRANGEMENT : 2

We have connected two hangerlinks at D and C points. And the

other ends of the hangerlinks are fixed to O2 and O3.

Fig 2.2 Two Hanger Links

This two hanger links are gives the sliding movement to the DC link
and this hanger liks are equal and parelle to each other

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c) ARRANGEMENT: 3

Consider another Two links DE and AE are connecetd and fixed to

form a triangle of ADE. EO1is a crank link and is rotates O1 as the centre.

Fig 2.3 Two External Links and Crank Link

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d) ARRANGEMENT : 4

Now the Main Body Frame is connected at A and B points. When

crank rotates clock wise direction CD and AB links are moves forword
and backword direction.

Fig 2.4 Main Farme

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2.8 Stages of Material Transfer:

There are Four stages for object to transfer form one place to
another place, there are explain in given below figs.

STAGE:1

When crank link EO1 rotates from the centre O1 the links AD and
BC in paralellogram moves horizantally in forward and backward
direction, which results in the movement of Main Frame body. The four
stage explanation is given below.

Fig 2.8.1 Stage 1

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STAGE: 2

When EO1 link rotates in clockwise direction the main frame body is
lifted upto the object(Box).

Fig 2.8.2 Stage 2

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STAGE:3

Further rotation of link EO1 moves the main frame body to the left
as well as the object. The scale shows the displacement of the Object.

Fig 2.8.3 Stage 3

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STAGE:4

When the link EO1 completes a single revolution the main frame
body completes a cycle and remains in its starting place.

Fig 2.8.4 Stage 4

The main frame body cyclic movemnt per one revolution of the
Link EO1.

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Here, we are explain the complete cycle process of object transfer

from one place to another place:

Fig 2.8.5 Cyclic Diagram.

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3. MATERIALS USED

1.1 Introduction

The knowledge of materials and their properties is of great

significance for a design engineer. The machine elements should be made
of such a material which has properties suitable for the conditions of
operation. In addition to this, a design engineer must be familiar with the
effects which the manufacturing processes and heat treatment have on the
properties of the materials. In this chapter, we shall discuss the commonly
used engineering materials and their properties in Machine Design.

Based on the Knowledge we select the two materials for making of

Machine. There are given below:

1. MS SHEET
2. WOOD

3.1.1 MS SHEET: For Main Body Frame and supported links.

Mild steel is a type of steel alloy, which contains a high percentage

of carbon as a major alloying agent. Alloys are simply a mixture of one or
more metals with non-metals, designed to give specific improved
properties over the parent base metal. Mild steel is the type of steel,
which is used in the majority of all steel internal and external applications
in the world. Steel is a range of alloys principally of iron, with 0.2% to
2.1% of carbon, acting as a hardening agent. As well as the carbon, there
are many metal elements that are a part of steel alloys and have a great
effect on their properties.

3.1.2 We have listed below mild steel’s main properties and its
uses:

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 The addition of carbon does make mild steel stronger and stiffer
than other types of steel. This increased hardness is balanced by a
reduction in the ductility of this alloy.

 The average industry grade mild steel density is 7.85 gm/cm3 and
its Young‘s modulus is 210,000 Mpa (measure of stiffness).

 Mild steel is the cheapest and most versatile form of commercially

available steel used as sheet metal, bar, rod and sections.

Fig 3.1 MS Sheet

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3.2 WOOD: For base and support to the Main Frame.

Wood is the oldest material used by humans for construction after

stone. Despite its complex chemical nature, wood has excellent properties
which lend themselves to human use.

It is readily and economically available; easily machinable; amenable to

fabrication into an infinite variety of sizes and shapes using simple on-
site building techniques;

 Exceptionally strong relative to its weight

 A good heat and electrical insulator;
 It is a renewable and biodegradable resource.

Fig 3.2 Wood

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4 TOOLS USED

1. TOOLS USED FOR MAKING WOODEN FRAME

2. TOOLS USED FOR MAKING METALLIC FRAME

4.1 Tools used for making wooden frame:

4.1.1. Hand Saw:

A saw is a tool consisting of a hard blade, wire, or chain with a toothed

edge. It is used to cut through relatively hard material, most often wood.
The cut is made by placing the toothed edge against the material and
moving it forcefully back and forth. This force may be applied by hand,
or powered by steam, water, electricity or other power source.
An abrasive saw has a powered circular blade designed to cut through
metal.

Fig 4.1.1 Hand Saw

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4.1.2 Mallet:

Mallet is a short handled wooden hammer with a large head. It is used

to strike a chisel for heavy cutting waste wood, from joints such as
mortises and halving joints and also for removing unwanted, wood on
shaped work etc. Mallet is frequently also used to tap parts of a project
together during the assembly process.

Fig 4.1.2 Mallet

4.1.3 Chisel:
An assortment of chisels should be part of every
workbench. Chisels are not just for wood carvers. Any woodworker will
need chisels to clean out joints and saw cuts. Look for chisels made of
high-alloy carbon steel or chromium-vanadium alloyed steel. Hardwood
grips are best, especially if they have metal caps on them.

Fig 4.1.3 Chisel

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4.1.4 Drilling Machine:

A power drill is an electrical motor that rotates a replaceable drill

bit to make a hole in wood, plastic, or metal. Alternately, a screwdriver
tip can be installed to turn screws.

Fig 4.1.4 Drill Machine

4.1.5 Try square:

A try square is a woodworking or a metal working tool used for

marking and measuring a piece of wood. The square refers to the tool's
primary use of measuring the accuracy of a right angle (90 degrees);
to try a surface is to check its straightness or correspondence to an
adjoining surface.

Fig 4.1.5 Try Square

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4.1.6 Steel Rule:

Rules are straight edge of wood or steel engraved in millimetres-

centimetres or in inches-foot or in both. These are used to mark, measure
the length, widths and thicknesses of wood part.

Fig 4.1.6 Steel Rule

4.1.7 Jack Plane:

Jack plane is most commonly used plane. This comprises of its body
about 40 cm long, blades 5-6 cm wide and handle. It is good for rough
surfaces that require a heavier chip. It is ideal for obtaining a smooth and
flat surface.

Fig 4.1.7 Jack Plane

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4.1.8 Tape measure:

A tape measure or measuring tape is a flexible ruler. It consists of a

ribbon of cloth, plastic, fiber glass, or metal strip with linear-
measurement markings. It is a common measuring tool.

Fig 4.1.8 Tape Measure

4.1.9 Marking Gauge:

This is an improved form of marking gauge which consists of main

components as fixed pin, sliding pin, brass strip, stem, rose wood stock
and thumb screw. The fixed pin of the gauge is attached to a short brass
strip which is screwed to the stem. The stock is locked in position by a
metal set screw. This gauge is used for marking out of the parallel sides
of mortises or tenons and other similar joints.

Fig 4.1.9 Marking Gauge

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4.2 Tools used for making Metallic frame:

4.2.1 Anvil:

An anvil is a basic tool, a block with a hard surface on which

another object is struck. The block is as massive as is practical, because
the higher the inertia of the anvil, the more efficiently it causes the energy
of the striking tool to be transferred to the work piece.

Fig 4.2.1 Anvil

4.2.2 Warrington Hammer:

Warrington hammer is used for knocking in nails, assembling

joints and setting wooden plane blades. The head is forged from tool steel
and is obtainable in various weights

Fig 4.2.2 Warrington Hammer

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4.2.3 Rough flat File:

A file is metalworking, woodworking andplastic working tool used

to cut fine amounts of material from a work piece. It most commonly
refers to the hand tool style, which takes the form of a steel bar with
a case hardened surface and a series of sharp, parallel teeth.

Fig 4.2.3 Flat File

4.2.4 Centre Punch:

A centre punch is used to mark the centre of a point. It is usually

used to mark the centre of a hole when drilling holes. The tip of a centre
punch has an angle between 60 and 90 degrees.

Fig 4.2.4 Centre Punch

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4.2.5 Spanner:

A wrench (also called a spanner) is a tool used to provide grip

and mechanical advantage in applying torque to turn objects—usually
rotary fasteners, such as nuts and bolts—or keep them from turning.

Fig 4.2.5 Types of Spanner

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5. DESIGN & MANUFACTURING

5.1 Introduction:

The subject Machine Design is the creation of new and better

machines and improving the existing ones. Anew or better machine is one
which is more economical in the overall cost of production and operation.
The process of design is a long and time consuming one. From the study
of existing ideas, a new idea has to be conceived. The idea is then studied
keeping in mind its commercial success and given shape and form in the
form of drawings. In the preparation of these drawings, care must be
taken of the availability of resources in money, in men and in materials
required for the successful completion of the new idea into an actual
reality. In designing a machine component, it is necessary to have a good
knowledge of many subjects such as Mathematics, Engineering
Mechanics, Strength of Materials, Theory of Machines, Workshop
Processes and Engineering Drawing.

5.2 FACTORS CONSIDERING WHILE DESIGN A MACHINE:

1. Motion of the parts or kinematics of the machine
2. Selection of materials
3. Form and size of the parts
4. Frictional resistance and lubrication
5. Convenient and economical features
6. Use of standard parts
7. Workshop facilities
8. Cost of construction
9. Assembling.
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5.3 DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING OF METAL FRAME:

We have built a design based on the principle mechanism by using
computer software‘s like Auto CAD and Unigraphics. There are several
parts in the design of machine. They are

1. Main Body Frame

2. Turning Pair Link
3. Sliding pair link
4. Two Hanger links
5. Crank
6. Connecting lever
7. Crank Shaft.

1. Main Body Frame:

Before Manufacturing (Raw Material)

It is 500X200X3mm sheet, by using hammer and a chisel we have

cut the sheet to the required shape, and removed the unwanted excess
material. The edges and rounds are grounded with a flat rough file.
Drilling is carried out as per the design.

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It is the major part in our machine which transfers the material

from one end to another end. The line diagram is given below.
Design of Main Body Frame:

Fig 5.1 Main Body Frame

After manufacturing final product

In the design its left side connected to the Turning link and right
side to the Sliding link by riveting.

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2. Turning link:

Before Manufacturing (Raw Material)

It is 155X100X3mm sheet, by using hammer and a chisel we have

cut the sheet to the required shape, and removed the unwanted excess
material. The edges and rounds are grounded with a flat rough file.
Drilling is carried out as per the design.
Design of turning link:

Fig 5.2 Turning Link

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It is the crucial part of the machine which is connected to the crank

shaft as well as the Main Body Frame at left side. While crank shaft
rotates the Turning link moves up and down which results in the moment
of the Main Body Frame.

After manufacturing final product

The line diagram and the final design are shown in bellow
assembling figs. It is also connected to the Hanger link and connecting
lever.

3. Sliding Link:

Before Manufacturing (Raw Material)

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It is 60X100X3mm sheet, by using hammer and a chisel we have

cut the sheet to the required shape, and removed the unwanted excess
material. The edges and rounds are grounded with a flat rough file.
Drilling is carried out as per the design.
The line diagram and the final design are shown in bellow figs.

Design of Sliding Link:

Fig 5.3 Sliding Link

This sliding is help to slide the main body frame as the result main
body frame moves forward and backward directions.

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After manufacturing final product

It is connected to the Main Body Frame, hanger Link, and

Connecting lever.

4. Hanger Links:

Before Manufacturing (Raw Material)

Note:Quantity-2

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It is 125X12X3mm sheet, by using hammer and a chisel we have

cut the sheet to the required shape, and removed the unwanted excess
material. The edges and rounds are grounded with a flat rough file.
Drilling is carried out as per the design.

Design of Hanger Links:

Fig 5.4 Hanger Link

Two hangers that are connected from the wooden frame to the
Turning link and Sliding linkgive the support to the main body frame.

After manufacturing final product

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5. Crank:

Before Manufacturing (Raw Material)

It is 50X12X3mm sheet, by using hammer and a chisel we have cut

the sheet to the required shape, and removed the unwanted excess
material. The edges and rounds are grounded with a flat rough file.
Drilling is carried out as per the design.

Design of Crank:

Fig 5.5 Crank

One side of the crank is connected to the shaft and another side of
the crank is connected to the Turning link.

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After manufacturing final product

6. Connecting Lever:

Before Manufacturing (Raw Material)

It is 340X12X3mm sheet, by using hammer and a chisel we have

cut the sheet to the required shape, and removed the unwanted excess
material. The edges and rounds are grounded with a flat rough file.
Drilling is carried out as per the design.

Design of Connecting Lever:

Fig 5.6 Connecting Lever

It is made to connect and support the Turning link and Sliding link.

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After manufacturing final product

7. Crank Shaft with Bearings:

Before Manufacturing (Raw Material)

Connected to the crank, and revolves in the wooden frame with

support of bearings.

Fig 5.7 Crank Shaft with Bearings

Bearings: Deep Groove Ball Bearings ―6201‖.

Quantity: 2

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5.4 DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING OF WOOD FRAME:

1. Upper Cross Members:

Raw Material
Note: Quantity-2

a) Design of Upper Cross Member:

Fig 5.4.1 Upper Cross Members

Finished Material

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2. Bottom Cross Members:

Raw Material
Note: Quantity-2

a) Design of Bottom Cross Members:

Fig 5.4.2 Bottom Cross Members

Finished Material

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3. Supporting Pillars:
a) Supporting Pillar-1
b) Supporting Pillar-2

a) Supporting Pillar-1:

Raw Material
Note: Quantity-2

Design of Pillar-1:

Fig 5.4.3 (a) Supporting Pillar-1

Finished Material

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b) Supporting Pillar-2:

Raw Material
Note: Quantity-2

Design of Pillar-2:

Fig 5.4.3 (b) Supporting Pillar-2

Finished Material

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4. Small Cross Member: for Supporting of Bearings and Crank

Shaft:

Raw Material

Design:

Fig 5.4.4 Small Cross Member

Finished Material

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5.5 Design of Pulleys:

The pulleys are used to transmit power from one shaft to another
by means of belts, V-belts or ropes. Since the velocity ratio is the inverse
ratio of the diameters of driving and driven pulleys, therefore the pulley
diameters should be carefully selected in order to have a desired velocity
ratio. The pulleys must be in perfect alignment in order to allow the belt
to travel in a line normal to the pulleyfaces.
The pulleys may be made of cast iron, cast steel or pressed steel,
wood and paper.

Wooden Pulley Properties:

A wooden pulley is lighter and possesses higher coefficient of
friction than cast iron or steel pulleys. These pulleys have 2/3rd of the
weight of cast iron pulleys of similar size.

5.5.1 Design of pulley for Motor Shaft:

Fig 5.5.1 Pulley for Motor Shaft

Note: Material of this pulley is ‗NYLON‘

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5.5.2 Design of pulley for Crank Shaft:

Fig 5.5.2 Pulley for Crank Shaft

5.5.3 This below pulleys for Compound Shaft:

Fig 5.5.3(a) Pulley for Compound Shaft

Note: Material of this pulley is ‗NYLON‘

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Fig 5.5.3(b) Pulley for Compound Shaft

5.6 Design of Compound Shaft and Bearings:

Fig 5.6 Compound Shaft and Bearings

Bearings: Deep Groove Ball Bearings ―6200‖.

Quantity: 2

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6. ASSEMBLING
6.1 Introduction

Many assemblies such as an automobile, lathe, etc., are assembled

with many pre-assembled components as well as individual parts. These
pre-assembled units are known as sub-assemblies.

A sub-assembly drawing is an assembly drawing of a group of

related parts that form a part in a more complicated machine. Examples
of such drawings are: lathe tail-stock, diesel engine fuel pump,
carburettor, etc.

1 Assembly of Metal Frame:

2 Assembly of Wood Frame:

6.1.1 Assembly of Metal Frame: We have five steps to complete

assembly of Metal Body Frame.

Step: 1

6.1.1 Assembly Step 1

This is a first step to doing Sub-Assembling of our Metal Body Frame.

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Step:2

6.1.2 Assembly Step 2

This is a second step for our sub-assembling of metal body frame.

In this sub assembling Turning Link is connected to left side of the main
body frame by using rivet and while assemble we should maintain some
gap between this two links for a free movement turning link this gap
maintain with the help of bush.

Here, we use ―loose running fit‖ between Links.

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Step: 3

6.1.3 Assembly Step 3

This third step for sub-assembling of metal body frame. In this

assemble, sliding link is connected to right of the main body frame by
using rivet and we also maintain some gap between this two links for free
movement of sliding link when its slides over the main body framethis
gap maintain with the help of bush.

Here, we should maintained equal gap between turning link, sliding

link and main body frame.

We use ―loose running fit‖ between Links.

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Step: 4

6.1.4 Assembly Step 4

This is fourth step for sub-assembling of metal body frame. In this

assemble, Connecting lever is connected to right of the main body frame
as well as left side of the body frame by using rivet and we also maintain
some gap between this links for free movement of links

Here, we should maintained equal gap between turning link, sliding

link by using washers.

We use ―loose running fit‖ between Links.

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Step: 5

6.1.5 Assembly Step 5

This is fifth step for sub-assembling of metal body frame. In this

assemble, two hanger links are connected to right of the sliding link as
well as right side of the turning link by using rivet and we also maintain
some gap between this links for free movement of links and other side of
this hanger are connected to wood frame 1.

Here, we should maintained equal gap between turning link, sliding

link by using washers.

We use ―loose running fit‖ between Links.

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This are below components (Rivets, Washers and Bush) was used
to make a complete Sub-assembling of Metal Body Frame.

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6.2 Assembling of Wood Frame:

Based on the requirement we assemble the wood frame 1 and wood

frame 2.
Wood Frame 1:

Fig 6.2 Wood Frame 1

Wood Frame 2:

Fig 6.2 Wood Frame 2

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6.3 Sub-Assembly of ‘Compound Pully Drive’:

6.3 Compound Pully Drive

6.4 Sub-Assembly of ‘Crank and Shaft with Bearings’:

6.4 Crank and Shaft with Bearings

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7. FASTENINGS USED
7.1 Introduction
The fundamental operation in manufacture is the creation of shape -
this includes assembly, where a number of components are fastened or
joined together either permanently by welding for example or detachably
by screws, nuts and bolts and so on.

1. Rivets
2. Bolts and Nuts

7.2.1 Rivets:

The rivets are used to make permanent fastening between the

Plates such as in structural work, ship building, bridges, tanks and Boiler
shells. The riveted joints are widely used for joining light metals.

Fig 7.2.1 Rivet

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A rivet is a short cylindrical bar with a head integral to it. The

cylindrical portion of the rivet is called shank or body and lower portion
of shank is known as tail.

7.2.2 Bolts and Nuts:

A screwed joint is mainly composed of two elements i.e. Bolt and Nut
the screwed joints are widely used where the machine parts are required
to be readily connected or disconnected without damage to the machine
or the fastening.

A screw thread is formed by cutting a continuous helical groove on a

cylindrical surface a screw made by cutting a single helical groove on the
cylinder is known as Single Thread.

7.2.2 Bolts and Nuts

8. POWER TRANSMISSION

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8.1 Introduction
We have completed the assembling so we need to give the power to
the crank shaft with the help of motor. In order to transmit the power
from the motor to crank shaft we use the pulleys and belt.

We have a motor which has 570rpm speed this is a huge speed to our
requirement so in order to reduce the speed of motor we use the
―COMPOUND BELT DRIVE PULLY METHOD‖ .Which gives the low
r.p.m to the crank shaft.

8.2 Compound Belt Drive:

A compound belt drive is used when power is transmitted from one
shaft to another through a number of pulleys.

8.2 Compound Belt Drive

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8.3 Velocity Ratio of a Compound Belt Drive:

Sometimes the power is transmitted from one shaft to another, through

a number of. Consider a pulley 1 driving the pulley 2. Since the pulleys 2
and 3 are keyed to the same shaft, therefore the pulley 1 also drives the
pulley 3 which, in turn, drives the pulley 4.

Let d 1 = Diameter of the pulley 1,

N1 = Speed of the pulley 1 in r.p.m.,

D2, d3, d4, and N2, N3, N4= Corresponding values for pulleys 2, 3 and 4.
We know that velocity ratio of pulleys 1 and 2,

..................... (i)

Similarly, velocity ratio of pulleys 3 and 4,

……………..... (ii)

Multiplying equations (i) and(ii),

8.4 Velocity Ratio of our Compound Drive:

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o Speed of the motor Shat (N1) = 570 r.p.m

o Diameter of the motor pulley (d1) = 16mm

o Diameter of pulley on line shaft(d2) =25mm

o Diameter of pulley on line shaft(d3) =60mm

o Diameter of pulley on crank shaft(d4) =100mm

We know that

Now, Speed of the Crank Shaft = 220 r.p.m. (Approx.)

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8.5 Calculate the Length Open of Belt:

8.5.1 Open Belt Derivation:

8.5.1 Open Belt Drive

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8.5.2 Length of Our Open Belt:

We have to calculate the length of belt 1 and 2:

8.5.2 Belts Distances

a) Length of open belt 1:

 Diameter of pulley on crank shaft (d4) =100mm

 Diameter of pulley on line shaft(d2) =25mm

 Distance between two shafts (X1) =192 mm

We know that

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b) Length of open belt 2:

 Diameter of pulley on line shaft (d3) =60mm

 Diameter of the motor pulley (d1) = 16 mm

 Distance between two shafts (X1) =90 mm

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9. CONCLUSION

The Assembling of manufactured parts has been carried out as per

the design. And a motor is connected to run the machine. After 2, 3 trails
we have reduced the cyclic speed of the machine by compound pulley to
the desired speed. Finally our machine can transfer the material from one
place to another.

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10. REFERANCES

1. Engg. Mechanics, R.K. Bansal, Laxmi publications

2. Theory of Machines by S.S Ratan

3. Production Technology , R.K. Jain

4. Engineering materials and metallurgy/R.K.Rajput/ S.Chand.

5. Machine Drawing – Dhawan, S.Chand Publications

6. Theory of machines / Khurmi/S.Chand.

7. Production Technology by R.K. Jain and S.C. Gupta.

8. Machine Design by R.S Khurmi and J.K Gupta.

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