ENGINEERING

MATHMATICS CHAPTER
ONE
By mr. abdulsattar

UNIVERSITY OF BAGHDAD//COLLEGE OF
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Written by ALI RASHEED
And omar laith

By:ali rasheed
1 | Page

Chapter one:-partial derivatives Ali

Rasheed[genius-pawn]
definition

The partial derivative of f(x,y)with

respect to x , written as

Fx or

f
x

and

defined by the following formulas:Fx=

f
x

lim

h0

f ( x+ h , y ) f ( x , y)
h

And The partial derivative of f(x,y)with respect to y ,

written as

Fy or

f
y

and defined by the following

formulas:-

Fy=

f
y

lim

h0

( f ( x , y +hh) f ( x , y) )
Examples

1- find

f
x

f
y

by using the definition of partial

drivatives

f(x,y)=3x2+xy+4y2
sol:By:ali rasheed
2 | Page

Fx=

f
x

lim

h0

( 3(x+ h)+( xh+h) y + 4 y )

-:

Fx=

f
x

Fx=

f
x

3 x 2 +6 xh+3 h2 + xy +hy + 4 y 23 x 2xy4 y

h

lim

lim

( h(6 x +3h h+ y ) )

h0

h0

Fx=6x+y
2

Fy=

f
y

3 x + x ( y+ h ) +4 ( y+ h ) 3 x xy4 y

lim ( h )
h0

Fx=

h(x+ 8 y+ 4 h)
h

=x+8y

Ali Rasheed [genius-pawn]

2016
EXAMPLE

2:-Find

f
y

,,

x
y

for

f(x,y)=3x2+x3y+4y2 ??
sol:-

By:ali rasheed
3 | Page

Fx=6x+3yx2
Fy=x3+8y
EXAMPLE

3:-Find

F(x,y)=

e xy

f
y

,,

x
y

for

,,

x
y

for

,,

x
y

for

x
y

sol:-

Fx=y

Fy= x

xy

e xy

EXAMPLE

1
y
x
y

4:-Find

f
y

F(x,y)=ln(x2+2y)
sol:-

Fx=

2x
( x+ 2 y )

Fy=

2
( x+ 2 y )

EXAMPLE

5:-Find

f
y

F(x,y)=sin(xy)+

e xy

+y2+5

sol:-

Fx=cos(xy)y+y

e xy

+y2
By:ali rasheed
4 | Page

Fy=cos(xy)x+x
EXAMPLE

+2yx

6:-assume that xy+z3x-2yz=0

z
x

Find

e xy

z
y

,,

,,at x=y=z=1

sol:-

z
=1
x

y+(z +3xz

y-z3-=(3xz2-2y)

z
x

)-2y <=

z
x

z
x

-:x,y,z
2-=

z
x

x+3xz

z
y

- (2z+2y

2z-x=(3xz2-2y)
1=

z
y

=0=

z
y

w
z

where

z
y

z
y

-:EXAMPLE 7
Find partial derivative
w=(xy)sin(z) ??
sol:-

ln(w)= sin(z)* ln(xy)

By:ali rasheed
5 | Page

1 w
w z
w
z

=cos(z) * ln(xy)

=(xy)sin(z) * ln(xy) cos(z)

-:EXAMPLE 7
Find partial derivative

z
x

where

sin(xyz)=x+3z+y ??
sol:-

Ali Rasheed [genius-pawn]

cos(xyz)[yz+xy

z
x

]=1+3

yz cos(xyz) +xy cos(xyz)

z
x

z
x

-3

2016
z
x
z
x

=1

1 yz cos ( xyz )
xy cos ( xyz )3

Section 1,2 :IMPLICIT PARTIAL

DERIVATIVES
Example; find

z
x

for the equation { yz-

ln z

=x+y }

Sol;
Y=

z
x

1
z

z
x

z
x

[y -

1
z

]=1

By:ali rasheed
6 | Page

z
x

z
yz 1

Example 2 ;; suppose that X2Y2 + Y2Z2+Z2X2=0

x
y

,,Find

Sol;;
X2.2y+2xy2
x
y

x
y

+ 2z2y+2z2x

x
y

=0

y (x 2+ z2 )
x ( y 2 + x 2)

These lectures were written by ALI RASHEED

11/5/2016

Section 1,3:second order and higher

orders partial derivatives
Fxx=

3 f
x2

// F

2 f
2
yy= y

// fyx=

2 f
x y

// fxy=

2 f
yx

Example:: If (x, y) = x cos y + yex, find the

second-order derivatives
Solution:: fx=cosy+yex
Fy=-x siny +ex
Fxx=y ex

fxy=fyx

By:ali rasheed
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Fyy=-x cos y
Fxy=-siny + ex
Fyx=-siny + ex

Example:: let F(X,Y)=x2y-y3+lnx

Find: fxy , fyx , fxx , fyy
1
Solution; Fx=2yx + x
Fy=x2+3y2
1
Fxx=2y + x
Fyy=-6y
Fxy=2x
Fyx=2x
2

Ali Rasheed [genius-pawn]

Highter order partial derivatives

Fxyy=

3 f
y2 x

// Fyyx=

3 f
x y2

// Fyyxx=

4 f
x2 y2

Example::find Fyxyz For :: F(X,Y,Z)=1-2xy2z+x2y

Solution:: fy=-4xyz+x2
Fyx=-4z+2x
Fyxy=-4z fyxyz=-4
Example2:: F(X,Y) = cos(xy) x3+y4
-Compute Fxyy & Fxyyy !!
Solution::
By:ali rasheed
8 | Page

Fx=-y sin(xy)-3x2
Fxy=-sin(xy)-yx cos(xy)
Fxyy=-2x cos(xy)+yx2sin(xy)
Fxyyy=3x2sin(xy) +yx2cos(xy)
AND NOW we have a theorem

IF FX,,FY,,FXY,,FYX,, are exist && continuous at the

interval (a,b) so Fxy(a,b)=Fyx(a,b)
Example3::IF F(X,Y)=cos(xy)-x3+y2
Prove that:- Fxxy=Fxyx=Fyxx!!
1))IF W= F(X,Y) is differentiable & x,y are differentiable then
Solution:: firstly,,we will find fx
2 dw
dx
dw
dy
Fx =-ysin(xy) dw
3x
=
*
+
*
dt
dx
dt
dy
dt
Fxx= -y2 cos(xy) 6x
Fxxy=- y2x sin(xy)
2y cos(xy)
2))IF W=F(X,Y,Z)
& x,y,zare
differentiable & fx,fy,fz are
Fxy=xy
cos(xy) sin(xy)
continuous
so:Fxyx=-xy2 sin(xy)-2y cos(xy)
dw
dt

dw
dx

dx
dt

dw
dy

dy
dt

dw
dz

dz
dt

SECTION 1_4 :- CHAIN RULE PARTIAL

DERIVATIVE
3))IF W=F(X,Y,Z) &
X=y(r,s),,Y=h(r,s),,Z=k(r,s) and all the following functions are
continuous so:

DEFENITIONS
w
x
w
r

w
s

x
r

w
x
x
s

w
y
y
r

w
y
y
s

w
z
z
r

w
z
z
s

By ALI RASHEED
2016

By:ali rasheed
9 | Page

Example:: find

dw
dt

if w= xy+z ,, x=cos t ,,

y=sin t ,, z=t

-:
( Chain rule)
w
Solution::

Sin(2t)=2sint costso we will multiply the
W= cost.sint +t
2
=

2
2

by (
cost.sintEquaition
+t

2 ) then differentiate

By:ali rasheed
10 | P a g e

1
2

sin(2t)+t

1
2

.2 cos(2t) +1

**1=sin2t+cos2t**
=2 cos2t

And now we will solve the above example by

using the chain rule :W= cost.sint +t
dw
dt

dw
dx

dx
dt

dw
dy

dy
dt

dw
dz

dz
dt

W=y(-sin t) +x cost +1
=-sin2t +cos2t + 1
=2cos2t

Example2::if U=x2+2y ,, X=r sint ,,

Y=sin2t((1-cos2t))
Find

u
r

,,

u
t

using the chain rule !!!

Solution::
u
r

u
x
x
r

u
y
y
r

= 2x sint + 2*0
=2x sint=2r.sin2t
By:ali rasheed
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u
t

u
x
x
t

u
y
y
t

= 2x.r.cost + 2.2(2 sint cost)

=2 sint cost (r2+2)
AND NOW YOU MUST BE ABLE TO DO THE
FOLLOWING EXERCISE
HW 1-1\ Using chain rule find

g
r

,,

g
u

for the

following ::
xy

F(x,y)= e ,, Where X(u,r)= 3u.sinr //

Y(u,r)=4r2y
While g(u,r)=f ( x(u,r) , y(u,r) )
Solution::

SECTION 1_5 :- A FORMULA FOR

IMPLICIT
By:ali rasheed
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DIFFERENTIATION
THEOREM: Suppose that F(x,y) is differentiable & the
equation f(x,y)=0 defines Y as a differentiable
function of X ..
Then at any point Po where Fy0 ,,so
Example:: find

dy
dx

dy f x
=
dx f y

if y2_ x2=sin (xy)

Solution::method I :
2y
dy
dx

dy
dx

2x cos(xy)[y + x

dy
dx

]=0

2 x + y cos ( xy)
2 yx cos ( xy )

method II :let F(x,y) = y2 x2 sin(xy)

soo fx = -2x y cos(xy) ,, fy= 2y x cos(xy)
dy f x
=
dx f y

2 x + y cos ( xy)
2 yx cos ( xy )

Example2:: Find

z
x

&&

z
y

for!!!

F(x,y,z)=xy2 + z3 + sin(xyz)

By:ali rasheed
13 | P a g e

Solution::
z
x

=-

fx
fz

,,,

z
y

=-

fy
fz

Fx=y2 +yz cos(xyz)

Fy=2xy +xz cos(xyz)
Fz= 3z2 + xy cos(xyz)
z
x

z
y

==-

fx
fz

fy
fz

=
=

y + yz cos( xyz )
3 z 2 + xy cos(xyz )

2 xy + xz cos( xyz )
3 z 2 + xy cos( xyz )

By:ali rasheed
14 | P a g e

SECTION 1_6 :-DIRECTIONAL

DERIVATIVES

where h=
(DUF)po=
In the direction of unite vector u = u1i+u2j in the number defined by
DEFINITION:-the derivative of F at Po(a,b)
Example::find the derivative of F(x,y)=x2+y2
in the direction of v=<1,2> at the point
Po(1,1)
Solution::
N=

v
v

(DUF)po=

1,2>
5

f (1+

lim

h0

1
5

i+

2
5

j=

h
2h
,1+ )2
5
5
h

By:ali rasheed
15 | P a g e

h(
lim

h0

2
h
4 4h
+ + +
)
5 5 5 5
h

6
5

SECTION 1_7 :-GRADIENT VECTOR

The gradient vector of f(x,y) at the point p0(a,b) is
the vector denoted by :f
( f ) po=
x

Definition

i+

f
j
y

=(<Fx,Fy>)p0

Theorem: the directional derivative

(DUF)PO is the dot product of the gradient
( f ) po
with u
DUF)PO =

( f ) po

.u

Example:: If F(x,y)=x2+xy+y2
Find (DUF)PO at point (1,2)and u=(

1 3
,,
2 2

Solution::

(Fx)po=2x+y=4 after substitution x& y

values

(Fy)po=x+2y=5
(DUF)(1,2) =

( f )

(1,2)

.u
By:ali rasheed
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=(4.5) . (

1 3
,
2 2

) =2 +

5 3
2

ALI RASHEED98
Example2:: find the directional derivatives
using gradient
x

If f(x,y)=x e +cos(xy) ,, at point (2,0) in the

direction v=3i-4j
Solution::

U=

v
v

3,4>
5

3
5

i-

4
5

Fx=ey-y sin(xy)=1
Fy=xey x sin(xy)=2
(DUF)(2,0)=
=(1,2).(

3
5

( f )

,-

(2,0)

4
5

.u

)=-1

By:ali rasheed
17 | P a g e

SECTION 1_8 :-TANGENT PLANE &

DIFFERENTIALS
DEFINITION 1 :-the tangent plane at
point po(xo,yo,zo) on the level surface
f(x,y,z) =c of a differentiable function F
is a plane through po normal to the ( f ) po
, the normal line of the surface at po is
the line through po parallel to the ( f ) po

Figure A shows the gradient of the smooth curve surface and B,,
shows the tangent plane to the 3D parabolic shape ,,, ali r.m. 2016

By:ali rasheed
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DEFINITION 2 :- the tangent plane to

F(x,y,z)=c at po(xo,yo,zo) is x(Po)(x xo) +
y(P0)(y yo) + z(Po)(z zo) = 0

The normal line to the F(x,y,z) = c at

p0=(xo, yo,zo)
x = x0 + x(Po)t y = yo + y(Po)t, z = zo +
z(Po)t

Find the tangent plane and

normal line of the level surface
(x, y, z) = x2 + y2 + z - 9 = 0
at the point Po(1, 2, 4).
Example::

Solution::
( f )

=<2x,2y,1>,,

( f ) po

=(2,4,1)

By:ali rasheed
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The tangent plane is therefore the

plane
2(x - 1) + 4( y - 2) + (z - 4) = 0
= 2x + 4y + z = 14.
The line normal to the surface at P0 is
x = 1 + 2t,
y = 2 + 4t
, z = 4 + t.
Example2:: Find the plane tangent to the
surface
z = x cos y yex at (0, 0, 0).
Solution::
F(x,y,z) = x cosy yex z
( f )

=<cosy - yex,-x siny-ex, -1>

( f ) po

=<<1,-1,1>

1 (x - 0) - 1 (y - 0) - (z - 0) = 0, Eq. (3)
x - y - z = 0.
By:ali rasheed
20 | P a g e

Lets do the following exersize

HW 1-2: find the equation of the tangent
plane of z=sin(x+y) at the point (,,0)
Solution::

Example3::find the tangent line to

the curve of intersection of two
surfaces f(x,y,z)=x2+y2-2=0
G(x,y,z)=x+y-z=0 at the point
po=(1,1,3)
Solution::
( f )

=<2x , 2y , 0> ,,,

( f ) po

=<2,2,0> ,,,

( g ) po

( g)

=<1,0,1>

=<1,0,1>
By:ali rasheed
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V=
=

( f ) po

( g ) po

[ ] =2i-2j-2k
i j k
2 2 0
1 0 1

The tangent line :-r(t)=(1,3,1)+t(2,-2,-2)

x = 1 + 2t, y = 1 - 2t, z = 3 - 2t.
note:-tangent line be orthogonal to
( g)
at poso it will be parallel to the
normal vector (v)

( f )

,,

HW 1-3:-find the equation for the tangent

to the ellipse

x2
4

+y2=2 at the point (-2,1)

DEFINITION 3 :-the linearization of

function f(x,y) at the point (xo,yo)
where f is differentiable
L(x,y)=f(xo,yo) +fx(xo,yo)(x-xo)+
fx(xo,yo)(y-yo)
Example:: find the linearization of f(x,y) =x2-

xy+

1
2

y3+3
By:ali rasheed
22 | P a g e

At po(3,2)

Solution::
F(xo,yo)=9-6+2+3 =8
(Fx)(3,2) =2x-y6-2=4
Fy)(3,2)=-x+y=-1
L(x,y)=8+4(x-3)-1(y-2)=4x-y-2
HW 1-4:-What point in the surface x2+y22x+4y+z+1=0
Is the tangent plane parallel to the vector (3,1,2) at the point (2,2,-13)

SECTION 1_9 :-EXTREME VALUES &&

SADDEL POINT
DEFINITION :-Suppose that f(x,y) and
its first and second partial derivative are
continuous and differentiable throughout
adisce centre at (a,b) and
By:ali rasheed
23 | P a g e

fx(a,b)=fy(a,b)=0,,,then the discrement D

is defined by:- D=fxxfyy (fxy)2
if fxx>0 means that f has a local
minimum

if FXX<0 means that f has local

maximum

F has a saddle point at (a,b) if

fxxfyy (fxy)2 < 0
the test is inconclusive if fxxfyy
(fxy)2 =0

local max
local min
saddle
point

Example::find the local extreme values for

f(x,y)=2x2-y3-2xy
Solution::
Fx(x,y)=4x-2y 2x=y
2

Fy(x,y)= -3x -2x-3y -y=0y=0 or y=If y=0x=0 ////if y=-

1
3

So we have critical point(-

x=1 1
,
6 3

1
3

1
6

) // (0,0)
By:ali rasheed
24 | P a g e

D=fxxfyy (fxy)2
f
xx

=4 // fyy=-6y // fxy=-2

D(0,0)=-4 such that -4<0 soo (0,0) is a

saddle point
D( -

1 1
,
6 3

) =4 & because of 4>0 so

(-

1 1
,
6 3

) is

local minimum point

Example2:: find the local extreme value for the
following function
F(x,y)=xy-x2-y2-2x-2y+4

Solution::fx(x,y)=y-2x-2=0y=2x-2
Fy(x,y)=x-2y-2x-4x-4-2=0 x=-2 & y=-2
We have critical point at (-2,-2)

D=fxxfyy (fxy)2
By:ali rasheed
25 | P a g e

Fxx=-2 // fyy=-2 // fxy=1

D=3 such that 3>0 and fxx =-2 which is
<0 so the point (-2,-2) is local maximum
point
HW 1-5:- find the local extreme value
for:f(x,y)=2x2+y2-xy-7y+8 !!!
Example:: Find the absolute maximum and
minimum values of (x, y) = 2 + 2x + 4y x2
y2
on the triangular region in the first quadrant
bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0, and y = 9 x.

By:ali rasheed
26 | P a g e

Solution:: fx = 2 - 2x=0 x=1 , fy = 4 - 2y

=0y=1
(1,1) is acritical point
F(1,1)=2+2+2-1-1 =4

1)) on l1 we have y=0;;

(x, y) = (x, 0) = 2 + 2x x2,,,f(0,0)=2,,f(3,0)=61,,f(1,0)=3
2)) on the l2 we have x=0
(x, y) = (0, y) = 2 + 2y y2,,,f(0,0)=2,,f(3,0)=61,,f(1,0)=3
3)) on the l3 we have y=9-x
(x, y) = 2 + 2x + 2(9 - x) x2 - (9 - x)2 = -61 + 18x
- 2x2.
F`(x,y)=18-4x=0 x=

9
2

y=x-9 y=

9
2

By:ali rasheed
27 | P a g e

F(

9 9
,
2 2

=-

41
2

The max point is 4 at (1,1)

The min. is -61 at [(9,0) && (0,9)]

SECTION 1_10 :-METHOD OF

LAGRANGE MULTIPLES
To find the min & max values of f(x,y) subject to
constraint by g(x,y),,, to find the value of x,y and
such that

(x,y)=

f (x , y)

&& g(x,y)=c

By:ali rasheed
28 | P a g e

the largest of these values is the max. value of

f(x,y) & the smallest value is the min. value of
f(x,y)

DEFINITION :- suppose that f(x,y,z) &

g(x,y,z) are differentiable and

0 when

g(x,y,z)=0
To find the local minimum and maximum values of
f subject to constrain g(x,y,z)=0
To find the value of x,y and such that

(x,y,z)=

(x,y,z) &g(x,y,z)=0

Lagrange Multipliers

1:- if 1 constraint
2:- if 2 constraint
d

,, g(x,y,z) =c

,, h(x,y,z) =
By:ali rasheed
29 | P a g e

Example::find the min. and max. values of

f(x,y,z)=x+2y+2z subject to constraint by
x2+y2+z2=9
Solution:: let g(x,y,z) = 0
f

=<1,2,2> ,,,

=<2x,2y,2z>

<1,2,2>= <2x,2y,2z>1=2x ,,,2=2y ,,,2=2z

x=

1
1
1
, , , y = , , , z=
2

**the substitution in the constraint equation**

2

X +y +z =9
1
2

=+

,,x=

9
4 2
1
2

=9=

1
2

x=1,,y=2,,z=2f(1,2,2)=9

max.
=-

1
2

x=-1,,y=-2,,z=-2f(-1,-2,-2)=-9 min.

Example2:: find the greatest and the smallest

values to the function f(x,y)=y2-x2 takes on the
ellipse

x2
4

+y2=1
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30 | P a g e

Solution:: let g(x,y)=

f

=<-2x,2y> //

x
4

+y2=1x2+4y2-4=0

=<2x,8y>

<-2x,2y>=<2x,8y> -x=x ,, y=4y

For x0 =1y=-4y5y=0y=0
Sub. In constraint equ.

x2
4

+0=1 x=2,,

{ (2,0) (-2,0) }
If y0x=0
0+y2=1y=1 {(0,1) (0,-1)}
{ (2,0) (-2,0) }max. ,,,, {(0,1) (0,-1)}min.

subject HW 1-6:- find the max. & min point

for f(x,y)=5x-3y to the constraint x2+y2=136

Example3:: The plane x + y + z = 1 cuts the

cylinder x2 + y2 = 1 in an ellipse,,Find the points
By:ali rasheed
31 | P a g e

on the ellipse that lie closest to and farthest from

the origin.

Solution::

(x, y, z) = x2 + y2 + z2
g(x, y, z) = x2 + y2 - 1 = 0 (3)
h(x, y, z) = x + y + z - 1 = 0.
+ h
2x = 2 x+ , 2y = 2 + , 2z =
2x =2 x + 2z (1 - l)x = z,
2y = 2 y + 2z (1 - l)y = z.
If =1 z=0
X2+y2-1=0.(1) ,,, x+y+z-1=0.(2)
f

Sub. 2 in 1 ::x2+(1-x)2-1=0 2x2-2x=0

So x=0 y=-1 ,,,or x=1 y=0
(0,-1,0) ,,(1,0,0)
If 1 z=(1-)x ,, z=(1-)y x=y
2

x + y - 1 = 0x=

1
2

y=

1
2

By:ali rasheed
32 | P a g e

now ,, find value of z

x+y+z-1=0 . while(x=y)
2x+z=1 z=1
P 1= (

1 1
,
2 2

,1-

,,, P2=(

1
1
,
2 2

,1+

HW 1-7:- the plane x+y+z=12 intersects the

paraboloid z=x2+y2 in an ellipse ,, find the
point in the ellipse that close to the origine

SECTION 1_11 :-PARTIAL

DERIVATIVES WITH CONSTRAINED
By:ali rasheed
33 | P a g e

DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT

VARIABLES
Example3::find the partial derivative with
constrained independence variable
w
x

Find

if w =x2+ y2+z2 &z=x2+y2

Solution::
If (z,w) dependence ,, (x,y) independence
W= x2+y2+(x2+y2)2
=x2+y2+x4+2x2y2+y4
w
x

=2x +4x3+4xy2

If (w,y) dependence ,, (x,z) independence

Z=x2+y2y2=z-x2
W=x2+z-x2+z2
w
x

=0

If (w,x) dependence ,, (y,z) independence

X2=z-y2
w
=0
x

By:ali rasheed
34 | P a g e

Example2:: find

w
x

at the point (2,-1,1) if

w=x2+y2+z2,
z3-xy+xz+y3=1 && x,y are independence variables
Solution::
Z3-xy+xz+y3=1
z
x

w=x2+y2+z2,3z2

-y+y

z
x

=0

z
x

3 z2 + y

w=x2+y2+z2,
w
x

=2x+2z

Notation:f
y

z
x

w
x

=4+2(-

1
2

)=3

with x,y independence

with x,y,t independence

Example3:: find

w
x

)y,z if w=x2+y-z+sint &&x+y=t

By:ali rasheed
35 | P a g e

Solution:: w=x2+y-z+sin(x+y)
w
x )y,z=2x + cos(x+y)

SECTION 1_12 :-TAYLORS FORMULA

FOR F(X,Y)
Definition 1 :-mean value theorem ,, a point c

[a,b] such that F(c) =

f ( b )f ( a)
ba

Definition 2 :-taylors formula generated by f at x=0

F(x)=f(a) +

1
1!

(x-a).F`(a)+

1
2!

(x-a) .F``(a)+

( xa)
n!

Fn(a)
x

Ex:- e +

x
1!

x
2!

Ex: cos(x)=1 -

+.

x x4
+
2! 4!

....

Definition 3:-taylors formula of two variables

By:ali rasheed
36 | P a g e

(a + h, b + k) = (a, b) +
2

1
1!

(h xx + 2hk xy + k yy)+

1
2!

(hx + ky) +
1
3!

(h3 xxx + 3h2 kxxy + 3hk2 xyy + k3 yyy)

Definition 3:-taylors formula of two variables at the

origin
(x,y) = (0, 0) +
2

1
1!

(xx + yy) +
2

(x xx + 2xy xy + y yy)+

1
2!

1
3!

(x3 xxx + 3x2 yxxy + 3xy2 xyy + y3 yyy) .

Example::find taylor series generated by f(x)=

1
x

at a=z
Solution::
F(x)=f(a) +

1
1!

(x-a).F`(a)+

1
2!

(x-a) .F``(a)+

( xa)
n!

Fn(a)

By:ali rasheed
37 | P a g e

1
2

F(X) =f(2) =

F`(x) =

1
x2

F``(x)=

2
3
x

F(x)=

=-

1 x2

2
4

1
4

1
4

( x2 )2
4

Example 2 Find a quadratic

approximation to (x, y) = sin x sin y near
the origin.
(0, 0) = sin x sin y 0 (0,0) = 0,
xx(0, 0) = -sin x sin y 0 (0,0) = 0,
x(0, 0) = cos x sin y 0 (0,0) = 0,
xy(0, 0) = cos x cos y 0 (0,0) = 1,
y(0, 0) = sin x cos y 0 (0,0) = 0
yy(0, 0) = -sin x sin y 0 (0,0) = 0,

By:ali rasheed
38 | P a g e

sin x sin y =xy.

Error in approximation:1

E(x, y) = 6 (x3 xxx + 3x2 yxxy + 3xy2 xyy

+ y3 yyy)
<0.0013

By:ali rasheed
39 | P a g e