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DX H (Y)

This document discusses separable first-order differential equations and provides examples of solving them. It introduces separable equations where the derivative can be written as two functions, one depending only on x and the other only on y. Examples are then given of determining whether equations are separable and solving initial value problems for separable equations by separating variables, integrating, and applying initial conditions.

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Mus'ab Usman
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31 views3 pages

DX H (Y)

This document discusses separable first-order differential equations and provides examples of solving them. It introduces separable equations where the derivative can be written as two functions, one depending only on x and the other only on y. Examples are then given of determining whether equations are separable and solving initial value problems for separable equations by separating variables, integrating, and applying initial conditions.

Uploaded by

Mus'ab Usman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 2.

First-Order Differential Equations


In this chapter we learn how to obtain solutions for some specific types of first-order equations. We begin by studying separable equations, then the linear equations.
Section 2.1 Introduction: Motion Of a Falling Body (Home reading)
Sections 2.42.6 are skipped.
Section 2.2 Separable Equations
dy
= f (x, y)
(1)
dx
Sometimes function f (x, y) can be represented as a product of two functions, one of which
depends ONLY on x, another depends ONLY on y, or f (x, y) = g(x)h(y). Then
dy
= g(x)h(y).
dx
dx
Lets multiply equation (2) by h(y)
, then

(2)

dy
= g(x)dx,
h(y)
Z
Z
dy
= g(x)dx,
h(y)
Thus, the solution to an equation (2) is
H(y) = G(x) + C,
here H(y) is an antiderivative of 1/h(y), G(x) is an antiderivative of g(x), C is a constant.
Example 1. Determine whether the given equation is separable.
(a) (x 2y)2y = 2
The ANSWER is NO.
(b) y 4ey + (x3 + 1)y = y (x3 + 1)e2y
The ANSWER is YES, because
y = (x3 + 1)

(c) yx ln xdx ydy + x ln xdx = 0


The ANSWER is YES

y 4 ey
= g(x)p(y).
e2y 1

x ln xdx =

(d) y = cot2 x2 + y 1 +
The ANSWER is NO.

1
2

y
1+y

Example 2. Solve the equations/initial value problems:


(a) xydx + (x + 1)dy = 0
SOLUTION Lets separate variables and rewrite the equation in the form
x
dy
=
dx.
y
x+1
Integrating, we have
Z

dy
=
y

x
dx
x+1

ln y = x + ln(x + 1) + C,
and solving this last equation for y gives
y = ex+ln(x+1)+C = C1 (x + 1)ex ,
where C1 = eC .
(b) (x2 1)y + 2xy 2 = 0, y(0) = 1
SOLUTION Separating the variables and integrating gives
2xdx
dy
=

,
y2
x2 1
Z
Z
2xdx
dy
=
,
2
y
x2 1
1
= ln |x2 1| + C,
y
y=
Putting x = 0 in solution gives

ln |x2

1
.
1| + C

1
= 1,
C
and so C = 1. Thus, the solution to the initial value problem is
y(0) =

y=

ln |x2

1
.
1| + 1

(c) xydx x2 + 1 ln2 ydy = 0


SOLUTION Separating the variables and integrating gives
ln2 ydy
xdx
=
,
y
x2 + 1
Z
Z
ln2 ydy
xdx

,
=
y
x2 + 1

ln3 y 2
= x + 1 + C,
3
Thus, the implicit solution to the equation is

ln3 y = 3 x2 + 1 + C1 ,
where C1 = 3C.
(d) x cos2 ydx ex sin 2ydy = 0, y(0) = 0
SOLUTION Separating the variables and integrating gives
sin 2ydy
= xex dx,
cos2 y
sin ydy
= xex dx,
cos y
Z
Z
sin ydy
= xex dx,
2
cos y
2

2 ln | cos y| = (x 1)ex + C.
Thus, the implicit solution to the given equation is
1
ln | cos y| = (1 x)ex + C1 ,
2
where C1 = 1/2C. Finally, we have to determine C1 such that the initial condition is
satisfied. Putting x = 0 and y = 0 in solution gives 0 = 1/2 + C1 , so C1 = 1/2. Thus, the
solution to the initial value problem is
1
1
ln | cos y| = (1 x)ex .
2
2

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