5.

5.1 Exercises

1. ln 45

2. ln 8.3

3. ln 0.8

4. ln 0.6

graph. [The graphs are labeled (a), (b), (c), and (d).]

3
x
2

26. ln3e 2

27. ln zz 12

28. ln

1
e

29. lnx 2 lnx 2

31. 32 lnx 3 ln x lnx 2 1
1

32. 2ln x lnx 1 lnx 1

1
33. 2 ln 3 2 lnx 2 1

x x 1

30. 3 ln x 2 ln y 4 ln z

(b)

25. ln

Condensing a Logarithmic Expression In Exercises

2934, write the expression as a logarithm of a single quantity.

Matching In Exercises 58, match the function with its

y

325

See CalcChat.com for tutorial help and worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.

Evaluating a Logarithm In Exercises 14, use a graphing

utility to evaluate the logarithm by (a) using the natural
logarithm key and (b) using the integration capabilities to
evaluate the integral 1x 1/t dt.

(a)

The Natural Logarithmic Function: Differentiation

3
34. 2lnx 2 1 lnx 1 lnx 1

x
1

3
y

(c)

Verifying Properties of Logarithms In Exercises 35 and

36, (a) verify that f g by using a graphing utility to graph f
and g in the same viewing window and (b) verify that f g
algebraically.

(d)
2

1
x

x
4 3

1
1

x2
,
4

35. f x ln

x > 0, gx 2 ln x ln 4

36. f x lnxx 2 1,

gx 12ln x lnx 2 1

Finding a Limit In Exercises 3740, find the limit.

5. f x ln x 1

6. f x ln x

7. f x lnx 1

8. f x lnx

37. lim lnx 3

38. lim ln6 x

39. lim lnx 23 x

40. lim ln

x3

x 6

x 2

x5

Sketching a Graph In Exercises 916, sketch the graph of

the function and state its domain.
9. f x 3 ln x

Finding a Derivative

10. f x 2 ln x

11. f x ln 2x
13. f x ln x 3

41. f x ln3x

42. f x lnx 1

43. gx ln x 2

44. hx ln2 x 2 1

16. f x lnx 2) 1

45. y ln x

46. y x2 ln x

Using Properties of Logarithms In Exercises 17 and 18,

use the properties of logarithms to approximate the indicated
logarithms, given that ln 2 y 0.6931 and ln 3 y 1.0986.
17. (a) ln 6
18. (a) ln 0.25

(b) ln

2
3

(b) ln 24

(c) ln 81
(c)

3 12
ln

1
(d) ln 72

1928, use the properties of logarithms to expand the logarithmic expression.

47. y lnt 12

49. y lnxx 1
51. f x ln

50. y lntt2 33]

x
1

52. f x ln

ln t
t2

53. gt

54. ht

55. y lnln x 2

57. y ln

20. lnx5

59. f x ln

21. ln

xy
z

22. lnxyz

61. y lnsin x

58. y ln

4 x 2

x
4

x 2x 3

ln t
t

56. y lnln x

x1
x1

19. ln

24. lna 1

48. y lnx 2 4

(d) ln3

Expanding a Logarithmic Expression In Exercises

23. lnxx2 5

In Exercises 4164, find the

derivative of the function.

12. f x lnx

14. f x ln x 4

15. hx) lnx 2)

x
x 4

cos x
63. y ln
cos x 1

xx 11
3

60. f x lnx 4 x 2
62. y lncsc x
64. y lnsec x tan x

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deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

326

Chapter 5

Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

Finding an Equation of a Tangent Line In Exercises

6572, (a) find an equation of the tangent line to the graph of f
at the given point, (b) use a graphing utility to graph the
function and its tangent line at the point, and (c) use the
derivative feature of a graphing utility to confirm your results.
65. y ln x4,
66. y ln x ,
3/2

1, 0

67. f x 3x 2 ln x, 1, 3
68. f x 4 x ln

1
2x

1,

69. f x ln1 sin2 x,

70. f x sin 2x ln x ,
2

, ln
4

0, 4

Finding a Derivative Implicitly In Exercises 7376, use

73. x 2 3 ln y y 2 10

74. ln xy 5x 30

75. 4x3 ln y2 2y 2x

76. 4xy ln x2y 7

96. Base

(a) When g is increasing, must f be increasing? Explain.

(b) When the graph of f is concave upward, must the graph
of g be concave upward? Explain.

78. y x ln x 4x

x y xy 0

Relative Extrema and Points of Inflection In Exercises

7984, locate any relative extrema and points of inflection. Use
a graphing utility to confirm your results.
80. y 2x ln2x
82. y

ln x
x

84. y x 2 ln

x
4

98.

HOW DO YOU SEE IT? The graph shows the

temperature T in C of an object h hours after it
is removed from a furnace.
T

Temperature (in C)

xy y 0

x
ln x

Define the base for the natural logarithmic function.

Differential Equation

77. y 2 ln x 3

83. y

x > 1

97. Comparing Functions Let f be a function that is

positive and differentiable on the entire real number line.
Let gx ln f x.

the function is a solution of the differential equation.

81. y x ln x

1
,
1

95. Properties In your own words, state the properties of

the natural logarithmic function.

Differential Equation In Exercises 77 and 78, show that

x
ln x
2

WRITING ABOUT CONCEPTS

1, 0

x x 132
, x > 1
x 1
x 1x 2
, x > 2
94. y
x 1x 2

1, 0

Function

xx

x > 0

2
x >
3

93. y

3
2

implicit differentiation to find dy/dx.

79. y

x > 0

90. y x2x 1x 2,

92. y

71. f x x3 ln x, 1, 0
1
72. f x x ln x2,
2

89. y xx2 1,
x 2 3x 2
,
91. y
x 1 2

1, 0

Logarithmic Differentiation In Exercises 89 94, use

logarithmic differentiation to find dy/dx.

160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20

Linear and Quadratic Approximation In Exercises 85

and 86, use a graphing utility to graph the function. Then graph

Hours

P1x f 1 1 f 1x 1

(a) Find lim T. What does this limit represent?

and

(b) When is the temperature changing most rapidly?

P2 x f 1 1 f 1x 1 1 12 f 1x 1 2
in the same viewing window. Compare the values of f, P1 , P2,
and their first derivatives at x 1.
85. f x ln x

86. f x x ln x

Using Newtons Method In Exercises 87 and 88, use

Newtons Method to approximate, to three decimal places, the
x-coordinate of the point of intersection of the graphs of the
two equations. Use a graphing utility to verify your result.
87. y ln x, y x

True or False? In Exercises 99102, determine whether the

statement is true or false. If it is false, explain why or give an
example that shows it is false.
99. lnx 25 ln x ln 25
100. ln xy ln x ln y
101. If y ln , then y 1.
102. If y ln e, then y 1.

88. y ln x, y 3 x

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

5.1
103. Home Mortgage The term t (in years) of a $200,000
home mortgage at 7.5% interest can be approximated by
t 13.375 ln

x x1250,

x > 1250

327

The Natural Logarithmic Function: Differentiation

106. Modeling Data The atmospheric pressure decreases

with increasing altitude. At sea level, the average air pressure
is one atmosphere (1.033227 kilograms per square centimeter).
The table shows the pressures p (in atmospheres) at selected
altitudes h (in kilometers).

where x is the monthly payment in dollars.

(a) Use a graphing utility to graph the model.
(b) Use the model to approximate the term of a home
mortgage for which the monthly payment is $1398.43.
What is the total amount paid?
(c) Use the model to approximate the term of a home
mortgage for which the monthly payment is $1611.19.
What is the total amount paid?
(d) Find the instantaneous rates of change of t with respect to
x when x $1398.43 and x $1611.19.
(e) Write a short paragraph describing the benefit of the
higher monthly payment.

10

15

20

25

0.55

0.25

0.12

0.06

0.02

(a) Use a graphing utility to find a model of the form

p a b ln h for the data. Explain why the result is an
error message.
(b) Use a graphing utility to find the logarithmic model
h a b ln p for the data.
(c) Use a graphing utility to plot the data and graph the
model.
(d) Use the model to estimate the altitude when p 0.75.
(f) Use the model to find the rates of change of pressure
when h 5 and h 20. Interpret the results.

The relationship between

the number of decibels
and the intensity of
a sound I in watts per
centimeter squared is

(e) Use the model to estimate the pressure when h 13.

104. Sound Intensity

107. Tractrix A person walking along a dock drags a boat by a

10-meter rope. The boat travels along a path known as a
tractrix (see figure). The equation of this path is

10

I
10
.
ln
ln 10
1016

y 10 ln

100 x2

(a) Use the properties of

logarithms to write the formula in simpler form.

(a) Use a graphing utility to

graph the function.

(b) Determine the number of decibels of a sound with an

intensity of 105 watt per square centimeter.

(b) What are the slopes of

this path when x 5 and
x 9?

105. Modeling Data The table shows the temperatures T (in

F) at which water boils at selected pressures p (in pounds per
square inch). (Source: Standard Handbook of Mechanical
Engineers)
p

10

14.696 (1 atm)

20

162.24

193.21

212.00

227.96

30

40

60

80

100

250.33

267.25

292.71

312.03

327.81

(c) What does the slope of

the path approach as
x 10?

100 x 2.
y

10

Tractrix

x
5

10

108. Prime Number Theorem There are 25 prime numbers

less than 100. The Prime Number Theorem states that the
number of primes less than x approaches

px

x
.
ln x

Use this approximation to estimate the rate (in primes per

100 integers) at which the prime numbers occur when
(a) x 1000.
(b) x 1,000,000.

A model that approximates the data is

(c) x 1,000,000,000.

T 87.97 34.96 ln p 7.91p.

(a) Use a graphing utility to plot the data and graph the
model.
(b) Find the rates of change of T with respect to p when
p 10 and p 70.
(c) Use a graphing utility to graph T. Find lim T p and
p

interpret the result in the context of the problem.

109. Conjecture Use a graphing utility to graph f and g in the

same viewing window and determine which is increasing at
the greater rate for large values of x. What can you conclude
about the rate of growth of the natural logarithmic function?
(a) f x ln x,

gx x

4 x
(b) f x ln x, gx

Christopher Dodge/Shutterstock.com

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
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334

Chapter 5

Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

5.2 Exercises

See CalcChat.com for tutorial help and worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.

Finding an Indefinite Integral In Exercises 126, find the

indefinite integral.
1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
11.
13.
15.
17.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.

5
dx
x

2.

1
dx
x1

4.

1
dx
2x  5

6.

x
dx
x2  3

8.

4x3  3
dx
x4  3x

10.

x2  4
dx
x

12.

x 2  2x  3
dx
x 3  3x 2  9x

14.

x 2  3x  2
dx
x1

16.

x 3  3x 2  5
dx
x3

18.

10
dx
x

35.

1
dx
x5

37.

9
dx
5  4x

39.

x2
dx
5  x3
x2  2x
dx
x3  3x2

29.

cos 3  1 d

36.

cos t
dt
1  sin t

38.

sec x tan x
dx
sec x  1

40.

dx

cot


d
3

csc2 t
dt
cot t

sec 2x  tan 2x dx

dy
2x

, 0, 4)
dx x2  9x

44.

dr
sec2 t

,
dt
tan t  1

2x 2  7x  3
dx
x2

Finding a Particular Solution In Exercises 45 and 46, find

x 3  6x  20
dx
x5

1, 0
, 4

the particular solution that satisfies the differential equation

and the initial equations.
2
45. f x  2 , f 1  1, f 1  1, x > 0
x
4
46. f x  
 2, f 2  0, f 2  3, x > 1
x  12

Slope Field In Exercises 47 and 48, a differential equation,

a point, and a slope field are given. (a) Sketch two approximate
solutions of the differential equation on the slope field, one of
which passes through the given point. (b) Use integration to
find the particular solution of the differential equation and use
a graphing utility to graph the solution. Compare the result
with the sketches in part (a). To print an enlarged copy of the
graph, go to MathGraphs.com.

dx

47.

dy
1

, 0, 1
dx x  2

48.

dy ln x

, 1, 2
dx
x
y

y
3

xx  2
dx
x  1 3


d
4

Differential Equation In Exercises 41 44, solve the

differential equation. Use a graphing utility to graph three
solutions, one of which passes through the given point.

2x
dx
x  1 2

x  3

2  tan

43.

1
dx
x231  x13

dx

x
dx
2

x2  4x
dx
x3  6x2  5

1
dx
x ln x3

1  2x

sec

dy x  2

,
dx
x

ln x2
dx
x

42.

2
1

28.
30.

1
1  3x
3

x
3

x1

32.

dx

dx

x
1
1

2
3

Finding an Indefinite Integral of a Trigonometric

Function In Exercises 3140, find the indefinite integral.
31.

34.

dy
3

, 1, 0
dx 2  x

Finding an Indefinite Integral by u -Substitution In

Exercises 2730, find the indefinite integral by u-substitution.
(Hint: Let u be the denominator of the integrand.)
27.

csc 2x dx

41.

x3  4x2  4x  20
dx
x2  5

x3  8x
dx
x2

x4  x  4
dx
x2  2

x1  3x

33.

Evaluating a Definite Integral In Exercises 49 56,

evaluate the definite integral. Use a graphing utility to verify
your result.

49.

5
dx
3x  1

50.

1

1
dx
2x  3

tan 5 d

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

5.2

51.

53.

0
2

55.

e2

1  ln x2
dx
x

52.

x2  2
dx
x1

54.

1  cos 
d
  sin 

56.

e
1

72. y 

x1
dx
x1

73. y  2 sec

0
/4

/8

csc 2  cot 2 d

use a computer algebra system to find or evaluate the integral.

59.

1
dx
1  x
x
dx
x1

2

61.

58.

4

60.

1  x
dx
1  x

77.

1
3x

65. F x 

64. F x 

0
x2

1
dt
t

66. Fx 

6
x

68. y 
y

tan t dt

79.

1
dt
t

81.

2
x ln x

6
4
2

x dx

80.

x
dx
x2  4

82.

x
dx
x 2  43
sec2 x
dx
tan x

Approximation In Exercises 83 and 84, determine

which value best approximates the area of the region
between the x-axis and the graph of the function over the
given interval. (Make your selection on the basis of a sketch
of the region, not by performing any calculations.)
(b) 6

(a) 3

(c)

1
2

(d) 1.25

(e) 3

(d) 5

(e) 1

2x
84. f x  2
, 0, 4
x 1

x
4

sec x dx

3

(a) 6

78.

8x
dx
4

83. f x  sec x, 0, 1

2
2

ln x dx

2
0 x
3

In Exercises 7982, state the

integration formula you would use to perform the
integration. Do not integrate.

Area In Exercises 6770, find the area of the given region.

Use a graphing utility to verify your result.
67. y 

76.

Choosing a Formula

1
dt
t

12
dx
x

WRITING ABOUT CONCEPTS

Finding a Derivative In Exercises 6366, find F x.

x

x
, x  0, x  2, y  0
6

sin2 x  cos2 x
dx
cos x
4

1
6

csc x  sin x dx

63. F x 

x  1, x  5, y  0

Numerical Integration In Exercises 7578, use the

Trapezoidal Rule and Simpsons Rule to approximate the value
of the definite integral. Let n 4 and round your answer to
four decimal places. Use a graphing utility to verify your result.
5

x2
dx
x1

(b) 7

(c) 2

x
1

85. Finding a Value

sin x
70. y 
1  cos x

69. y  tan x
y

3
dt 
t

14

Area

In Exercises 7174, find the area of the region

bounded by the graphs of the equations. Use a graphing utility
to verify your result.
71. y 

x2  4
,
x

x  1, x  4, y  0

Find a value of x such that

1
dt.
t

86. Finding a Value

2

335

74. y  2x  tan 0.3x, x  1, x  4, y  0

75.

4

62.

5x
,
x2  2

1
dx
x ln x

Using Technology to Find an Integral In Exercises 5762,

57.

The Natural Logarithmic Function: Integration

Find a value of x such that

1
dt
t

is equal to (a) ln 5 and (b) 1.

87. Proof

cot u du  lnsin u  C.

88. Proof

Prove that

Prove that

csc u du  lncsc u  cot u  C.

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

336

Chapter 5

Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

Using Properties of Logarithms and Trigonometric

Identities In Exercises 8992, show that the two formulas

100. Average Price

p

are equivalent.
89.

tan x dx  lncos x  C

101. Area and Slope Graph the function

cot x dx  lnsin x  C

f x 

cot x dx  lncsc x  C

91.

92.

90,000
400  3x

where p is the price (in dollars) and x is the number of units

(in thousands). Find the average price p on the interval
40  x  50.

tan x dx  lnsec x  C

90.

The demand equation for a product is

x
1  x2

on the interval 0, .

sec x dx  lnsec x  tan x  C

(a) Find the area bounded by the graph of f and the line
y  12 x.

sec x dx  lnsec x  tan x  C

(b) Determine the values of the slope m such that the line
y  mx and the graph of f enclose a finite region.

csc x dx  lncsc x  cot x  C

(c) Calculate the area of this region as a function of m.

csc x dx  lncsc x  cot x  C

HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Use the graph of f

shown in the figure to answer the following.

102.

Finding the Average Value of a Function In Exercises

9396, find the average value of the function over the given
interval.
8
93. f x  2,
x

2, 4

4x  1
94. f x 
,
x2

2, 4

1
x
5 4

2 ln x
95. f x 
, 1, e
x

2
3

x
96. f x  sec
, 0, 2
6
97. Population Growth
changing at a rate of

(a) Approximate the slope of f at x  1. Explain.

(b) Approximate any open intervals in which the graph
of f is increasing and any open intervals in which it
is decreasing. Explain.

A population of bacteria P is

dP
3000

dt
1  0.25t
where t is the time in days. The initial population (when t  0)
is 1000. Write an equation that gives the population at any time
t. Then find the population when t  3 days.
98. Sales The rate of change in sales S is inversely proportional
to time t t > 1, measured in weeks. Find S as a function of t
when the sales after 2 and 4 weeks are 200 units and 300 units,
respectively.
99. Heat Transfer
Find the time required
for an object to cool
from 300F to 250F
by evaluating
10
t
ln 2

300

250

1
dT
T  100

where t is time in
minutes.

True or False? In Exercises 103106, determine whether

the statement is true or false. If it is false, explain why or give
an example that shows it is false.
103. ln x12  12 ln x
104. ln x dx  1x  C
105.

1
dx  lncx,
x

106.

c
0
2

1
dx  lnx
1 x

1

 ln 2  ln 1  ln 2

107. Napiers Inequality For 0 < x < y, show that

1 ln y  ln x 1
<
< .
y
yx
x
108. Proof Prove that the function

2x

F x 

1
dt
t

is constant on the interval 0, .

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deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

5.3

5.3 Exercises

In Exercises 18, show that

f and g are inverse functions (a) analytically and (b) graphically.
1. f x 5x 1,

gx

x1
5

2. f x 3 4x,

gx

3x
4

3. f x x ,

3
gx
x

4. f x 1 x 3,

3
gx
1x

5. f x x 4 ,

gx x 2 4, x 0

6. f x 16 x ,
2

x 0,

gx

1
, x 0,
8. f x
1x

1x
gx
,
x

0 < x 1

6
4
2
x
4 2

x
1 2 3

(c)

4 6 8

(d)

18. gt

x
2 1

1 2

22. hx x 4 x 4

whether the function is strictly monotonic on its entire domain

and therefore has an inverse function.
23. f x 2 x x3
25. f x

24. f x x3 6x2 12x

x4
2x2
4

26. f x x5 2x3

x
2 4 6 8

4
y

32. f x cot x, 0,

0, 2

35. f x 2x 3

36. f x 7 4x

37. f x x 5

38. f x x 3 1

39. f x x

12.

40. f x x 2,

41. f x 4 x ,

0 x 2

42. f x x2 4 ,

x 2

3
2
1

3
2
1
x
1 2 3

0,

the inverse function of f, (b) graph f and f 1 on the same set

of coordinate axes, (c) describe the relationship between the
graphs, and (d) state the domain and range of f and f 1.

4 2

4
,
x2

4,
2,

Finding an Inverse Function In Exercises 3546, (a) find

2 3 4

Verifying a Function Has an Inverse Function In

Exercises 2934, show that f is strictly monotonic on the given
interval and therefore has an inverse function on that interval.

34. f x sec x,

8
6
4

x
2 1

3x
2

10.

2
1

28. f x cos

33. f x cos x, 0,

1 2 3
2
3

1
t 2 1

Determining Whether a Function Has an Inverse

Function In Exercises 2328, use the derivative to determine

31. f x

3 2

6x
x2 4

20. f x 5xx 1
3

30. f x x 2,

3
2
1
x

2
3

1
3
s2

29. f x x 4 2,
y

4
3
2

3 2 1

16. f x

27. f x ln x 3

3 2 1

11.

15. f sin

(b)

5
4
3
2
1

9.

14. f x 5x 3

21. gx x 5

1
x

with the graph of its inverse function. [The graphs of the

inverse functions are labeled (a), (b), (c), and (d).]

13. f x 34 x 6

19. f x ln x

Matching In Exercises 912, match the graph of the function

(a)

Using the Horizontal Line Test In Exercises 1322, use a

graphing utility to graph the function. Then use the Horizontal
Line Test to determine whether the function is one-to-one on its
entire domain and therefore has an inverse function.

17. hs

gx 16 x

1
7. f x ,
x

343

See CalcChat.com for tutorial help and worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.

Verifying Inverse Functions

Inverse Functions

x
3 2

1 2 3

3
x1
43. f x

45. f x

x
x 2 7

x 0

44. f x x23,

x 0

x2
46. f x
x

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

344

Chapter 5

Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

Finding an Inverse Function In Exercises 47 and 48, use

the graph of the function f to make a table of values for the
given points. Then make a second table that can be used to find
f 1, and sketch the graph of f 1. To print an enlarged copy of
the graph, go to MathGraphs.com.
y

47.

57. f x x 3

48.

2
1

58. f x x 3

5 4 3 2 1

4
3
2
1

2
1

x
1 2 3 4 5 6

49. Cost You need 50 pounds of two commodities costing

$1.25 and $1.60 per pound.
(a) Verify that the total cost is y 1.25x 1.6050 x,
where x is the number of pounds of the less expensive
commodity.
(b) Find the inverse function of the cost function. What does
each variable represent in the inverse function?
(c) What is the domain of the inverse function? Validate or
explain your answer using the context of the problem.
(d) Determine the number of pounds of the less expensive
commodity purchased when the total cost is $73.
50. Temperature The formula C 9 F 32, where
F 459.6, represents Celsius temperature C as a function
of Fahrenheit temperature F.
5

61. Ct is the cost of a long distance call lasting t minutes.

62. Ar is the area of a circle of radius r.

Evaluating the Derivative of an Inverse Function In

Exercises 6370, verify that f has an inverse. Then use the
function f and the given real number a to find f 1 a. (Hint:
See Example 5.)
63. f x 5 2x 3,

a7

64. f x x 2x 1, a 2
3

1
65. f x 27 x 5 2x 3, a 11

(b) What does the inverse function represent?

(c) What is the domain of the inverse function? Validate or
explain your answer using the context of the problem.
(d) The temperature is 22C. What is the corresponding
temperature in degrees Fahrenheit?

Testing Whether a Function Is One-to-One In Exercises

5154, determine whether the function is one-to-one. If it is,
find its inverse function.
54. f x ax b, a 0

Making a Function One-to-One In Exercises 5558,

delete part of the domain so that the function that remains is
one-to-one. Find the inverse function of the remaining function
and give the domain of the inverse function. (Note: There is
more than one correct answer.)
56. f x 16 x 4

20
12

4
2

69. f x

x6
,
x2

x > 2,

70. f x

x3
,
x1

x > 1,

Functions
71. f x x
f x
1

a3
a2

Point

12, 18
18, 12

3
3

72. f x 3 4x

1, 1

3x
f 1x
4

1, 1

74. f x

4
,
1 x2

x
3

, a1
2

domains of f and f 1, (b) find the ranges of f and f 1, (c) graph

f and f 1, and (d) show that the slopes of the graphs of f and
f 1 are reciprocals at the given points.

5, 1

f 1x x 2 4, x 0

x
1

0 x

73. f x x 4

4
3

68. f x cos 2x,

a2

Using Inverse Functions In Exercises 7174, (a) find the

52. f x 3

55. f x x 3 2

60. ht is the height of the tide t hours after midnight, where

0 t < 24.

67. f x sin x, x , a
2
2
2

x 2

59. gt is the volume of water that has passed through a water line
t minutes after a control valve is opened.

66. f x x 4,

53. f x x 2,

function has an inverse function. If so, what is the inverse

function?

(a) Find the inverse function of C.

51. f x x 2

Think About It In Exercises 5962, decide whether the

x
1

f 1x

x 0

4 x x

1, 5
1, 2
2, 1

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

5.3

Inverse Functions

345

Using Composite and Inverse Functions In Exercises

7578, use the functions f x 18 x 3 and gx x 3 to find

90. If the inverse function of f exists, then the y-intercept of f is

an x-intercept of f 1.

the given value.

91. If f x x n, where n is odd, then f 1 exists.

75. f

77. f

g 1

76. g

78. g

1
1

g 4

Using Composite and Inverse Functions In Exercises

7982, use the functions f x x 4 and gx 2x 5 to
find the given function.
1

79. g

80. f

93. Making a Function One-to-One

(a) Show that f x 2x3 3x2 36x is not one-to-one on
, .
(b) Determine the greatest value c such that f is one-to-one
on c, c.

94. Proof

82. g f 1

81. f g1

92. There exists no function f such that f f 1.

Let f and g be one-to-one functions. Prove that

(a) f g is one-to-one.
(b) f g1x g1 f 1x.

WRITING ABOUT CONCEPTS

83. In Your Own Words Describe how to find the inverse
function of a one-to-one function given by an equation in
x and y. Give an example.
84. A Function and Its Inverse Describe the relationship between the graph of a function and the graph of its
inverse function.

Explaining Why a Function Is Not One-to-One In

Exercises 85 and 86, the derivative of the function has
the same sign for all x in its domain, but the function is not
one-to-one. Explain.
x
86. f x 2
x 4

85. f x tan x

87. Think About It The function f x k2 x x 3 is

one-to-one and f 13 2. Find k.

95. Proof Prove that if f has an inverse function, then f 11 f.

96. Proof Prove that if a function has an inverse function, then
the inverse function is unique.
97. Proof Prove that a function has an inverse function if and
only if it is one-to-one.
98. Using Theorem 5.7 Is the converse of the second part of
Theorem 5.7 true? That is, if a function is one-to-one (and
therefore has an inverse function), then must the function be
strictly monotonic? If so, prove it. If not, give a counterexample.
99. Concavity Let f be twice-differentiable and one-to-one on
an open interval I. Show that its inverse function g satisfies
g x

f gx
.
f gx 3

When f is increasing and concave downward, what is the

concavity of f 1 g?
100. Derivative of an Inverse Function

88.

HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Use the information

in the graph of f below.

f x

101. Derivative of an Inverse Function

m=2

m=

f x

(2, 1)

1
2

1 t2 dt

is one-to-one and find

f10.
102. Inverse Function

(a) What is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of

f 1 at the point 12, 1? Explain.
(b) What is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of
f 1 at the point 1, 2? Explain.

True or False? In Exercises 8992, determine whether the

statement is true or false. If it is false, explain why or give an
example that shows it is false.
1

Show that

3 2

89. If f is an even function, then f

Let

Find f 1 0.
f

dt
1 t 4

(1, 12 (

exists.

Let

x2
.
x1

Show that y is its own inverse function. What can you

conclude about the graph of f ? Explain.
103. Using a Function Let f x

ax b
.
cx d

(a) Show that f is one-to-one if and only if bc ad 0.

(b) Given bc ad 0, find f 1.
(c) Determine the values of a, b, c, and d such that f f 1.

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

352

Chapter 5

Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

5.4 Exercises

See CalcChat.com for tutorial help and worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.

Solving an Exponential or Logarithmic Equation In

Exercises 116, solve for x accurate to three decimal places.
1. eln x 4

2. e ln 3x 24

3. e 12

4. 5e x 36

5. 9 2e x 7

6. 8ex 12 7

7. 50ex 30
9.

29. f x e 2x

10.

31. f x e 1

32. f x e x1

gx lnx 1

gx 1 ln x

Finding a Derivative In Exercises 3354, find the derivative.

12. ln x 2 10

13. lnx 3 2

14. ln 4x 1

15. lnx 2 1

16. lnx 22 12

33. f x e 2x

34. y e8x

35. y e

36. y e2x

37. y

38. y

Sketching a Graph In Exercises 1722, sketch the graph of

the function.

ex4

1 x
2e

17. y e

18. y

19. y ex 2

20. y ex1

21. y e

22. y e

x 2

x2

23. Comparing Graphs Use a graphing utility to graph

f x e x and the given function in the same viewing window.
How are the two graphs related?
(a) gx e x2

1
(b) hx 2e x

(c) qx ex 3

24. Asymptotes Use a graphing utility to graph the function.

Use the graph to determine any asymptotes of the function.
8
(a) f x
1 e 0.5x

8
(b) gx
1 e0.5x

40. y xe4x

41. y x e

42. y x 2ex

43. gt et e t 3

44. gt e3t

45. y ln 1 e 2x

46. y ln

correct graph. Assume that a and C are positive real numbers.

[The graphs are labeled (a), (b), (c), and (d).]

49. y

ex 1
ex 1

50. y

e2x
e2x 1

51. y e x sin x cos x

53. Fx

(c)

x
2

55. f x e3x,

0, 1
, 1, 1

x
1

26. y Ce ax

27. y C1 eax

28. y

2, 1

ln x, 1, 0

0, 0
1, e

implicit differentiation to find dy/ dx.

1

25. y Ce ax

Implicit Differentiation In Exercises 63 and 64, use

x
1

59. f x e

0, 1

1x

62. y xe x e x, 1, 0

lnt 1 dt

5562, find an equation of the tangent line to the graph of the

function at the given point.

61. y x 2 e x 2xe x 2e x,

1
1

54. Fx

e x ex
,
60. y ln
2

(d)

e 2x

cos e t dt

2
y

52. y e2x tan 2x

ln x

58. y e 2xx ,
1

e
2

48. y

57. f x e

2 1
1

2
e x ex

x
2 1
1

47. y

11 ee

ex

56. f x e2x,

(b)

Finding an Equation of a Tangent Line In Exercises

Matching In Exercises 2528, match the equation with the

2
5e x 5

39. y e ln x
x

3 x

gx ln x 3

5000
2
1 e2x

11. ln x 2

(a)

30. f x e x3

gx lnx

8. 100e2x 35

800
50
100 ex2

Inverse Functions In Exercises 2932, illustrate that the

functions are inverses of each other by graphing both functions
on the same set of coordinate axes.

C
1 e ax

63. xe y 10x 3y 0

64. e xy x 2 y 2 10

Finding the Equation of a Tangent Line In Exercises 65

and 66, find an equation of the tangent line to the graph of the
function at the given point.
65. xe y ye x 1, 0, 1

66. 1 ln xy e xy,

1, 1

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

5.4

Exponential Functions: Differentiation and Integration

Finding a Second Derivative In Exercises 67 and 68, find

the second derivative of the function.
67. f x 3 2x e

68. gx x e ln x

3x

Differential Equation In Exercises 69 and 70, show that

the function y f x is a solution of the differential equation.

82.

HOW DO YOU SEE IT? The figure shows

the graphs of f and g, where a is a positive real
number. Identify the open interval(s) on which the
graphs of f and g are (a) increasing or decreasing,
and (b) concave upward or concave downward.
y

70. y e3x e3x

69. y 4ex
y y 0

y 9y 0

Finding Extrema and Points of Inflection In Exercises

7178, find the extrema and the points of inflection (if any
exist) of the function. Use a graphing utility to graph the
function and confirm your results.
71. f x
73. gx

e e
2

72. f x
74. gx

ex2 2
2

353

g(x) = e ax

f (x) = e ax
x

e e
2

ex3 2
2

83. Depreciation The value V of an item t years after it is

purchased is V 15,000e0.6286t, 0 t 10.

75. f x x 2 ex

76. f x xex

(a) Use a graphing utility to graph the function.

77. gt 1 2 tet

78. f x 2 e 3x4 2x

(b) Find the rates of change of V with respect to t when t 1

and t 5.

79. Area Find the area of the largest rectangle that can be
2
inscribed under the curve y ex in the first and second
quadrants.
80. Area Perform the following steps to find the maximum area
of the rectangle shown in the figure.
y
4

f (x) = 10xe x

(c) Use a graphing utility to graph the tangent lines to the

function when t 1 and t 5.
84. Harmonic Motion The displacement from equilibrium of
a mass oscillating on the end of a spring suspended from a
ceiling is y 1.56e0.22t cos 4.9t, where y is the displacement
(in feet) and t is the time (in seconds). Use a graphing utility
to graph the displacement function on the interval 0, 10. Find
a value of t past which the displacement is less than 3 inches
from equilibrium.

85. Atmospheric Pressure

2

A meteorologist measures the atmospheric pressure P (in

kilograms per square meter) at altitude h (in kilometers).
The data are shown below.

c+x

x
4

(a) Solve for c in the equation f c f c x.

(b) Use the result in part (a) to write the area A as a function
of x. Hint: A x f c
(c) Use a graphing utility to graph the area function. Use the
graph to approximate the dimensions of the rectangle of
maximum area. Determine the maximum area.
(d) Use a graphing utility to graph the expression for c found
in part (a). Use the graph to approximate
lim c and

x0

lim c.

Use this result to describe the changes in dimensions and

position of the rectangle for 0 < x < .
81. Finding an Equation of a Tangent Line Find a point
on the graph of the function f x e 2x such that the tangent
line to the graph at that point passes through the origin. Use a
graphing utility to graph f and the tangent line in the same
viewing window.

10

15

20

10,332

5583

2376

1240

517

(a) Use a graphing

utility to plot the
points h, ln P.
Use the regression
capabilities of the
graphing utility to
find a linear model
for the revised data
points.
(b) The line in part (a) has the form ln P ah b. Write
the equation in exponential form.
(c) Use a graphing utility to plot the original data and graph
the exponential model in part (b).
(d) Find the rate of change of the pressure when h 5 and
h 18.

Robert Adrian Hillman/Shutterstock.com

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

354

Chapter 5

Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

86. Modeling Data The table lists the approximate values V

of a mid-sized sedan for the years 2006 through 2012. The
variable t represents the time (in years), with t 6
corresponding to 2006.
t

$23,046

$20,596

$18,851

$17,001

97.
99.
101.
103.

10

11

12

$15,226

$14,101

$12,841

105.
107.

ex
dx
x
ex
dx
1 ex

98.
100.

e x1 ex dx

102.

e x ex
dx
e x ex

104.

5 ex
dx
e 2x

106.

e x ex
dx
e x ex
2e x 2ex
dx
e x ex 2
e 2x 2e x 1
dx
ex

ex tanex dx

(b) What does the slope represent in the linear model in

part (a)?

Evaluating a Definite Integral In Exercises 109118,

(e) Use the exponential model to find the rate of decrease in

the value of the sedan when t 7 and t 11.

Linear and Quadratic Approximation In Exercises 87

and 88, use a graphing utility to graph the function. Then
graph
P1x f 0 f 0x 0

111.

0
3

113.

1
3

115.

88. f x ex2

4 . . . n 1 n

can be approximated by Stirlings Formula,

ne 2 n.

xex dx
2

112.
114.

2e2x
dx
1 e2x

116.

sin x

0
1

92.

e 2x1 dx

94.

xex 2 dx
2

ex
dx
5 ex

cos x dx

esec 2x sec 2x tan 2x dx

dy
2ex2,
dx

0, 1

120.

dy
2
xe0.2x ,
dx

0, 23

y
4

90. n 15

e 5 dx

x 2e x dx

Slope Field In Exercises 119 and 120, a differential

equation, a point, and a slope field are given. (a) Sketch two
approximate solutions of the differential equation on the slope
field, one of which passes through the given point. (b) Use
integration to find the particular solution of the differential
equation and use a graphing utility to graph the solution.
Compare the result with the sketches in part (a). To print an
enlarged copy of the graph, go to MathGraphs.com.
119.

the indefinite integral.

dx

x 2e x 2 dx

e 3x
dx
x2

Finding an Indefinite Integral In Exercises 91108, find

5x

5x3

In Exercises 89 and 90, find the exact value of n!, and then
approximate n! using Stirlings Formula.
89. n 12

110.

1
0

0
2

n! y

e2x dx

0
1

118.

Stirlings Formula For large values of n,

n! 1 2 3

109.

0
2

in the same viewing window. Compare the values of f, P1 , P2,

and their first derivatives at x 0.
87. f x e x

e2x csce2x dx

evaluate the definite integral. Use a graphing utility to verify

your result.

117.

and

P2x f 0 f 0x 0 12 f 0x 0 2

95.

e2x
dx
1 e2x

108.

(d) Determine the horizontal asymptote of the exponential

model found in part (c). Interpret its meaning in the
context of the problem.

93.

e1x
dx
x3

(a) Use the regression capabilities of a graphing utility to fit

linear and quadratic models to the data. Plot the data and
graph the models.

(c) Use the regression capabilities of a graphing utility to fit

an exponential model to the data.

91.

96.

x
4

x
x 4

4x dx
3

e13x dx

5
4

Differential Equation In Exercises 121 and 122, solve the

differential equation.

exex 12 dx

121.

dy
2
xe ax
dx

122.

dy
e x ex 2
dx

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

5.4

Exponential Functions: Differentiation and Integration

355

Differential Equation In Exercises 123 and 124, find the

particular solution that satisfies the initial conditions.

WRITING ABOUT CONCEPTS

123. f x 12 e x ex,

135. Properties of the Natural Exponential Function

In your own words, state the properties of the natural
exponential function.

124. f x sin x e 2x,

f 0 1, f 0 0

f 0 14, f0 12

Area In Exercises 125128, find the area of the region

bounded by the graphs of the equations. Use a graphing utility
to graph the region and verify your result.
125. y e x, y 0, x 0, x 5
126. y e2x, y 0, x 1, x 3
127. y

2
xex 4

, y 0, x 0, x 6

(b)

Numerical Integration

In Exercises 129 and 130,

approximate the integral using the Midpoint Rule, the
Trapezoidal Rule, and Simpsons Rule with n 12. Use a
graphing utility to verify your results.

x e x dx

130.

2xe

131. Probability A car battery has an average lifetime of

48 months with a standard deviation of 6 months. The battery
lives are normally distributed. The probability that a given
battery will last between 48 months and 60 months is

0.0065

0.0139t482

dt.

Use the integration capabilities of a graphing utility to

approximate the integral. Interpret the resulting probability.
132. Probability The median waiting time (in minutes) for
people waiting for service in a convenience store is given by
the solution of the equation

0.3t

0.3e

ex
dx
ex 1
2

xe x dx

138. Analyzing a Graph Consider the function

f x

2
.
1 e 1x

(b) Write a short paragraph explaining why the graph has

a horizontal asymptote at y 1 and why the function
has a nonremovable discontinuity at x 0.
139. Deriving an Inequality
follows that

48

(a) Use a graphing utility to graph f.

dx

60

137. Choosing a Function Without integrating, state the

integration formula you can use to integrate each of the
following.
(a)

128. y e2x 2, y 0, x 0, x 2

129.

136. A Function and Its Derivative Is there a function

f such that f x fx? If so, identify it.

Given e x 1 for x 0, it

e t dt

1 dt.

Perform this integration to derive the inequality

ex 1 x
for x 0.
140. Solving an Equation Find, to three decimal places, the
value of x such that ex x. (Use Newtons Method or the
zero or root feature of a graphing utility.)

1
dt .
2

What is the median waiting time?

133. Using the Area of a Region Find the value of a such
that the area bounded by y ex, the x-axis, x a, and
x a is 83.
134. Modeling Data A valve on a storage tank is opened for
4 hours to release a chemical in a manufacturing process. The
flow rate R (in liters per hour) at time t (in hours) is given in
the table.

141. Horizontal Motion The position function of a particle

moving along the x-axis is xt) Aekt Bekt, where A, B,
and k are positive constants.
(a) During what times t is the particle closest to the origin?
(b) Show that the acceleration of the particle is proportional
to the position of the particle. What is the constant of
proportionality?
142. Analyzing a Function Let f x

425

240

118

71

36

(a) Use the regression capabilities of a graphing utility to

find a linear model for the points t, ln R. Write the
resulting equation of the form ln R at b in
exponential form.

ln x
.
x

(a) Graph f on 0, and show that f is strictly decreasing on

e, .
(b) Show that if e A < B, then AB > B A.
(c) Use part (b) to show that e > e.
143. Finding the Maximum Rate of Change Verify that
the function

(b) Use a graphing utility to plot the data and graph the
exponential model.

(c) Use the definite integral to approximate the number of

liters of chemical released during the 4 hours.

increases at a maximum rate when y L2.

L
, a > 0,
1 aexb

b > 0,

L > 0

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

362

Chapter 5

Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

5.5 Exercises

See CalcChat.com for tutorial help and worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.

Evaluating a Logarithmic Expression In Exercises 14,

evaluate the expression without using a calculator.
1.

log2 18

2. log27 9
4. loga

3. log 7 1

25. 32x 75

Exercises 58, write the exponential equation as a logarithmic

equation or vice versa.
5. (a) 2 8

6. (a) 27

(b) 31 13

23

(b) 16 34 8

7. (a) log10 0.01 2

1
8. (a) log3 9 2

(b) log0.5 8 3

(b) 4912 7

Sketching a Graph In Exercises 914, sketch the graph of

the function by hand.
10. y 4x1

1
11. y 3

12. y 2x

13. hx 5x2

14. y 3x

29.

1 0.09
12

12t

30.

1 0.10
365

365t

31. log2x 1 5

32. log10t 3 2.6

33. log3 x2 4.5

34. log5x 4 3.2

Verifying Inverse Functions In Exercises 35 and 36,

illustrate that the functions are inverse functions of each other
by sketching their graphs on the same set of coordinate axes.
36. f x 3x

gx log 4 x

graph. [The graphs are labeled (a), (b), (c), and (d).]

gx log3 x

(b)

Finding a Derivative In Exercises 3758, find the derivative

of the function. (Hint: In some exercises, you may find it
helpful to apply logarithmic properties before differentiating.)
37. f x 4x

38. f x 34x

39. y 5

40. y 63x4

4x

41. f x x 9x

42. y x62x

43. gt t 22t

44. f t

45. h 2 cos

46. g 52 sin 2

47. y log45x 1)

48. y log3x2 3x

x
2

2
y

(c)

(d)

x
2

x
4

15. f x 3x

16. f x) 3x

17. f x 3x 1

18. f x) 3x1

Solving an Equation In Exercises 1924, solve for x or b.

19. (a) log10 1000 x

1
20. (a) log3 81
x

(b) log10 0.1 x

(b) log6 36 x

21. (a) log3 x 1

22. (a) logb 27 3

(b) log2 x 4
23. (a) x 2 x log5 25

(b) logb 125 3

32t
t

49. ht log54 t

50. gt log2t2 73

51. y log5 x 2 1

3
2x 1
52. f x log2

2
4

28. 35x1 86

27. 23z 625

Matching In Exercises 1518, match the function with its

26. 56x 8320

35. f x 4x

9. y 2x

(a)

(b) log10x 3 log10 x 1

Solving an Equation In Exercises 2534, solve the

equation accurate to three decimal places.

1
a

Exponential and Logarithmic Forms of Equations In

24. (a) log3 x log3x 2 1

x2 1
x

53. f x log2

x
x1

54. y log10

55. hx log3

xx 1
2

56. gx log5

57. gt

10 log 4 t
t

4
x21 x

58. f t t 32 log2 t 1

Finding an Equation of a Tangent Line In Exercises

5962, find an equation of the tangent line to the graph of the
function at the given point.
59. y 2x,

1, 2

61. y log3 x, 27, 3

60. y 5x2,

2, 1

62. y log10 2x, 5, 1

Logarithmic Differentiation In Exercises 63 66, use

logarithmic differentiation to find dy/dx.
63. y x 2x

64. y xx1

65. y x 2

x1

66. y 1 x1x

(b) 3x 5 log2 64

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

5.5

Finding an Equation of a Tangent Line In Exercises

6770, find an equation of the tangent line to the graph of the
function at the given point.

2 , 2

67. y xsin x,

69. y ln xcos x, e, 1

70. y x1x,

Ct P1.05t
where t is the time in years and P is the present cost.

1, 1

(a) The price of an oil change for your car is presently $24.95.
Estimate the price 10 years from now.

Finding an Indefinite Integral In Exercises 7178, find

the indefinite integral.
71.
73.
75.
77.

3x dx

72.

x2 2x dx

74.

x5x dx

76.

32x
dx
1 32x

78.

(b) Find the rates of change of C with respect to t when t 1

and t 8.

8x dx

(c) Verify that the rate of change of C is proportional to C.

What is the constant of proportionality?

x4 5x dx

88. Depreciation
for $25,000 is

79.

Vt) 25,000 4 .

2sin x cos x dx

(a) Use a graphing utility to graph the function and determine

the value of the car 2 years after it was purchased.

3 t

(b) Find the rates of change of V with respect to t when t 1

and t 4.

80.

1
1

81.

(c) Use a graphing utility to graph Vt and determine the

horizontal asymptote of Vt. Interpret its meaning in the
context of the problem.

2x dx

x4

dx

5x

dx

3x

82.

After t years, the value of a car purchased

x 46x4 dx

Evaluating a Definite Integral In Exercises 79 82,

evaluate the definite integral.

363

87. Inflation When the annual rate of inflation averages 5%

over the next 10 years, the approximate cost C of goods or
services during any year in that decade is

2 , 1

68. y sin x2x,

Bases Other than e and Applications

7x 4x dx

Compound Interest In Exercises 8992, complete the

Area In Exercises 83 and 84, find the area of the region

table by determining the balance A for P dollars invested at

rate r for t years and compounded n times per year.

bounded by the graphs of the equations.

n

83. y 3x, y 0, x 0, x 3
84. y

3cos x

sin x, y 0, x 0, x

12

365

Continuous Compounding

A
89. P $1000

WRITING ABOUT CONCEPTS

85. Analyzing a Logarithmic Equation Consider the
function f x log10 x.
(a) What is the domain of f ?

90. P $2500

312%

r 6%

t 10 years

t 20 years

91. P $1000

(b) Find f 1.
(c) Let x be a real number between 1000 and 10,000.
Determine the interval in which f x will be found.
(d) Determine the interval in which x will be found if f x
is negative.
(e) When f x is increased by one unit, x must have been
increased by what factor?

86. Comparing Rates of Growth

r 5%

r 4%
t 15 years

Compound Interest In Exercises 93 96, complete the

table by determining the amount of money P (present value)
that should be invested at rate r to produce a balance of
$100,000 in t years.
t

f x log2 x, gx x , hx x , and kx 2

from the one with the greatest rate of growth to the one
with the least rate of growth for large values of x.

10

20

30

40

50

Order the functions

2

92. P $4000

t 30 years

(f) Find the ratio of x1 to x2 given that f x1 3n and

f x2 n.
x

93. r 5%
Compounded continuously
95. r 5%
Compounded monthly

94. r 3%
Compounded continuously
96. r 2%
Compounded daily

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

364

Chapter 5

Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

97. Compound Interest Assume that you can earn 6% on

an investment, compounded daily. Which of the following
options would yield the greatest balance after 8 years?
(a) $20,000 now

102. Modeling Data The breaking strengths B (in tons) of

steel cables of various diameters d (in inches) are shown in
the table.

(b) $30,000 after 8 years

(c) $8000 now and $20,000 after 4 years

(d) $9000 now, $9000 after 4 years, and $9000 after 8 years
98. Compound Interest Consider a deposit of $100 placed
in an account for 20 years at r% compounded continuously.
Use a graphing utility to graph the exponential functions
describing the growth of the investment over the 20 years for
the following interest rates. Compare the ending balances for
the three rates.
(a) r 3%

(b) r 5%

(a) Find the limiting volume of wood per acre as t

approaches infinity.

1.25

1.50

1.75

9.85

21.8

38.3

59.2

84.4

114.0

103. Comparing Models The numbers y of pancreas

transplants in the United States for the years 2004 through
2010 are shown in the table, with x 4 corresponding to
2004. (Source: Organ Procurement and Transplantation
Network)
x

10

603

542

466

468

436

376

350

(a) Use the regression capabilities of a graphing utility to

find the following models for the data.

Proportion of
correct responses

1.00

(c) Find the rates of growth of the model when d 0.8 and
d 1.5.

HOW DO YOU SEE IT? The graph shows the

proportion P of correct responses after n trials in
a group project in learning theory.
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

0.75

(b) Use a graphing utility to plot the data and graph the
model.

(b) Find the rates at which the yield is changing when t 20

years and t 60 years.
100.

0.50

(a) Use the regression capabilities of a graphing utility to fit

an exponential model to the data.

(c) r 6%

99. Timber Yield The yield V (in millions of cubic feet per
acre) for a stand of timber at age t is V 6.7e48.1t, where
t is measured in years.

y1 ax b

y2 a b ln x

y3 abx

y4 axb

(b) Use a graphing utility to plot the data and graph each of
the models. Which model do you think best fits the data?
P=

0.86
1 + e 0.25n

(c) Interpret the slope of the linear model in the context of

the problem.
(d) Find the rate of change of each of the models for the year
2008. Which model is decreasing at the greatest rate in
2008?

n
2

10

12

14

16

18

20

Trials

104. An Approximation of e Complete the table to

demonstrate that e can also be defined as

(a) What is the limiting proportion of correct responses

as n approaches infinity?

lim 1 x1x.

x0

(b) What happens to the rate of change of the proportion

in the long run?

101

102

104

106

1 x1x
101. Population Growth A lake is stocked with 500 fish,
and the population increases according to the logistic curve
pt

10,000
1 19et5

where t is measured in months.

Modeling Data

In Exercises 105 and 106, find an

exponential function that fits the experimental data collected
over time t.
105.

(a) Use a graphing utility to graph the function.

1200.00

720.00

432.00

259.20

155.52

600.00

630.00

661.50

694.58

729.30

(b) What is the limiting size of the fish population?

(c) At what rates is the fish population changing at the end of
1 month and at the end of 10 months?
(d) After how many months is the population increasing
most rapidly?

106.

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Bases Other than e and Applications

5.5

Using Properties of Exponents In Exercises 107110,

find the exact value of the expression.
107. 51ln 5

108. 6ln 10ln 6

109. 91ln 3

110. 321ln 2

True or False? In Exercises 111116, determine whether the

statement is true or false. If it is false, explain why or give an
example that shows it is false.

PUTNAM EXAM CHALLENGE

122. Which is greater

n1

112. If f x ln x, then f en1 f en 1 for any value of n.

or

n 1

where n > 8?
123. Show that if x is positive, then

loge 1

271,801
111. e
99,900

365

1
1
>
.
x
1x

These problems were composed by the Committee on the Putnam Prize Competition.
The Mathematical Association of America. All rights reserved.

113. The functions f x 2 ex and gx lnx 2 are inverse

functions of each other.
114. The exponential function y Ce x is a solution of the
differential equation
dny
y, n 1, 2, 3, . . . .
dx n
115. The graphs of f x ex and gx ex meet at right angles.

Using Graphing Utilities to Estimate Slope

x x, x 0
Let f x

1,

x 0.

116. If f x gxex, then the only zeros of f are the zeros of g.

(a) Use a graphing utility to graph f in the viewing window

3 x 3, 2 y 2. What is the domain of f ?

117. Comparing Functions

(b) Use the zoom and trace features of a graphing utility to

estimate

(a) Show that 2

3 2

2
23 .

(b) Are f x xxx and gx) xx the same function? Why

or why not?
x

(c) Find f x and g x.

118. Finding an Inverse Function
f x

Let

a 1
ax 1

119. Logistic Differential Equation Show that solving the

logistic differential equation

dy
8 5
y y ,
dt
25 4

y0 1

1
4 1

y54 y 5 y

5
4

1
y

120. Using Properties of Exponents Given the exponential

function f x a x, show that
(a) f u v f u f v.
121. Tangent Lines
(a) Determine y given y x x y.
(b) Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of y x x y
at each of the following points.
(ii) 2, 4

f x x f x x
2x
for small values of x. Use this formula to approximate the
slope of f at the point 0, 1.

f 0 x f 0 x
2x
f x f x
2x

What do you think the slope of the graph of f is at 0, 1?

(f) Find a formula for the derivative of f and determine f 0. Write
a short paragraph explaining how a graphing utility might lead
you to approximate the slope of a graph incorrectly.
(g) Use your formula for the derivative of f to find the relative
extrema of f. Verify your answer using a graphing utility.

(b) f 2x f x 2.

(i) c, c

(d) Visually estimate the slope of f at the point 0, 1.

f 0

results in the logistic growth function in Example 7.

Hint:

(c) Write a short paragraph explaining why the function f is

continuous for all real numbers.
(e) Explain why the derivative of a function can be approximated
by the formula

for a > 0, a 1. Show that f has an inverse function. Then

find f 1.

lim f x.

x0

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION For more information on

using graphing utilities to estimate slope, see the article
Computer-Aided Delusions by Richard L. Hall in The College
Mathematics Journal. To view this article, go to MathArticles.com.

(iii) 4, 2

(c) At what points on the graph of y x x y does the tangent

line not exist?

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.