SECTION VII DESIGN REQUIREMENTS Reference Manual The Banton Steam Boiler Inspection and 1pan la Hartford, Connecticut 06102 Tele: 03) 722-5659 Fax: (203) 722-5799~ Section VII Design Seminar = Table of Contents THE HARTFORD STEAM BOILER INSPECTION & INSURANCE CO. 1.0 2.0 3.0 40 5.0 6.0 70 8.0 9.0 10.0 ‘ude * | Dae INC | 10/30/95 Page No, il SECTION VII, DIVISION 1 DESIGN SEMINAR TABLE OF CONTENTS “ PARTI Introduction to Section VIII, Division 1 Materials and Allowable Stresses Cylindrical Shell Under Internal Pressure Formed Heads Under Internal Pressure * 2:1 Elliptical Heads + Flanged & Dished Head (Torispherical) * Hemispherical Head q * Conical Heads & Reducer Sections ‘Welded and Bolted Flat Heads Braced and Stayed Flat Surfaces External Pressure Design * Formed Head Example * Cylindrical Shell Example Requirements for Welded Vessels * Categories of Joints * Welded Joint Types * Special Service Vessels + Radiography Requirements * Stress Multipliers - Joint Efficiency * Stress Multiplier Examples ‘Nozzle Neck Thickness UG-45 Openings and Reinforcement * Exemptions from Reinforcement * Sources of Reinforcement * Multiple Openings and Openings in Flat Heads * Special Requirements * Reinforcement Example - Single Opening PAGE 1d 21 31 41 43 46 4.20 425 5a 61 MW 113 7:16 81 82 84 8.10 8.13 8.20 8.24 91 10.1 10.6 10.12 10.19 10.27 10.2911.0 120 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 20.0 -@ ewe 1 [aes [PE PAGE Strength of Reinforcement UG41 AL. * Weld Strength Calculation Example. 1S Ligament Efficiency UG-53 12.1 Bolted Flange Design - Appendix 2 13.1 PART2 Noncircular Vessels - Appendix 13 14.1 Impact Test Rules 151 Overview of Stress Types and Classification 16.1 External Loads on Nozzles LeAL Horizontal Vessels Supported on Saddles 18.1 Design of Vertical Vessels. 19.1 * Wind Loads 19.7 * Wind Load Example 19.31 Design of Vertical Vessels - Seismic Loads 20.0 21.0 Novae eb 10. Ll. 12. APPENDIX - Selected Articles & Papers "ASME Pressure Vessel Code: Which Division to Choose" "Stresses in a Pressure Vessel with a Conical Head" "A Rational Approach to the Design of Knuckle Joints" “Design of Radial Nozzles in Cylindrical Shells for Internal Pressure” “Bolted Flanged Connections with Full Face Gaskets" “Bolted Flanged Connections for Non-Circular Pressure Vessels” “Application of the New ASME Section VIII, Division 1 Toughness Requirements to a Typical Pressure vessel” " Application of Toughness Rules — ASME Code Section VIII, Division 1" ASME Section VII-1, Appendix L - “Example of Determination of Coldest Allowable Minimum ‘Design Metal Temperature (MDMT) using UCS-66 Rules” “Stresses in Large Horizontal Cylindrical Pressure Vessels on Two Saddle Supports” ‘Seismic Codes: Preparing for the Unknown" “Increased Allowable Stresses for Earthquake and Wind Loads in Section VII, Division 1” ~ 220 Selected BibliographySection VIII Design Seminar stor | Date Pate No eS Introduction to Section VIII, Division 1 INC | 9/a7i94 | Ae ASME CODES CONSTRUCTION CODES I - Power Boilers I - Nuclear Components IV. - Heating Boilers vit - — (Unfired) Pressure Vessels, Divisions 1 & 2 x - Fiber-reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels REFERENCE CODES Bie _ Materials ve Nondestructive Examination IX - Welding and Brazing Qualifications INSERVICE CODE XI - _ Inservice Inspection of Nuclear Components - RECOMMENDATION CODES CG Rules for Care and Operation of Heating Boilers vit - Guidelines for Care of Power BoilersSection VIII Design Seminar - Introduction to Section VIII, Division 1 Date 9/27/94 age No 1-2 CODE PUBLICATION DATES @ Edition - every 3 years - compiles changes of previous addendas @ = Addendas - annually (December), mandatory July 1 @ Interpretations - semiannually (July and December) @ Code Cases - issued as supplementsSection VIII Design Seminar autor | One Introduction to Section VIII, Division | INC | 9/27/94 Page Ne. 13 i SECTION VIII - PRESSURE VESSELS . DIVISION 1 CODE BOOK ORGANIZATION FOREWORD CONTENTS INTRODUCTION (SCOPE) Subsection A - General Requirements Subsection B - Methods of Fabrication Subsection C - Classes of Materials APPENDICES @ 1-26 Mandatory @ A-EE Non-mandatory - "suggested good practices" INDEXSection VIII Design Seminar ‘autor | De Page No, = Introduction to Section VII, Division 1 INC | 9/27/94 | 1-4 FOREWORD Provides some useful information to the user of the Code: @ History of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee @ = Function of the Code Committees @ Operations and meetings of the B&PV Committees @ Effective dates of Addenda, Code Cases, Material Specifications @ US. state and municipality, and Canadian province adoption and requirements @ = Relation of the Code with the National Board and jurisdictions 4 @ = Use of ASTM and ASME materials 36 hPPE IK fe ce ANE DT Maer fh fez b A-sit (asm) mor A dou Maree Sa" Aud cA —stbh (Asne) Tweet ARE A Pow Exct fn, CHECK BIE Ix A a AS Above . th tr Nett a Ot Epi pa> Section VIII Design Seminar ‘Auber | Date Page Ne. Introduction to Section VIII, Division 1 mc | 9704 | 1-5 U-1 SCOPE EXEMPTIONS U-1(c): Vessels exempted from Section VIII Scope: q) Q) @) 4) 6) © Those within the scope of other Sections: = power boilers - Section I - heating boilers - Section IV - FRP (plastic) pressure vessels - Section X Fired process tubular heaters Pressure containers which are part of machines and reciprocating equipment Piping systems B3S o BIT Piping components [see also U-1(e)(1)] Vessels for containing water under pressure, including those containing air which is used as a cushion when none of the following is exceeded: (a) P=300psi 20 be (b) T = 210°F 100°C, Can apply to one or both pressure chambers of heat exchangers, chillers, etc. (See Interpretation VII-78-137, Volume’ 4.) TUBE SIDE SHELL SIDE \L COMMON PARTSSection VIII Design Seminar Autor | Dae Introduction to Section VIII, Division 1 INC | 9727/94 (1) Hot water supply storage tank, when none of the following limitations is exceeded: (@) 200,000 Brwar (b) T=210°F (c) 120 gallons - (8) Pressure (internal or extemal) < 15 psi (including full vacuum -14.7 psi) (@) wDse (10) Vessels for human occupancy Any of the above pressure vessels may be U-stamped if it meets all the applicable requirements [U-1(c)]. U-I@: The code rules in Division 1 are for vessels < 3000 psi This does not necessarily mean that a vessel at, say, 5000 psi could not be adequately designed under Division 1, butthis may involve some additional considerations, such as fatigue and/or fracture mechanics considerations etc, Division 2 contains alternative rules which may be better. Also, a high pressure is generally considered to be >10,000 psi, which is the point at which the new Division 3 will start.Section VIII Design Semi: Autor | Date No. U-1 SCOPE GEOMETRY BOUNDARIES ‘The Scope of Section VIII, Division 1 ineludes [see U-1(e)]: (1) external piping: (@) first circumferential welded joint end connection (b) first threaded joint (©) face of the first flange (6) first sealing surface for proprietary connections or fittings (2) non-pressure parts welded to the pressure boundary to the extent that rules are provided in the Code (e.g., UG-4(b), UCS-66(a), etc.) (3) pressure retaining covers (4) first sealing surface for proprietary fittings or components (gages)& Section VIII Design Seminar Introduction to Section VII, Division 1 ‘Autoe | Dae Page No, INC | 9/29/95 | 1-8 External Piping: welding end connection - weld is outside scope of the Code [See also UW-13(g)] ase f ~ Io DIN je or 2 ASHE vessel. External Piping: bolted flanged connections - face of the first flange Nonpressure Parts: weld and nonpressure part are subject to rules specifically provided in the Code (qualified welding procedure, impact for essential parts, etc.)© Section VIII Design Seminar ‘stor | Due io Materials and Allowable Stresses INC | 109/95} 2-1 BASIC METALLURGY Metals are generally classified as either ferrous (iron > 50%) or non-ferrous. An alloy is a blended mixture of more than one element. ~ FERROUS ALLOYS (SA-XXX) © — Castiron -’ >2% carbon, very brittle, can not be easily welded, good for complicated shapes @ Steels - <2% carbon, not brittle (ductile), more easily welded Carbon steels - can contain silicon and manganese; lower temperatures Low-alloy steels - can contain chrome (<10%), molybdenum, and nickel; high temperature and hydrogen services High-alloy (stainless) steels - can contain chrome (>10%), nickel and manganese; corrosive, high and low temperature services; further broken down into the following categories of stainless steels depending on chemical composition and properties: ~ martensitic (like type 410) - high chromium (>12%); magnetic, heat-treatable for strength & hardness ~ ferritic (type 405 and 430) - magnetic but not heat-tréatable ~ austenitic ("200 and 300 series") - non-magnetic and not heat-treatable ~ austenitic/ferritic duplex (type 329) - higher strength and better corrosion resistance than austenitic stainless steelsa Section VIII Design Seminar Materials and Allowable Stresses ‘Auber Dae 9/27/94 age No, STEELS Alloying Different alloying elements have different effects on steels as follows: Aluminum ——- restricts grain growth ~ used for deoxidation Boron ~ increases hardenability Calcium = used for deoxidation - improves toughness - improves machinability Carbon ~ increases strength and hardness = decreases ductility Chromium + increases resistance to corrosion and oxidation = increases hardenability ~ adds strength at high temperature ~ better wear resistance Copper ~ increases corrosion resistance Hydrogen ~ can cause corrosion Lead ~ improves machinability = can cause corrosion Manganese - used for deoxidation = increases hardenability Molybdenum — - adds strength at high temperature = enhances corrosion resistance + increases hardenability ~ strengthens annealed steels = increases toughness increases hardenability Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorous Sulfur Silicon Titanium, ‘Vanadium Zirconium increases strength and hardness increases machinabi decreases ductility and toughness increases strength decreases toughness increases strength increases hardenability decreases ductility and toughness improves machinability enhances corrosion resistance decreases strength and ‘toughness decreases weldability improves machinability improves oxidation resistance increases hardenability increases strength used for deoxidation prevents localized depletion of chromium in stainless steel during long heating increases hardenability restricts grain growth increases strength and toughness increases toughnessSection VIII Design Seminar ‘Autor | Dae Page No Materials and Allowable Stresses INC | 9/27/94 | 2-3 STEELS Heat Treatments There are two critical temperatures used in ASME Code work: Lower critical temperature (A) = the alloy starts to change form to austenite Upper critical temperature (A.3) = the alloy is fully transformed to austenite Normalizing This consists of heating the steel to about 100°F above A3 and then cooling in still air. The purpose is to homogenize the steel structure and produce a harder steel than in the annealed condition. Annealing This consists of heating the steel to about 50°F above A; and then fumace cooling slowly. The purpose is to refine the grain and induce sofiness. Postweld Heat This consists of heating to a temperature below A, for the purpose Treating of reducing the fabrication and welding stress and softening the weld heat- affected zones. Quenching The rate of cooling of steel after heat treating is very important in establishing the hardness [and strength] of steel. Some steels, such as SA- 517, obtain most of their high strength by quenching. Tempering Quenched steels are very brittle. In order to increase toughness, they are heat treated below Ay and then cooled to produce the desired properties of high strength and good toughness. (Ref. ‘Structural Analysis and Design of Process Equipment’, Jawad, Far)ae Section VIII Design Seminar ‘autor | Dae Page Ne Materials and Allowable Stresses INC | 9/27/94 | 2-4 Alloy Designations The Unified Numbering System (UNS) UNS Numbers for alloy designations (e.g., UNS S30400), where the first letter designates the basic type of material (italicized designations are referenced in Section Il, Part D): A= Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys Copper and Copper Alloys Rare Earth and Similar Metals and Alloys Cast Irons AISI and SAE Carbon and Alloy Steels AISI and SAE H-Steels Cast Steels (Except Tool Steels) Miscellaneous Steels and Ferrous Alloys Low Melting Metals and Alloys Miscellaneous Nonferrous Metals and Alloys Nickel and Nickel Alloys Precious Metals and Alloys Reactive and Refractory Metals and Alloys (Titanium and Zirconium) Heat and Corrosion Resistant Steels Tool Steels, Wrought and Cast Welding Filler Metals Zine and Zinc Alloys These designations are most important for non-ferrous alloys and take the place of type and grade alloy designations of the steels.. & Section VIII Design Seminat ter] Dae Materials and Allowable Stresses INC | 10/9/95 Page No, 25 NON-FERROUS ALLOYS (SB-XXX) Primarily used in highly corrosive or high temperature service. © Aluminum - nonmagnetic, good formability, high strength-to-weight ratio © Copper - good corrosion resistance and machinability © Nickel - excellent corrosion and high-temperature oxidation resistance © Titanium & Zirconium - for highly corrosive serviceSection VIII Design Seminar ‘Astor | Dae Materials and Allowable Stresses INC | 9/27/94 Page No, 25 NON-FERROUS ALLOYS Primarily used in highly corrosive or high temperature.service. @ Aluminum - nonmagnetic, good formability, high strength-to-weight ratio © Copper = good corrosion resistance and machinability @ Nickel - excellent corrosion and high-temperature oxidation resistance © Titanium & Zirconium - for highly corrosive serviceSection VIII Design Seminar ‘autor | Date Page No. Materials and Allowable Stresses INC | 9/27/94, | 2-6 NON-FERROUS ALLOYS Heat Treatments Annealing Heating the material to a given temperature and then slowly cooling it down. The purpose is to soften the material in order to remove cold working stress. Normalizing Heating the material to a temperature slightly higher than the annealing temperature and then cooling at a rate that is faster than annealing. Solution Heat Heat treating at a temperature high enough for the alloys to be Treating randomly dispersed. Stabilizing Low-temperature heating to stabilize the properties of an alloy. ‘Thermal Temperature treatment of an alloy to produce a stable temper. Treating (Ref. ‘Structural Analysis and Design of Process Equipment’, Jawad, Farr)Section VIII Design Seminar ‘aator | Date Pate Xo. Materials and Allowable Stresses INC | 9/27/94 | 2-7 MATERIALS FOR SECTION VIII, DIVISION 1 @e-ceemricamion: UG-4 to UG-8, UG-10, UG-12 to UG-14: Materials for pressure parts shall be ASME Section If materials and limited to those referenced in UG-23 and listed in Section VIII, Div. 1, Subsection C. See tables at the end of Subsection C for "shopping lists" of acceptable materials. © XCEPTIONS: UG-4(b): material for nonpressure parts - must only be weldable [UW-5(b)] UG-9: welding materials (rod or wire) UG-11(a) & (©): material specified by a permitted ANSI specification (See Interpretation VII-77-86.) UG-13(b): washers must only be wrought material ; wrought material of the same grade as an approved material, but not on one of the "shopping lists", especially for nickel alloys (See Interpretation VIII-1-89-194.) Gir fare > A Peet goer 13% Mandatory Appendix material 7°" FM Cw ake Code Case materialsSection VIII Design Seminar ‘unor | Dae age No S&® Materials and Allowable Stresses INC | 9727194 | 2-8 MATERIALS ALLOWABLE STRESSES General Allowable stresses found in Section II, Part D - Materials, Properties for most major Sections of the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, used for: ~~ calculation of required thicknesses, or = comparison to caléulated values of stress Order of the listings in Section Il, Part D is in increasing alloy content: = carbon steels + chrome-moly steels + Stainless steels Within a "nominal composition", materials listed in increasing tensile strength. - very handy for the designer: type of alloy — strength level - For a particular alloy specification, first look up the specification to find its nominal composition and tensile strength.Section VIII Design Seminar ‘Autor | Dae Page Ne, Materials and Allowable Stresses Inc | 9727194 | 2-9 MATERIALS ALLOWABLE STRESSES Section VIII, Division 1 For Section VIII, Section II, Part D Table 1 is for Division 1; Table 2, for Division 2. Table 1 broken up into two parts: - Table 1A for Section II, Part A - Ferrous Materials (steels) - Table IB for Section II, Part B - Nonferrous Materials (nickel, etc.) Cast iron (UCD, cast ductile iron (UCD), and low temperature - cryogenic - (ULT) materials’ allawable stresses are in Section VIII, Division 1, not Section Il, Part D Caution should be exercised in using these tables on two points: - make sure the line you are reading does not have the "NP" (not permitted) in the column under Section VIII, Division 1 - make sure to read the associated Notes under Section VIII, Division 1 (the notes are found at the end of the table) Also, - UG-45(c): nozzle shear = 70% of allowable = UW-15(c): welds - % of allowable: - Groove-weld tension = 74% - Groove-weld shear = 60% - Fillet-weld shear = 49%Section VIII Design Seminar autor | Date Materials and Allowable Stresses INC | 9/27/94 Page 2-10 ‘Table 1A 1992 SECTION 1 TABLE 1A (CONT'D) : SECTION I; SECTION MI, CLASS 2 AND 3;* AND SECTION VIL DIVISION 1 ‘MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES S FOR FERROUS MATERIALS (See Maximum Temperatare Limits for Restrictions on Class) Alor cas Daly Cond Compan Produ Ferm Ne. Trpe/Srade UNS Ne. Temper S/Thidnes PANG. incon ioe sum poo oto ' evant parte She Be Seo : a econ! foe Seis fee iecant “ioe Stir Bea! : dene “toon sain ream 008 7 oe asi lieve Feet shist Pow itowent Foae dum fee . Sewant forte Sans Tree eos: Smee Sastre Be pomerery Smee Sea Thee scram see as ae geen iota hewn eee ts ie re nae ae wecmant we nae Treen . je teat ve Sa Teen : fect, eter Foe ' fs ecm Bo Troon ' wcnant ye dts pe Tre . ecm Soe oot ' an teat a poe Tm : jst none we pee Tre : an aca Snipe tase ' fe. dsecant weaver Sama That ' ye teat we be Ein Tree ' ieee Seale Baa Tu ' ye neat Smee tat roeu 'Section VIII Design Seminar Author | Date _ ae Materials and Allowable Stresses INC | 9/27/94 | 2-11 vant p — movers Tate 1A : Taae 1A cowr os : asa SECTION t SECTION tH, CLASS'2 AND 3" AND SECTION ‘VI, DIVISON 2 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES 6 FOR FERROUS MATERIALS | {Se Maxum Temperate Ls for Resco on Ca Tre a Tg i i, ts, te eg fer arr Soere oy Pe aes ere su a ir Ske a wa _ » re cea ae hocr Son i = ROS im o ae 5 * re 2 * 1300 7 . ae a so» ee eu _ ee “ = 203 3 = s 203 3 Se a ee 2 Zen a=Section VIII Design Seminar autor | Date Page No Materials and Allowable Stresses INC | 9/27/94 | 2-12 ‘Table JA 1982 SECTION w TABLE'LA (coNTO) a ‘SECTION 1; SECTION IIL, CLASS 2 AND 3;* AND SECTION VIIL, DIVISION 2 : ‘MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES 5 FOR FERROUS MATERIALS. ("See Maximum Temperature Litt for Restrctons on Clas) axinue Alowable Sire, (Mult by 1000 te Oa pal, for Metal Temperate F, Not Exoeiog Ts ee wa EH Meo GP is Bs iy ke eb: ia ie oe BH BS ORP SD Ss eB a aG us sr ai css home os aes wa gaa eh Ra Gey ise 1G = ie Fe} us Ba ae Grom os ns ua Some tek sae as wee kL a i branes ae BO i is, a aaa ote ise ase a os te a cee = E ieee ea Et Be 1G wa ws nas ws wa as om mk BS BB ul BS mG Bho aos GY SN wes wae vss us us tae a2 ake aks oa we = oy ja aa sss se as wa iv Reamer) 2 lan Set ws wok sa Ba Boobs Bi gy Be js aE Soi ee Er aes ry we ba meus ms mama omay oe ame xa me he mom MB Moe A ve lke iy iss hua BasisSection VITI Design Seminar ator | 0 geo. Materials and Allowable Stresses INC | 9/27/94 | 2-13 : PART D — PROPERTIES Table 1A " TABLE 1A (CONTDY SECTION 1; SECTION I, CLASS 2 AND 3;* AND SECTION VIII, DIVISION MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES S FOR FERROUS MATERIALS (*See Matimam Temperature Umits for Restrictions on Clas) Maximum Allowable Sires; lel (Nalpy 100 i Oa 3, for Meal Temperature, *, Not Exeedog A er Yoo toss oo nemo sO) two GOT, ee wo mp 8 eo eR BB Be oe oe ae th Bou wm RS Fe Bk Row a oe pee Se we 2's wo we ene ae Mega bd tk Se prey mye tsk eset tate oon 3 8 8 to 2 B RB bo me si ae e.8:38 S13 8 S 8 2 ome See mye 5k eats aka Treat ee we 3 ow a ana se Ge OG Bb 3 u so Wow eB Gb ok ob BR om oe po we Bo oR. Be Be eo Bm ok sou ae ee sone “ha mem woo oe ou sanz a ms Boo oo ob cou Ae wom 8 Ok oo mom of soSection VIII Design Seminar ater [bas Page No & Materials and Allowable Stresses INC | 9727/94 | 2-14 PART D — PROPERTIES Table 1 _ NOTES TO TABLE 1A (CORD) (€) Section VIII, Dhrislon 1 Aplcation (Cont) cm UHAZS GENERAL mores: oe aver vac ni Table may be tered t éemine vais fo temeste temperate {5 Secs erat oe th oct ty a ccon Woah een Per eid ta Oe [ethene cosration wi fall wiht ruc fae sal be 0.30 ines oe vans ee abe Tale (e) Goes vos in bering shal be 140 es te aes be tov Tale (3) These sve ves sal be aed vente gain nee etGearnied ore stemined tae fee Dan ASTM Me. be Tien at ane mains wai et vues on fe ht mae ote ES Se Caen (6) Those sre vals art bled froma ctr of mgt ni ant wil be ifacry for aera servic. Fr te ols ‘ere rtm rom large ve 4 log prod of ine wt veustaning rege, ocr fa var may be Ay 3 Uncrmined from Bn flit othe Mange ued ats an esoonigrlsan propercn (ay Te ee res vais 4 aly fanart sested a UE thal be aod lo eins (5) Ths tet may we ape to Uy enriomet er serve acral stad Lempert st UWAO9. For Pe 30H (51 mately apo la treats fe age of LOS to 1700 for reately Sor pees of Ue maya a Sore (10) Far tepervare above 1000+, Bese Sat vas may be eed on 1 he arial {beat eed Wy eg 12 mimo tempera of 19007 (ax) The as al be ied othe Neen an wh bat eter farmed at 17257-1750 wth ber etch neater foi cuig ye eae (a2) Thoestrn vlc maybe ed a temperate low “20°F eet as ited by UNAS Fr epertig temperate low 3257, cts sat aie acoreance wth A320 ret tate scapes ciara sal be na! tpanion at eu Uesccto0 fer maura ned We Tale URAC (03) Fara dn tarpurmur, he masinum arc ll be Rachel 35 immediately der read ret. Th Prd shal te {Steno aa arn ot et yf mero, prepare byron rea; pa mare muri an Peary Sal ered te eae ‘fat 'are Marna dermis sal be made are ane eaersy ale ten (00 Use of eal posure ur formate De for of bic pm or sng Hg el 105) The rgaremens of UNAE, URASBO (0 and UH Ape (G6) Wridog nt permitted, {UD Far tooermure sve 1000, tae set vas may be ed oy the maria eat ted by eng t 8 mii lemperaare of 20007, (a0) The tes al be fred te hatred canton wth eat retin ptomed a ITOE-2020°F with shane ening dao) onan od lag woe a (20) Tse sre wales sal apy to material 0.2 ad et ee, (GD Manor alowable sven ves Gal) ove 25007: 15507, LO, MUOUT, 0.86; and 1650, O72, (G2) Msn alonale aves vl Ga abo 100%: 1880, 846; luo, O73; aw MSO, O48, {3} Pe devin al hn oe el a med 8 : (25) Greer bare equal © MPS 8, or per tha or equa tn Sch 140, co: UNT 23 ores: ; {G) The matin oma pte Glas sal pt ere 6.00 fr Grade E er 400 Infor rade P (22) Thx minum secon ees Sal pot exert) ar eater an enpered fring, 05 fr queen empere fv, ‘an Tie mateum lees of weave forse al nt ceed 3% nT maximum thine area reed my be (G2) ASTANA T20 gs ae aiered ello Ske le mSection VITI Design Seminar Author | oie Page No. Materials and Allowable Stresses INC | 9727/94 | 2-15 MATERIAL ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUE DETERMINATION Factors involved in setting Code allowable tensile stresses: Theories: © Elasticity @ Plasticity Modes of Failure: @ Elastic @ Plastic Design Criteria: @ See Next Slide Extent: @Max. (Principal) Stress Theorye Section VIII Design Seminar ‘author | Date Page No. Materials and Allowable Stresses INC | 9727/94 | 2-16 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SETTING THE ALLOWABLE TENSILE STRESSES (AT TEMPERATURES BELOW CREEP RANGE) (From Section Il, Part D, Appendix 1, and Section VII, Division 1, Appendix P) Lowest of the following: 1. % of the specified minimum tensile strength at room temperature 2. % of the tensile strength at temperature 3. % of the specified minimum yield strength at room temperature 4. % of the yield strength at temperature (except where 90% is used) Higher allowable stress values are permitted for some nonferrous alloys and austenitic materials. (References: Section II, Part D, Table 1A for Austenitic Materials and Section II, Part D, Table 1B for Nonferrous Materials)Section VIII Design Seminar autor [bas aXe Materials and Allowable Stresses INC | 927/94 | 2-17 ‘Average 2% | Yield Strongth ° 200 420 600 ‘800 1000 12004001800 Temperature,"F Figure 4.5 Tensile and yield strength. (Ref. ‘Structural Analysis and Design of Process Equipment, Jawad, Farr)Section VIII Design Seminar 2808. Materials and Allowable Stresses ‘Author INC Date 9127194 Page No 2-18 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SETTING THE ALLOWABLE TENSILE STRESSES (AT TEMPERATURES ABOVE CREEP RANGE) (From Section II, Part D, Appendix 1, and Section VIII, Division 1, Appendix P) Lowest of the following: 1. 100% of the average stress for a creep rate of 0.01%/1000 hr 2. 61% of the average stress for rupture at the end of 100,000 hr 3. 80% of the minimum stress for rupture at the end of 100,000 hrSection VIH Design Seminar 1 Cylindrical Shell Under Internal Pressure rep, 9/22/93) 3.1 UG-16 INTERNAL PRESSURE CALCULATIONS FOR SHELLS THEIR THEORY AND USE Design - General Requirements * UG-16(b) The minimum thickness permitted for shells and heads after forming and regardless of product form and material, shall be 1/16" exclusive of any corrosion allowance, with the following exceptions: 1) Does not apply to heat transfer plates of plate-type heat exchangers; 2) Does not apply to tubes in shell-and-tube heat exhcangers, where pipes or tubes are NPS 6 and less; 3) The minimum thickness of shells and heads of unfired steam boilers shall be 1/4" exclusive of any corrosion allowance; 4) — The minimum thickness of shells and head used in compressed air service, made from UCS materials, etc. shall be 3/32" exclusive of any corrosion allowance. _ UG-16(c) Mill Undertolerance for plate material is the smaller value of 0.01 in or 6% of the ordered thickness. * — UG-16(d) Pipe Undertolerance - If pipe or tube is ordered by its nominal wall thickness, the manufacturing undertolerance on wall thickness shall be taken into account. For most pipe the undertolerance is 12 1/2%. UG-16(e) Corrosion Allowance in Design Formulas - Values in equations are dimensions in the corroded condition. Coktoson ALLowANcEe SEE UG-2S (6596 NEW 73 ENG)Section VIII Design Seminar autor | Ose Materials and Allowable Stresses INC. | 9/27/94 Page No 2-19 Creep Strength 0001 001 rhe, Figure 4.6 Creep strength. (Ref. ‘Structural Analysis and Design of Process Equipment, Jawad, Fart)Section VIII Design Seminar ‘autor | Date Page No, Materials and Allowable Stresses INC | 9/27/94 | 2-20 1100 F 1150. F 1200 F 100-) Om t00" F jO—nso' F § OSA — 1200" F 1300" F 1400" F ha1500" F Rupture Strength oF . i a! 100 +1900 70900 100,000 Lite Hrs. Figure 4.7 Rupture strength. (Ref. “Structural Analysis and Design of Process Equipment, Jawad, Fam)221 Page No, ane esses jou aye 20) BT a]gEL UY pow sae ajwoyene 20) YE ygeL UI popoad ae sna Sars a|gEMOE Jo HA OL (T) 10/9/95 Due Author INC ss260 x % 1995 SECTION +5000 x % 3% 4S %% twang |inbvens ia | uses ‘shoay pue aimessdua] wooy ‘imernduy wooy meg ST ONY VI S18VL YOd SANTVA SSIULS 3TEVMOTIV ONINSITVISS YO VIUSLID Section VII Design Seminar ‘Materials and Allowable Stresses 1-100 Table @ ye 2aSection VIII Design Seminar ‘Author | Date Page No. Materials and Allowable Stresses INC | 9/27/94 | 2-22 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SETTING THE ALLOWABLE TENSILE STRESSES FOR BOLTING MATERIAL For bolting material whose strength has been enhanced by heat treatment or strain hardening ( for temperatures below creep range ) the allowable stress is equal to the lowest of the following: 1, 20% of the specified minimum tensile strength at room temperature. 2. 25% of the specified yield strength at roorh temperature. But in no case lower than the annealed values for 1. and 2 The allowable stresses are in Section II, Part D, Table 3.Section VII Design Seminar | idrical Shell Under Internal Pressure reP| _9/22/93\__ 3-2 22 Li The loadings to be considered in designing a vessel shall include: a) b) h) 6596 NEW 789 (ENG) internal or external pressure as defined in UG-21 ( most severe condition of coincident pressure and temperature expected in normal operation); weight of vessel or its contents ( includes pressure due to static head of liquids); static reactions from weight of attached equipment such as motors, etc; the attachment of internals, vessel supports, etc; cyclic and dynamic reactions due to pressure or thermal variations, or from mounted equipment; wind, snow and seismic reactions; impact reactions such as those due to fluid shock; temperature gradients and differential thermal expansion.SRO rae ‘Section VIII Design Seminar j j Cylindrical Shell Under Internal Pressure rep| _9722193| 3.3 Us MAXIM! WABLE. S: LUES UG-23(a) The maximum allowable tensile stress values shall be taken from the appropriate tables in Section I Part D, (i.e. Table 1A or Table 1B) at the temperature which is expected to be maintained in the metal under the conditions of loading being considered. :UG-23(b) The maximum allowable longitudinal compressive stress shall be the smaller of : 1) maximum allowable tensile stress value 2) the value of the factor B as determined in UG-23(b)(2) UG-23(¢) The maximum general primary membrane stress caused by the simultaneous application of UG-22 loads shall be limited to the maximum allowable stress values from Section II Part D. UG-23(c) For loadings which produce bending stresses, the maximum primary membrane stress plus the primary bending stress across the thickness shall not exceed 1 1/2 times the maximum allowable stress value from the Tables of Section II Part D. UG-23(d) For the combination of earthquake or wind loading with other UG-22 6506 NEW 799 (ENG) loadings, the general primary membrane stress shall not exceed 1.2 times the max. allowable stress permitted in UG-23(a),(b), (c).Section VIII Design Seminar Cylindrical Shell Under Internal Pressure. TpP| -.9/22/93' 3-4 Circumferential Stress versus Longitudinal Stress PL Pi Figure 1 Principle Stresses in Cylinder Under Pressure For a seamless,thin-walled cylindrical shell, the circumferential (hoop) stress will be approximately twice the longitudinal stress. In most cases, the required thickness formulas based on circumferential stress in UG-27 will govern over the required thickness formulas based on longitudinal stress. There are, however, a few cases in which this general rule does not hold up (€.g. a very long vertical vessel under wind and seismic loads, or a long horizontal vessel supported on saddles). It should be noted that if there are longitudinal and circumferential joints in a cylindrical shell, the formulas in UG-27 based on longitudinal stress will only govern when the circumferential joint efficiency is less than one-half the longitudinal joint efficiency, or when the effect of supplementary Joadings (UG-22) causing longitudinal beniding or tension in conjunction with internal pressure is being investigated. ‘506 NEW 789 (ENG)SEO Tre Section VIII Design Seminar | i Cylindrical Shell Under Internal Pressure TPP | _9/24/93| 3.5 Kt AS FO) Li IE) CYLINDRICAL SHELLS Circumferential Stress (Longitudinal Joints) In terms of inside radius (sh or Ps.385SE) 1-— PR gg p- SH taro SE - 0.6P R+ 0.6t In terms of outside radius ( sh or P<,385SE) PR, t=? or P= —SE_ stay SE + 0.4P - 0.4¢ Longitudinal Stress (Circumferential Joints) In terms of inside radius ( eek or Ps1.25SE) te — or P= —2SEt_ UG-27(c)(2) 2SE + 0.4P R - 0.4¢ 596 NeW 78 (240)Section VIII Design Seminar ae ie Cylindrical Shell Under Internal Pressure rep| _9/24/93| 3-6 Spherical Shells In terms of inside radius: t= _—PR__ or P= —2SEt_ UG-27(4) 2SE - 0.2P R+0.2t Interms of outside radius: PR, pee or p= SE 1-1@)Q) 2SE + 0.8P - 0.8¢ Nomenclature: t- Minimum required thickness of shell, P- Internal design pressure, psi R = R, - Inside radius R, Outside radius S- Maximum allowable stress value, psi ( See applicable table of stress values in ‘Subsection C) E- Joint efficiency for, or the efficiency of, | When calalaing he sell equied thickness —rrt— Mes Sant mata Weenie cree spherical shells, or the efficiency of ligaments between openings, whichever is less. Figure 2 Definition of Radius 596 NEW 7983 (ENG)SECRET Section VIII Design Seminar i Cylindrical Shell Under Internal Pressure pp | 9/22/93: 3.7 ‘luid Static H n_Pressui esign * — UG-22 Load Primary concern in tall vertical vessels or low design pressure * Pressure due to fluid static head is combined with internal pressure. If fluid static head exists during hydrostatic test only, some options to consider: 1) test vessel in a horizontal position to minimize static head. 2) substitute a pneumatic test in place of the hydrostatic test 3) check the additional stresses due to the static head during the test; There is no upper limit on the test pressure [(UG-99(d)], however if the vessel is subject to visible permanent distortion, the Inspector shall have the right to reject the vessel. : Additional pressure due to static head is: P(f)=Hy Where: P(f) = Additional internal pressure due to static fluid head H = Height of fluid column above point y = Density of fluid e506 NEW 79 (ENG)Section VII Design Seminar | oe Cylindrical Shell Under Internal Pressure TPP | __9/22/93| 3-8 DE IE Il] SHELL THICKNESS EQUATIONS Figure 3 Cylindrical Shell Under Pressure 596 NEW 799 (ENG)SESE pre Section VIII Design Seminar i Cylindrical Shell Under Internal Pressure TeP| _9/22/93| 3.9 Toy 70t Free Body Diagram of Shell Under Jntemal Pressure - Axial Stresses Figure 4 Free Body of Shell - Axial Loads’ Tensile Force = Pressure Force T=P PD? Dt = oO, A Rearranging gives the Average Longitudinal Stress _ PD _ PR a, = 2P [ 4t 2t ‘506 NEW 790 (ENG)SRO re Section VIII Design Seminar | Cylindrical Shell Under Internal Pressure TPP | _9/22/93\ 3-10 Figure 5 Free Body of Shell - Circumferential Loads Tensile Forces = Pressure Force aT, = P 2(o.wt) = PDw Rearranging gives the Average Circumferential Stress: PD _ PR a 20 a 2t t 6596 NEW 73 (ENG)Section VII Design Seminar leon Cylindrical Shell Under Internal Pressure TeP| _9/22/93\ 3-11 Stress Distribution. Across Wall Thin-Walled Cylindrical Vessel Figure 6 Thin-Walled Cylindrical Vessel The Code equation contains the " 0.6P * term as an approximation to the thick-wall and thin-wall equations. 596 NEW 799 (E45)SORE Section VIII Design Seminar ] le Cylindrical Shell Under Internal Pressure a 9/22/93| 312 -- Stress Distribution Across Wall THICK-WALLED ‘ CYLINDRICAL VESSEL Figure 7 Thick-Walled Cylindrical Vessel Stresses are non-uniform across a thick-walled vessel (having an t/t ratio < 10) (596 NEW 753 (ENG)(Sb) Section VII Design Seminar i | Cylindrical Shell Under Internal Pressure TPP| 9/24/93; 3-13 Equations for Thick Cylindrical Shells Appendix 1 - Supplementary Design Formulas In the case where of or P>385SE Circumferential ongitudinal Joints ), (1-% when " P " is known and t is desired: t= R@e-1) = R, 22-0 Ze where oo SE-P where "t" is known and P is desired: p= se(Z—+) Z+i1 where Z = Equations also exist for longitudinal stress in cylindrical shells and for spherical shells. Refer to Appendix 1 for equations. 6596 NEW 789 (ENG)Section VIII Design Seminar i i TPP| __9/22/93| __3-14 Cylindrical Shell Under Internal Pressure 200+ ‘Thick Shell Formula el (Code Formula (Ug-27) Thin Shell Formula oe 10 = T I ~ 10: 1 a eC eTinShels Thick Stell Comparison of Formulas for Hoop Stress in a Cylindrical Shell Figure 8 Comparison of Hoop Stress Equations 6596 NEW 73 (ENG)Section VII Design Seminar | \ ; Cylindrical Shell Under Internal Pressure TPP| _9/22/93| 3-15 Z RI = Shell 1 ID = 96 7 _ 1 50 Shell 2 a ag Figure 9 Vessel for Shell Intemal Pressure Calculations or (596 NEW 79 ENG)TSS ORE pr Section VII Design Seminar | i Cylindrical Shell Under Internal Pressure TPP| 9/22/93! 3-16 E AL ie ER. RN, CALCULATE SHELL REQUIRED THICKNESS FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE DESIGN PARAMETERS: P 5 150-psi T = 800-F Corrosion Allowance Shell Material -S := 12000.-psi Eg =10 Ey =10 1D y= 96-in Do = 72in Te sr Pc Hy = 50-f Ho = 50-ft Hy = 40in 596 NEW 7185 (ENG) Design Pressure ~ Design Temperature None ‘SA515-70 Carbon Steel Plate All. Stress from Section II Part D from Table 1A for SAS1S Gr70 @ 800 deg F Full Radiography on Longitudinal Seams - Joint EfE. = 1.0 for Type | Joint Full Radiography on Girth Seams - Joint Ef = 1.0 for Type I Joints Inside Diameter of Shell 1 Inside Diameter of Shell 2 Density of Fluid Contents Height of Shell 1 Height of Shell 2 Height of Reducer ConeSERGE rae Section VIII Design Seminar Cplindrical Shell Under Internal Pressure rep| _9/22/93\_ 3.17 (DRICAI UNDER. Calculate Required Thickness of Shell Courses Due to Design Pressure Shell 1 eo Required thickness based on circumferential (Hoop) stress Ug-27(6() if PR 7 SE ¢- 06P t =0.605-in Required thickness based on longitudinal (Axial) stress UG-27(c)(2) Se — 2S-Ey +042 *2-12000-1.0 + 04-150" +t =0.299-in ‘The required thickness based on axial stress is approximately 1/2 that required for hoop stress. Shell 2 eo UG-27(6)(1)_ Thickness based on hoop stress PR 7 150.-36. SEQ-06P 12000."1.0- 0 t —s 150 ¢=0.453-in 6596 NEW 73 (ENG)Cn Section VIII Design Seminar \ | CS Cylindrical Shell Under Internal Pressure ree| _9n23|_ 3.18 E S UG-27(c)(2) Thickness based on axial stress t=0.224-in Repeat Calculations Including the Effect of Static Head Shell 1 - Height of Fluid = 50° HyT P ¢=19.792-psi Regquired thickness based on hoop stress is 2 .684-in Shell 2 - Height of Fluid = 50’ + 40" + 50" ‘H = 103.333 -ft 596 NEW 700 (NG)Section VIII Design Seminar \ 7 i Cylindrical Shell Under Internal Pressure TPP 9/22/93 | EXAMPLE - CYLINDRICAL SHELL UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE P 5=40,903-psi De (e + Pi) SEQ -06(P+P¢) (150. + 40.9)-36. = ig 12000.-1.0 - 0.6(150. + 40.9) t= 0.578-in SUMMARY OF REQUIRED THICKNESS FOR SHELLS 1 AND 2 Hoop Stress Axial Stress PH150 psi P=150 + Static P=150 psi Head SHELL] 605" 684" 299" S78" 224" SHELL2 453" $96 NEW 789 (ENG)Nets. aes vaclude shote heed. —— ~ = MAP xr x shes abe. &. Uy derbst passe bees not lew for obhe bed danny operon,Section VIII Design Seminar | | Design of Formed Heads EM|__9/21/93|__ 4-1 DESIGN OF HEADS * ‘TYPES OF HEAD DESIGNS i - Hemispherical - Ellipsoidal - Torispherical (Spherically Dished, or Flanged and Dished F & D ) - Conical - Toriconical (Cone Head with Knuckle) - Flat Heads - Spherically Dished Covers (Bolted Heads) * ASME CODE RULES ARE LOCATED IN UG-32 and App. 1-4, Formed Heads and Sections with Pressure on Concave Side (Internal Pressure). These are non-bolted formed heads such as hemispherical, ellipsoidal, torispherical, conical and toriconical. - UG-33, Formed Heads with Pressure on Convex Side (External Pressure) App. 1-5, Conical Heads and Reducers Under Intemal Pressure, Rules for the design of reinforcement when needed at cone-to-cylinder junction. = UG-34, Unstayed Flat Heads and Covers (flat heads, cover plates, blind flanges, circular and noncircular, welded, bolted, threaded etc). = UG-35, Other Types of Closures - Spherically Dished Covers, App. 1-6 = Quick-Actuating or Quick-Opening Closures, UG-35() = UG-47, Braced and Stayed Surfaces or Braced and Stayed Flat Plates 6596 NEW 799 (ENG)a Section VIII Design Seminar | Design of Formed Heads em! 9213| 4-2 DIMENSIONS OF TYPICAL HEADS (4) Content (0 Tortcondeat (Cone Heed With Kuda) uc Rare 806 NEW 780 (ENG) ‘ ‘Figure 1 - Principal Dimensions of Typical Heads (Ref. ASME Fig. 1-4) ee) minimum required thickness of head after forming inside diameter of head skirt; or inside length of the major axis of an ellipsoidal hea?— or inside diameter of a cone head at the point under consideration measureu perpendicular to the longitudinal axis outside diameter (similar to inside diameter) one-half of the length of the minor axis of the ellipsoidal head inside spherical or crown radius for torispherical and hemispherical heads inside crown radius one-half of the included (apex) angle of the cone at the center line of the head inside diameter of the conical portion of a toriconical head at its point of tangency to the knuckle, measured perpendicular to the axis of the cone D -2r(1-cosa) internal design pressure: Section VIII Design Seminar | i Arse” Design of Formed Heads EM 921/931 4.3 _ ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD - 2:1 RATIO * Minor axis is one half of the major axis 2-2 2h ‘An acceptable approximation of a 2:1 ellipsoidal head is one with a knuckle radius of 0.17D and a spherical radius of 0.90D, [UG-32(0)]. * The minimum required thickness or the MAWP is given in UG-32(d) as PD P 2SEt t = ———— or = 2SE-0.2P D+0.2t wa $506 NEW 789 (ENG)sro — rr Bid) Section VIII Design Seriénar i i (Ses) sen of Formed Heads eu! 9/21/93\__ 44. OTHER ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS * For other ratios of major to minor diameters of ellipsoidal heads Appendix 1- 4(c) provides formulas. In terms of inside diameter PDK ipa __2SEE t= ———._.0 2 ———— 2SE - 0.2P KD + 0.2t In terms of outside diameter \, PDK iz 2SEt t = ——_*___. or — P= ————__—. 2SE + 2P(K-0.1) KD, -20K Where 2. K= 4bf2 6 2h = Numerical values of the factor K are given In ASME Table 1-4.1 TABLE 1-41 VALUES OF FACTOR K (Use Nearest Value of 2 /2h; Interpolation Unnecessary) eT a YY YY YT kay L255 dae? emer Dik 19 asa Agee as a x 09 om? ome ark Ohh aks 03080 Figure 2 Values of Factor K (Ref. ASME Table 1-4.1) - Note for a 2:1 ellipsoidal head K=1, which reduces to equation in UG-32. 6596 NEW 799 ENG) w aSection VII Design Seminar i Design of Formed Heads EM|__ 9/21/93! s K - FACTOR 45 theoretical values opproximate valuee given by Eq. (9.6) enci le hoop stress at lon Renelie meridional stress at Inside surface of knuckle crea Compressive hoop stress! 2 at outside surface —— of Knuckle area seb] | i 1s 2.0 % Figure 3 Variation of Stresses in a Ellipsoidal Head 506 NEW 755 (ENG)TORISPHERICAL HEAD Flanged and Dished (F & D ) Head Standard ASME F & D Head _ Standard ASME F & D Head L Do = outside diameter of the skirt T 6%L = 6% of inside crown radius 6% D, = outside diameter of skirt * Thickness and Pressure formulas for this case are given in UG-32(e) 0.885PL SEt = ————— _ or P= —_——__ SE - 0.1P 0.885L + 0.1¢ * For material having a specified minimum tensile strength exceeding 80,000 psi torispherical heads shall be designed using an allowable stress, S, equal to — 20,000 at room temperature and reduced in proportion to the reduction in maximum allowable stress values at temperature (596 NEW 719 (ENG) a oEE —a Section VIII Design Seminar i | Design of Formed Heads EM| _9/21/93\ 4-7 TORISPHERICAL HEAD Nonstandard ASME F & D Heads * Formulas for other proportions are provided in App. 1-4(4) 7 In terms of inside radius ,- PLM _ 4, p = __2SEt 2SE - 0.2P IM + 0.21 7 In terms of outside radius PLM 7 2SEt 2SE + PM - 0.2) ML, -1(M -0.2) ‘0 Where the numerical factor M is given by the following formula.2 m=434 4 4 r ‘Numerical values for M are provided in ASME Table 1-4. TABLE 1-42 " VALUES OF FACTOR (Use Nearest Value of L/; Interpolation Unnecessary) ir aes aS aS BUS soe sas aso OO re es MeO oe ooo CS Mo Ws ae ase ee Lae ae dag 28 Ur 98 noose SoD Mise ase nse nse aso abs dss oay2 ods? (2) Masiqum at awed by UG-32() when Lea the ote ameter ofthe si ofthe head Figure 4 Values of Factor M used in Torispherical or F & D Heads (Ref. ASME Table 1-4.2) Note for r/L = 6% or Lir = 16 2/3 then M= 1.77. The 0.885 factor in UG-32 is equal to M/2. ‘596 NEW 703 (ENG)aro — rr ‘Section VIII Design Seminar | Design of Formed Heads EM|__9/21/93\__4-8 UG-32(j) * For any unstayed head the inside crown radius shall not be greater than the outside diameter of the skirt. . For a Torispherical or (F&D) head the inside knuckle radius shall not be less than 6% of the outside diameter of the skirt of the head but in no case less than 3 times the head thickness. Maximum L = Skirt O.D., i.e D, Minimum r 6% of Skirt O.D, i.e Do AN but not less 3 times head thickness. * Maximum limit on L set limits on flatness of head. Large L approaches a flat plate. Minimum limit on r controls curvature. The small the curvature the more abrupt the change. Larger r implies more gradual change. 598 NEW 789 (ENG)TSSUEORE race Section VIM Design Seminar | i Design of Formed Heads EM|__9/21/93| 4-9 6596 NEW 780 (ENG) TAPERED TRANSITION UG-32(1) All formed heads, thicker than the shell, intended for butt welded attachment, shall have a skirt length sufficient to meet the requirements of Figure UW- 13.1. This provides for a 3:1 taper and center line offset tolerance. All formed heads, with thickness equal or less than the shell thickness, intended for butt welded attachment, need not have an integral skirt. When a skirt is provided, its thickness shall be at least that required for a seamless shell of the same diameter. In other words the skirt portion for this case is treated like a seamless shell.Section VIII Design Seminar | Design of Formed Heads Em| 9/21/93 TAPERED TRANSITION FIG. UW-13.1 41 “Thinner pat 1 Tangent ine A 112 16,-t9) <12 4-1) Lanath of reuited ‘ 5 ‘aoer,R may inctude : ‘he wih ofthe wal % uw tm) In all caus, the projected length oft The sell be not ethan 3y tthe head ite carer ine, ® i ’, Tangent toe eH etl sep aie {all catchall not be las than 3y wien fy excacf- Minimum length of skirt is 3 but need not exc 1-12 in ncap when ‘econ fo provide required length of tape Wren py eee! 20 oF fee than 1.25, the langth of skirt shall be muizlont for any required tape. ‘Length of rauired taper Ray include the width ofthe weld. The sll late cancer ine may be on siher side ofthe Need place contro. FIG. UW-13.1 HEADS ATTACHED TO SHELLS (CONT'D) (See Table UW-12 for Limitations) ‘Figure 5 Heads Attached to Shells (Ref. ASME Fig. UW-13-1) 206 NEW 783 (ENG) a gR 1506 NEW 780 (ENG) Section VIM Design Seminar io Design of Formed Heads eM|_92v93\__ a. 80/10 F&D HEAD This is a torispherical head with an inside crown radius 80% of the skirt O.D. and an inside knuckle radius 10% of the skirt O.D. L = 0.80 D, r=0.10D, This is analyzed using the rules of Appendix 1-4(d) which employ the M- factor. The 80/10 head is less costly because the manufacturing and forming is less complex than an ellipsoidal head. The contour of the ellipsoidal head is constantly changing. For internal pressure, the thickness of an 80/10 head is approximately 66% of the standard ASME F&D head. In comparison the ellipsoidal head is 57% as thick as the standard head (i.e. the ellipsoidal head is only slightly less thick as an 80/10 head but more costly to manufacture) For external pressure the ellipsoidal head is thicker than the 80/10 head. The ellipsoidal head is approximately 90% of thickness of the standard head, as against thie 80/10 which is approximately 80% of the standard ASME F&D head. :Section VIII Design Seminar ‘aan 7 ze Design of Formed Heads eu|_9nus3|__ 4 80/10 HEAD EXAMPLES This figure shows dimensions of heads using in subsequent comparisons of thickness requirements of various types of heads. Also notice the various height or space requirements of the heads. The extreme height requirements are given by a flat head and a hemispherical head whose height is equal to its radius. e500 NEW 799 (ENG)‘Section VIII Design Seminar — Design of Formed Heads EM‘ 11/4/94 4-13 80/10 HEAD UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE EpRer. PAR. UG-39 UNFIRED PRESSURE VESSEL CODE CCunyEs BaseD ov: Ey" pmest P= #0 PS (EXTERNAL) 2) Tem." > inte. 5c) Retrenead » Santo rp 200° SEE FIG UMA-241 sree ex. | Hh io f ‘FLUPSOmAL Ppt 'BRIGHTON CORPORATION ‘incur, OD "FANE HEAD (COMPARISON CHART 506 NEW 789 (ENG)Section VIII Design Seminar Fee ee Design of Formed Heads zu 9/21/93| 4. 80/10 HEAD UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE ‘Figure 8 Thickness Comparison of Formed Heads Under External Pressure (Ref. Brighton Catalog, 1981) 596 NEW 73 (ENG)Section VII Design Seminar i Design of Formed Heads EM\ 9/21/93 4-15 THICKNESS REQUIREMENTS UG-32(a) and UG-32(b) * For formed heads (ellipsoidal, torispherical, hemispherical and toriconical) under forming, the required thickness is the thickness at the thinnest point after forming. It is customary to use a thicker plate to take care of possible thinning during the process of forming (see footnote 18). * The thickness of an unstayed ellipsoidal or torispherical head shall in no case be less than the required thickness of a seamless hemispherical head divided by the joint efficiency of the head-to-shell joint. (596 NEW 799 ENG)TREE Section VIII Design Seminar 7 _ Design of Formed Heads em onus te COMPRESSIVE STRESSES IN KNUCKLE REGION Under certain geometric conditions ellipsoidal and F & D heads experience compressive stresses in the knuckle region. Thus heads could fail by buckling in this region. This is due to displacement compatibility requirements between the head and adjoining shell. The code requirements for head geometry are intended to prevent this mode of buckling. , 4 @ #, . 4; 2 9, 20 ee al 19} of sue vol. “ 4 i ee ~——. 9 E “ud : 7 = weak aot ~s0 aa i ipsoi is ‘inder with Variation fo of Stress in an Ellipsoid to Stressin a Cyli Ratio of Stes Ratio of Major-to-Minor Axis Figure 9 Variation of Stresses in Elliptical Head as Function of Major-to-Minor Diameter 0, = 6, = meridional stress in head or longitudinal stress in shell where the head is attached to. ¢; =o, = — hoop stress in head apfh = maximum tensile stress which is the same as the hoop stress in a cylinder (pr) (596 NEW 79 (ENG) y 3SEER Section VIII Design Seminar i: | Design of Formed Heads EM, _9/21/93\__ 4-17 1596 NEW 719 (ENG) M FACTOR FOR TORISPHERICAL HEADS The M-factor is an empirical equation developed by ASME Code, VIII-I, with correlation of test data conducted by Hohn. It gives. conservative results for the majority of heads designs but is unconservative for large ratios of 1/t (knuckle radius/thickness i.e thin knuckle). This ratio was not considered by ‘VI-1 in its derivation which was based on constant value of r/t. Division 2 used plastic analysis to evaluate buckling behavior of the knuckle region with large r/t ratios. A design figure was developed giving the P/S as a function of U/L and r/D. Division | is presently reviewing this issue. PVRC research by Prof. Kalnins has developed Division 1 curves similar to Division 2. Until new code rules is recommended that heads with large r/t ratios be examined ion 2 rules adjusting for the difference in allowable stress.= (596 NEW 799 (ENG) x v Section VII Design Seminar i Design of Formed Heads EM} _ 9/21/93) M FACTOR CURVE t q gt 5 Ratle of maximm stress to crown stress ! Lahr antintoat nen r For Fs &'B. heade goers et T 1 Rot lo of minimum knuckle redive to crown rodiue, r/L Figure 10 Factor M Empirical Equation for F&D Heads (Ref. Jawad and Farr, 1989) 41506 NEW 719 (ENG) TENSILE STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS For ellipsoidal heads designed under K >1, and all torispherical heads made of material having a specified minimum tensile strength exceeding 80,000 psi torispherical heads shall be designed using an allowable stress, S, equal to 20,000 at room temperature and reduced in proportion to the reduction in maximum allowable stress values at temperature { see UG-32(e) and footnote 1 in App. 1-4(c) } For ellipsoidal heads K>1 corresponds to D/2h ratios greater than 2 {see Table 14.1}Section VIM Design Seminar | Design of Formed Heads Eu 9/24/93\ 4-26 HEMISPHERICAL HEAD UG-32(f) * ~~ When the thickness of the hemispherical head does not exceed 0.356L or P does not exceed 0.665SE pa Pk opp = 2 SE 2SE-0.2P 1+0.2t For thick spherical shells see formulas in Appendix 1-3. A thin hemispherical shell in terms of material is the most efficient or thinnest component that can be designed for internal pressure. It utilizes the material to full extent since both the hoop and longitudinal stresses are equal. Also, typically the thickness of the hemispherical head is approximately equal to half the thickness of a cylindrical shell. #596 NEW 799 (ENG)Section VIII Design Seminar ea Design of Formed Heads EM|\__9/21/93|___4-21 HEAD EXAMPLES A) Description; A standard ASME F&D head with and inside crown radius equal to skirt outside diameter and an inside knuckle radius equal to 6% of crown radius. From UG-32(e) = _0.885PL SE - 0.1P design pressure (psi) = 150 psi side crown radius (in) = 72 in. allowable stress (psi) = 12 ksi for SA-S15 Gr70 @ 800°F = lowest efficiency of any joint in the head = 1.0 marry 0.885(150)(72) _L , Taoog.s-a1isy = 0798 laches B) Description; An 80/10 F&D head. In other words a torispherical head having an inside crown radius 80% of skirt O.D. and inside knuckle radius 10% of skirt O.D. From Appendix 1-4 p= Pe 2SE-02P M = factor of torispherical head which depends on head geometry proportion of Lir, where tis the inside crown radius. Other parameters are defined above. L , RG0%) . 516, g r 72(10%) 72 M=146 Table 1-4.2 or equation = 150)(57.11.49) = g.g97 : © * Fazo0qy(1.0)-0.20150) 527 inches z 606 NEW 785 (ENG)C)Description: Verify standard ASME F&D head with general torispherical head formulas in Appendix 1-4(4) which employs the M-factor 2 5724008) 6.67 = 72(68) M=1.77 Table 1-4.2 which is 2(0.885) (150) (72) (1.77) = = 0.798 inches 2(12000) (1.0) (150) Itis seen that the answers are the same. D)Descrintion: -—-A2:1 Ellipsoidal Head. From UG-32(4) PD 2S5-0.2P — (450) (72) eo 2 (12000) (1.0) -0.2 (150) ELDesctiption _-_-Hemispherical Head. “From UG-32(6) PL 2SE-0.2E (180) (72/2) Sse 2 (12000) (1.0) -0.2(150) (6596 NEW 7/93 (ENG) ©rire —r 5 EY Section VIII Design Seminar | i Design of Formed Heads EM| 9/21/93, __ 4-23 E)Description: A 2:1 Ellipsoidal Head approximated as an F&D Head with L=0.90D and r=0.17D. From UG-32(d) and App. 1-4) L = 0.90D = 0.90(72) = 64.8 7 = O.17D = 0.17(72) = 12.24 M -16n5H) = 133 = PIM. 23E-02P (250)(64.8)(1.33) 2(12000)(1.0) -0.2(150) t = 0.539 G) Description: 80/10 F&D Head From Appendix 1-4(4) L _ 0.80 7 00” M=146 Table 1-42 (150)(0.80)(72)(1.46) 2(12000)(1.0)-0.2(150) £596 NEW 753 (ENG)Section VIII Design Seminar Design of Formed Heads EM| 9/21/93: 4-24 It should be noted that in the above calculations for simplicity the outside diameter of the skirt is taken-equal to the inside diameter in defining the crown radius and knuckle radius. The difference is negligible because of thin component in relation to the diameter. ‘A comparison of the required thickness for the various head designs and the cylindrical shell is provided below. COMPONENT TYPE REQUIRED THICKNESS (IN) | RATIO OF THICKNESS ‘Hemisphérical 0.255 1.0 Cylindrical Shell 0.453 178 Standard ASME F&D Head 0.798 3.13 2:1 Ellipsoidal Head 0.450 1.76 80/10 F&D Head 0.526 2.06 An F&D approximation to 2:1 0.539 2.07 ellipsoidal head (j.e. 0.90D and 0.17D) 296 NEW 799 (240)Section VIII Design Seminar i i rooer Design of Formed Heads EM| __ 9/21/93] 425 CONICAL HEAD axis of rotation alf apex angle Ry = Ricos a, tangential radius of curvature Ry ==, Jongitudinal radius of curvature Figure 11 Geometry of Conical Head * Conical head is similar to cylindrical shell is analyzed by expressing the tangential radius of curvatyre in terms of the radius, i.e R, = R / cos @ « Alpha, a, is the half apex angle of the cone. 596 NEW 79 (ENG)SER a Section VII Design Seminat Design of Formed Heads EM! CONE FORMULAS onus 4-26 * Equilibrium equation for conical head, tangential stress (similar to hoop direction) PR t cosa a * Code formula is UG-32(g) for conical head PD SE - 0.6P-= ——— 2t cosx 7 Code formula in UG-27 for cylindrical shell sz - 0p = 72 = 20 “2 ‘The similarities between the formulas for cylindrical shells and conical heads are obvious. 596 NEW 79 (ENG)Section VIM Design Seminar oO i Design of Formed Heads 9/21/93. CONE-TO-CYLINDER JUNCTION * The force diagram at cone to cylinder junction shows the compressive hoop stress at the junction due to the geometry or direction of applied pressure. In addition compatibility constraints exist. 427 Figure 12 Force Diagram at Cone-to-Cylinder Junction * The larger the angle the larger the force. The code addresses this inward force by limiting the angle to 30 degrees and reinforcing the junction in Appendix 1-5. For angles’ larger than 30 degrees a discontinuity analysis can be performed per 1-5(g). (6596 NEW 71 (ENG)Section VIII Design. Seminar Po jee ey Design of Formed Heads EM| 924/93) 42 CONE AND CONICAL REDUCER FORMULAS - UG-32(g) * Common axis of vessel elements, i.e centerline line up. * No transition knuckles at the junction *- Half apex angle, «, less or equal to 30 degrees — PD. _ 9_SEE 2cosa(SE-0.6P) D+1.2tcosa 596 NEW 775 (ENG)Section VIM Design Seminar i Design of Formed Heads EM) srus| 4.29 HALF APEX ANGLE GREATER THAN 30° UG-32(h) * A toriconical head may be used in lieu of a conical head when the half apex angle is greater than 30 degrees. This provides a transition angle. This knuckle thickness is determined using the formulas for a torispherical head in which the crown radius, L, is defined as D, 2cosa Where D, = inside diameter at point of tangency to the knuckle D, = D - 2r(1-cosa) Altetnatively, a discontinuity analysis may be performed satisfying the requirements of 1-5(g), [ Refer to UG-32(g) and UG-32(h)]. 596 NEW 793 (ENG)a Section VIN Design Seminar ee Design of Formed Heads EM|__ 9/21/93 CONICAL REDUCER STIFFENERS siid 573q stiffeners 12" dia. CONICAL REDUCER SECTION STIFFENERS ‘Figure 13 Conical Reducer Section Stiffeners *. A stiffener ring shall be provided when required by the rule in 1-5(d) and (e)-~ [see UG-32()]. : * Reinforcement is not required when a calculated angle A > ct. Values of A are tabulated in 1-5. Otherwise reinforcement is required. App. 1-5 gives equations to calculate the area required for the reinforcing ring. In addition the code provides the location and distance of the ring from the juncture. * Division 1 does not specify distribution of area ring on either side of juncture, These are presently under investigation by ASME committees. Division 2 provides better rules and be examined for guidance. 6596 NEW 799 (ENG)Section VIII Design Seminar i ison Design of Formed Heads al 993 4a OBLIQUE CONICAL SECTIONS UG-36(g) UG-36(g) TT S8— (firs ~F Oe Gy > G9; therefore use Oy in design formulas Figure 14 Oblique Conical Section * The larger half apex angle can be used in the design formulas. S 596 NEW 759 (ENG)x) Section VIII Design Seminar Design of Formed Heads CONICAL HEAD EXAMPLE EM| 921/931 large end 96 “1D. a=halt-apex angle 1271.0. small end type 1 jolats common axis EG cet tnwanree a Figure 15 Example Conical Reducer Dimensions DESIGN PARAMETERS All vessel sections have a common axis No knuckles transitions are assumed Half apex angle is less than 30 degrees Design Pressure = 150 psi Design Temperature = 800 °F No corrosion allowance Full radiography assumed No service restrictions Material = SA 515 Gr. 70 (Carbon stee! plate/sheet) Diameter at large end = 96 inches I.D. Diameter at small end = 72 inches LD. 506 NEW 7 (ENG)TesuEEE TE Section VIII Design Seminar i ‘ Design of Formed Heads Em|_9/21/93|__ 4-33 From geometry the half-apex angle is 96-72 2 40 = @ = 17° tan (a) = ‘The thickness for the conical reducer is determined using formulas in UG-32(g) += FD 2cosa(SE-0.6P) fe) 0602 inches 2cos17(12000)(1.0)-0.6(150) Note that the large end ID used because it gives the larger thickness. 696 NEW 7 (ENG)Tssceaare Section VIII Design Seminar | Design of Formed Heads EM|__9/21/93\ 4. DESIGN EXAMPLE CONICAL REDUCER SECTIONS REINFORCING RING REQUIREMENTS (1-5) I. _ Determine P/S,E,, then from Table 1-5.1 find A: 1. Large end: P 150 se = 00125 SE, 120001.0) where: Se allowable stress of shell E, = _jointefficiency of longitudinal joint in cone/cylinder From Table 1-5.1; since 2 = 00125 > 0.009 SE, A=30 <. a compression ring is not required since 30° > 17°. 2. Small End: Pos 10 . gons SE, 12000(1.0) a= 9.87 Since A, = 9.875° and is less than 17°, .”. a reinforcement ring is required. (6596 NEW 79 (ENG) a %(Bagh) Seeion var Design Seminar A yee Design of Formed Heads El GDNF 4-35 CONICAL REDUCER SECTION - REINFORCEMENT RING REQUIREMENTS DESIGN EXAMPLE Determine k: k = 2, but k is not less than 1.0 SEs ‘When reinforcing is ring is on the shell y= SE, 12000(30E6) _ 12000(30E6) TL. Determine required cross-sectional area of reinforcing ring for the small end, 4 22 (1-4) tana SE, \ @ Where Q, = algebraical sum of PR, = ad, & 2 in axial load at small end due to wind, dead load, etc., excluding pressure, Jb/in. 0.0 @,.= 2508 «2709 #2 2 in 5 4, = QMEFOOED|, - 2278) wr = 12000(1.0) 7 Aj = 8.1(0.42)(031) = 1.05 in? 5596 NEW 789 (ENG)Tor Section VIII Design Seminar | i Design of Formed Heads EM|__9/21/93| CONICAL REDUCER SECTION - REINFORCEMENT RING REQUIREMENTS DESIGN EXAMPLE ‘When the thickness, less corrosion allowance, of the reducer and/or the cylinder exceeds that required by the applicable design formula, the excess thickness may be considered to contribute to the required reinforcing ring in accordance with the following formula: Ag = 0.78/RZ, |(t, In our example, the reinforcement ring must be located within a distance of (Ry,)' (small end) from the junction of the reducer and the small cylinder. ‘The centroid ( for a homogenous material it is the center of gravity) of the added area shall be within a distance of 0.25(R,1)" (small end). 506 NEW 79 (ENG)9/21/93 437 ® Section VIII Design Seminar Design of Formed Heads EM| THICK HEAD FORMULAS Thick head formulas do not exist in the ASME Code for any formed heads except of one exception. This is for a spherical shell which are given in 1-3, The spherical shell formulas can be used for a hemispherical head. 6506 NEW 799 (ENG)6596 NEW 789 (ENG) SSR Section VII Design Seminar | Design of Formed Heads eu F&D HEAD PER DIVISION 2 £ NOTE: For 21 Stow Popa & aot i "anon bési CURVES FOR TORSPHERIAL HEADS AND 22 ELUPSCDAL EADS FOR USE WITH AD-2082 AND AD-20433 a G43 ‘Figure 16 Design Curves for F&D and 2:1 Elliptical Heads (Ref. ASME ‘VIIL-2, Fig. AD-204.1) ‘ausRE rar Section VIII.Design Seminar " Design of Flat Heads EM| _9/22/93| 5-1 FLAT HEADS UG-34 * Unstayed flat heads, cover plates, blind flanges Circular and noncircular plates and covers * Welded and bolted Formulas are derived from elastic, small deflection plate theory. The boundary condition or edge effect is accounted for by the C-factor. * For welded plates only, the C-factor includes a factor of 0.667 which effective increases the allowable stress to 1.5S (i.e. bending). For bolted plates, the concern is deformation and the smaller allowable decreases possibility of leakage. rede PAT MEAD. — snr iz ; ver veLot 2 = ve THE HO Sammees £ surrswee = SPacING TS Ce DESIGNED = AWALZTICALLY. 506 NEW 79 (ENG)Section VIII Design Seminar Design of Flat Heads a i i Em|_922/03| FLAT PLATE EQUATIONS Unstayed circular welded plates cP SE t=d, Bolted circular plates t noncircular welded plates pa 4 | 22 SE Where Z=34~2.44 * noncircular bolted plates pag| Zor , 6% SE SELd’ 06 NEW 79 (ENG) Unstayed square, rectangular, elliptical, obround, segmental or otherwise 32.5 Unstayed square, rectangular, elliptical, obround, segmental or otherwise 5.27TERT rae Section VIN Design Seminar r ' Design of Flat Heads EM\__9/22/93\ 5-3 SYMBOL DEFINITIONS d= diameter or short span, measured as indicated in Figure UG-34 C = factor which accounts for method of attachment. It also incudes an increase in allowable stress for bending to 1.5S for welded plates only. P = design pressure S = maximum allowable stress, from stress tables E= joint efficiency, from Table UW-12, for any category A weld as cL defined in UW-3(a)(1). | = factor for noncircular heads | ! W = total bolt load as determined from Appendix 2 | hg= gasket moment arm L = perimeter of noncircular bolted head measured along the centers of bolt \ holes \ Thas conus ah thre on 2 Oa ta ated (ue qt not ol th, oe i ee 2H nah hood ove Nop ore ws 596 NEW 7155 (ENG)Section VIII Design Seminar voi of Design of Flat Heads EM| _ 9/22/93| TYPES OF FLAT HEADS Lom iene ‘nin 8280 t Sodan Co 492%, mi ran an 1284, any etn x S Se conimaion {PORT nto RG Scretecionn Lf Bp tase mm ‘Bet on el cece +032, mi = 29 ® rap nea wate cere 0 = ea ad | eno evan esse ‘nt Seton: stem, le ea" oe " a ih weer ASH eno Sees eves ” w FG. U036 SOME ACCEPTABLE TYPES OF UNSTAYED FLAT HEADS AND COVERS. “Te Adore Irena Are Dramatic Ou. Oe Des That Meet ‘be Rogirenents of UO Ae Recep Figure 1 Some Acceptable Types of Unstayed Flat Heads (Ref. ASME Code Fig. UG-34) Figure is used to obtain the C-factor 590 NEW 799 (ENG) 2 a SfSection VIII Design Seminar ” Design of Flat Heads Em| _9/22/93| 5-5 ELASTIC PLATE THEORY Simply supported circular plates under uniform pressure o = 0.309 P (F Fixed circular plates under uniform pressure 2 o = oss P (4 t The C-factor represents the boundary condition effects on the maximum stress. (Note: The maximum stress does not necessarily occur at the same location, such as at the center of the span for a simply supported plate. C = 0,309 Theoretical simple supported plate C = 0.188 Theoretical fixed plate For welded plates an increase in stress allowable in bending is allowed to eRe 0.205 simple supported plate 6.125 fixed plate For bolted covers the stress limit is 1.0 S C = 0.308 simple supported plate C=0.3 ASME Fig. UG-34(j),(k) value (i.e simple supported) Other values of C in UG-34 represent other boundary conditions, relative stiffness of plate and shell or effective d of plate. 6596 NEW 753 (ENG)Section VIII Design Seminar le es) Design of Flat Heads . na onzisa| S00 CORNER JOINT WELD DETAILS UW-13@) eat in Z Zsa CLEA Se yeme an an 2 o Troi Uneayed Flt Hens, soporte sod Unetopored ‘Tubesheru Witt» tog Fun, sod Se Pat of Rectangles Va For omtayed Sathana UG ‘Figure 2 Attachment of Pressure Parts to Flat Plates to Form a Corner Joint (Ref., ASME Code Fig. UW-13.2) * ‘These are some typical permissible weld attachments of plates to shells to form a comer joint. It also incudes weld size requirements. ES og ais (a). 590 NEW 793 (ENG) 2S ®Section VIII Design Seminar t (ee ‘Design of Flat Heads EM | 9722/93| 5.7 NON-PERMISSIBLE CORNER JOINTS ‘Type! Nonparminlbie Corner Joiets Figure 3 Typical Non-permissible Corner Joints 7 A common characteristic of these weld attachments is that they are not able to provide significant moment resistance. This is important since for plates the primary load transfer method is bending. < eras hee Neve eee wer? : AecepraAwe FOR eg Facker TR owes ban elo Can GE A SINele PULET- Sie ore WES, 5596 NEW 78 (ENG)SOE re Bb) Section VIII Design Seminar I" (Se, Design of Flat Heads EM|__972/93\__5.8 DESIGN EXAMPLE WELDED UNSTAYED FLAT HEAD Design Pressure = 150 psi Design Temp. - = 800F Corrosion Allowance = None Material = §AS515-70, S = 12 ksi Shell thickness _ Shell ID = 96 in. Full Radiography Performed on Vessel No Service Restrictions Circular and Seamless Cover Flat Head attached to shell per Fig. UG-34 (0) where C = .33m > .20 r=a|SP SE £, _ required thickness of seamless shell me t, actual thickness of shell less C.A. . ~ PRS (150)(96/2) _ 7 SE-0.6P 12000(1.0)-.6(150) _ 0.61 m= oag 7 0813 « C = 0.33(0.813) = 0.268 = 0.20 = 96,| 2680150) _ 5 56, # = 964) 0cd.0) 7 555 96 NeW 790 (ENG) 20}Section VII Design Seminar | = Design of Flat Heads em| on23\__s.9 ANSI B16.5 Flanges Circular blind flanges of ferrous materials conforming to ANSI B16.5 and UG-11(@)(2) shall be acceptable for the diameters and pressure-temperature ratings in Table 2 of ANSI B16.5 when of the types shown in Fig. UG-34 sketches (j) and (k). x S96 NEW 799 (240)aad ‘Section VIII Design Seminar | issue Ou {Revlon Dats | Page & Braced and Stayed Flat Surfaces junc | 1049s | 61 Braced and Stayed Flat Surfaces (Circular and Non-Circular) ‘UG-47 - Braced and stayed surfaces ig t=p, SC where: p= max. pitch between any set of staybolts P = design pressure = max. allowable stress (Section II, Part D) C = a factor that affects the factor of safety by addressing the method attachment between the stay/staybolt and the flat plate. UG-32() If an ellipsoidal, torispherical, hemispherical, conical or toriconical head is of a lesser thickness than that required by UG-32, it shall be stayed as a flat surface per UG-47.ESSERE rr Section VIN Design Seminar i External Pressure Design em|_snos| 741 THEORY BEHIND EXTERNAL PRESSURE RULES OF APPENDIX 5 BUCKLING ANALOGY TO COLUMN A THIN CYLINDRICAL SHELL IS ANALOGOUS TO A COLUMN. - A COLUMN CAN BE SIMPLY DEFINED AS A MEMBER THAT FAILS IN COMPRESSION BY BUCKLING, OR COLLAPSING. - STRESS THAT ACCOMPANIES BUCKLING FAILURE IS ALWAYS LESS THAN THAT REQUIRED FOR A DIRECT COMPRESSIVE FAIL- URE. : A COLUMN IN TENSION WILL CARRY A GREATER LOAD THAN THE SAME COLUMN IN COMPRESSION; COMPARATIVELY, A THIN CYLINDRICAL SHELL UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE WILL CARRY A GREATER LOAD THAN THE SAME SHELL UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE. CPmnine faers — SRE ATCENDIX 2) ~ sos ntew 799 NG) er) Section VIN Design Seminar i See) External Pressure Design EM 9/19/9372 BUCKLING STRENGTH - THE STRENGTH OF A VESSEL UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE DEPENDS UPON ITS LENGTH, DIAMETER, THICKNESS AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ITS MATERIAL. - THE PRESENCE OF IRREGULARITIES IN A COLUMN UNDER_ COMPRESSION WILL GREATLY REDUCEITS STRENGTH BUT HAVE, LITTLE EFFECT ON THE SAME COLUMN UNDER TENSION; COMPARATIVELY, IRREGULARITIES IN A THIN CYLINDER UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE WILL GREATLY REDUCE ITS STRENGTH BUT HAVE LITTLE EFFECT ON THE SAME SHELL UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE. Shere Tovrecances IN OE-FO ze UG -?). 96 NEW 79 (ENG) aotSection VIM Design Seminar External Pressure Design EM|__ 9/19/93} BUCKLING MODES Edges Simple Supported € Fined ‘About -¢ Srarinad About ¢ ‘Figure 1 Shell Buckling Modes (Ref. Jawad and Farr)Son Section VIII Design Seminar | External Pressure Design EM 9993 7-4 TI EL GEO! RY SEL 1) COLLAPSING PRESSURE INDEPENDENT OF LENGTH (L/D,); DEPENDS ONLY ON D,/T: A) HEADS OF VERY LONG VESSEL TOO FAR APART TO EXERT INFLUENCE ON CENTER OF VESSEL rc B) HEADS OF VERY SHORT VESSEL SO CLOSE THEY PREVENT COLLAPSE OF VESSEL UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE UNTIL YIELD IS REACHED. 2) _ COLLAPSING PRESSURE DEPENDENT ON LENGTH (L/D,), AS WELL AS Dy IT: A) HEADS OF VESSEL SHORTER THAN A CERTAIN CRITICAL LENGTH. 6598 NEW 780 (ENG) golSSO ae Section VII Design Seminar | | External Pressure Design EM| __9/19/93|___ 7-5 TYPES OF FORMULAS FORMULAS FOR THE DESIGN OF VESSELS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THREE GENERAL TYPES: 1) STRESS, OR YIELD FORMULAS SHORT VESSELS 2) INSTABILITY FORMULAS CONTAINING BOTH L/Dy AND D,/T FOR ‘VESSELS OF INTERMEDIATE LENGTH 3) INSTABILITY FORMULAS CONTAINING D,/T ONLY FOR LONG ‘VESSELS (596 NEW 709 (ENG) &506 NEW 729 (ENG) 30! Section VIII Design Seminar i | External Pressure Design EM 9/19/93 7-5 - FA‘ S, SECTION VII DIVISION 1 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SETTING THE ALLOWABLE EXTERNAL PRESSURE STRESSES FOR CYLINDRICAL SHELLS, APPENDIX Q LOWEST OF THE FOLLOWING 1) 33% OF THE CRITICAL BUCKLING STRESS WITH A FACTOR- OF 80% FOR TOLERANCE. 2) 33% OF THE SPECIFIED MINIMUM YIELD STRENGTH AND YIELD STRENGTH AT TEMPERATURE. 3) 66% OF THE AVERAGE STRESS TO PRODUCE A CREEP RATE OF 0.01%/1000 HOURS (1%/100,000 HOURS) 4) 100% OF THE ALLOWABLE STRESS IN TENSION.596 NEW 79 (ENG) ‘Section VIM Design Seminar External Pressure Design GEOMETRIC CHART 9/19/93| 2ay7 = mowing spra9 + 80 Figure 2 Factor A for External Pressure Calculations (Ref. ASME Section II Part D Subpart 3 Fig. G) 2778- 9/19/93, sl GEOMETRIC CHART - Continued {S1VIU3LYW TI Hod) SONTGVOT 3AISSAYAWOD YO TWHUSLXG. W3QNN SLNANOdWO9 HOS LAVHD D1ML3HOaD 9 “DI seeosy ec eacesy cc eereer ic Ae \ ow Beta ar seg! s Par 7 = mauma sono + hur, Figure 3 Factor A - Continued 6596 NEW 79 (ENG) no79 snors| sf] Pl TT TARE 1A cour) ‘Sect ¢ sécriow mn, CLASS 2 AND 3° AbD SECTION Va, OEISION 1 Maca ALLOWABLE HTRESS VALUES 5 FoR FEROS MATERIALS (Cher Maen Temper’ Unt or Recto Cd ete El G8ses csaaas aseed Hass 4h re ek. PraPEEFT PEELE BESTE SEEEEE RET TT EERE TEE EREEETE BEET TREES EET | ! ad 1 1 fi: 1] AS) foakod onal HE LHL LH obant tbabs HHL 0.47"; must iterate the head calculations for b). Repeat calculations assuming t = 0.625" 42 2125 5 as one R, (76. + 0.625) ~ 1225 t 0.625 Now per UG-28(@) steps 2-6: ‘Using Section II Part D Subpart 3 Fig.CS-2 for SA515 Gr70 Material at 800°F: B= 7100 596 NEW 793 (ENG)SEE rae ‘Section VIM Design Seminar i | External Pressure Design EM! 9/19/93| 7-15 EORMED HEAD EXAMPLE B 7100 ; pe B . oR” Tease ~ BPH o, 0.625 Since 58 > 50 psi, the head thickness is sufficient to resist the external pressure. IN IMS CSE BNALYSIS 1S) VERY pI FRICULT AS SNAP THOoGH IS DIFFICULT JO peepicT. A feo TEST IS Reaviréd + (596 NEW 7 (ENG)Section VIM Design Seminar H External Pressure Design Em| 9/19/93 7-16 EXAMPLE PROBLEM ‘THICKNESS OF CYLINDRICAL SHELL UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE at? ‘Design Parameters: es Gee 1 Design Pressure: 50 psi External ror sem ' ) Design Temperature: : 800°F Corrosion Allowance: None Shell Material: SASI5 Gr70 Inside Diameter of Shell: nm Full Radiography Performed on Vessel No Service Restrictions Length of Shell Section: 50 in. 1. Assume a thickness t = 2." ( minimum required thickness exclusive of corrosion). L = design length of vessel section: = length of 72 in. dia. shell section + 2 {one-third the depth of formed head] ‘The depth of a 76 in ASME F&D head is approximately 12.6875 in. ( no head skirt) L=50+ {2e8) = 58.46 in, = 7 3 = 3g > 19.» therefore use UG-28(c)(1) Lb. S846 . are (596 NEW 75 (ENG)SRO rer Section VIM Design Seminar External Pressure Design FM 10/10/95 7.17 CYLINDRICAL SHELL EXAMPLE Using Section II Part D Subpart 3 Fig. G, A = 0.0085. Now using Fig. CS-2 for SA515 Gr70 material at 800°F, B= 10,500 # Since 368 psi > 50 psi, the shell thickness is sufficient to resist the external pressure, however, the calculation should be performed again using a thinner wall. 410500) = 368 psi {€ 2 2 t=05in. L = 58.46 in. L=50 “of 2 B = 146>10 » therefore use UG-28(c)(1) L _ 3846 _ 939) Using Fig. G-, A = 0.001 Now using Fig. CS-2 for SAS15 Gr70 material at 800°F, B= 7,200 596 NEW 79 (ENG) BSection VIN Design Seminar 4 nee External Pressure Design El 91919377 CYLINDRICAL SHELL EXAMPLE 4B 40200) 657 pst (0.5, Since 65.7 > 50 psi, OK ‘Note: Since the head attached to the shell is thicker, per UG-33(i), a head skirt with a length sufficient to meet UW-13.1 may be required when a tapered transition is required per UW-9. ( Ifa skirt is required, the shell calculation should be calculated again using a new " L ".) 296 NEW 759 (2NG)Page No, Section VII Design Seminar tute | om og | De Part UW - Welded Construction Ine REQUIREMENTS FOR PRESSURE VESSELS FABRICATED BY WELDING. © WELDED JOINTS - Categories - Types ¢ SERVICE RESTRICTIONS ¢ RADIOGRAPHY REQUIREMENTS - Joint Efficiencies - Quality Factor& CATEGORY - For example: a longitudinal joint in cylindrical shell is a Category "A" Section VIM Design Seminar auter | Dae Page No Part UW - Welded Construction INC | 10/30/95 | 8-2 WELD JOINT CATEGORY Does not define the type of joint. Defines the location of a joint in a vessel. Category A Figure 1 Category "A" Joint& Section VIII Design Seminar ‘Author Part UW - Welded Construction a eel 10/30/95 Page No. 83 CATEGORIES OF JOINTS Fig. UW-3 Figure 2 Welded Joint Locations Typical of Categories A,B,C and D Longitudinal welds in main shell or attached nozzles; welds within a sphere, head or flat sided vessel; circumferential joints connecting hemi-heads to a vessel or part of a vessel. Circumferential welds in a shell or nozzle or connecting formed heads other than hemi-heads to a vessel or part of a vessel. Welds connecting flanges, tubesheets or flat heads to a vessel or part of a vessel and welds connecting sides of flat-sided vessels. Welds connecting nozzles to a vessel or part of a vessel. Luc, HALE cee, sAcKer CeuuRee TD SHB WES De wer Kak of, WAVE A cArecony& Section VIII Design Seminar Part UW - Welded Construction Aathee INC Dae 10/30/95, Page No, Bd WELDED JOINT TYPE TYPE - Defines the configuration of a welded joint, not the location. For example: A type 2 joint is a single butt weld with a backing strip left in place. It could be a longitudinal or circumferential seam. Figure 3 Type 2 Joint tA Per UW-9(a) there are six permissible types of welded joints permitted in arc and gas welding processes. These joint types are listed in Table UW-12.Sel Section VII Design Seminar Part UW - Welded Construction Due INC | 10/30/95 | 8-5 PERMISSIBLE JOINT TYPES TYPE 1 TYPE 2 TYPE 3 omy ALI) 1 UNI CABLE TD UeeiFy PULL PENETRANOV)91 Section VI Design Seminar Part UW - Welded Construction «| Due INC | 10/30/95 Page No. 86 PERMISSIBLE JOINT TYPES (Cont.) TYPE 4 TYPE 5 TYPE 6we S Section VIM Design Seminar Part UW - Welded Construction Autor INC Due 10/30/95 Page No. & UW-3(b) BUTT WELDS Welded joints in which the angle between the planes of the two plates being joined is no greater than 30° are considered butt joints. An example is the Category B joint attaching a cylinder to a cone with the angle at less than or equal to 30°. Joints in which a is greater than 30° are considered comer joints. Thus UW-12 joint efficiency rules do not apply to comer joints. Comeg Torts Do Errcinucy PewartyPage No, 10/30/95 | 8-8 Due Aubee INC Section VII Design Seminar Part UW - Welded Construction oo ww wm a aema 2. 2mo teu peng jo wauNEE oy ojuojnn ape Bey oro wm w a 20pm BIRD Ce) ee. uy OY eS 10-1 % <0 ww ww 277.8 2H0 200 Fmt erwMAUNIND ( “en 1% so a w y ne 04 sel APM ¢e) ot vy Hy 190 ngump apie wz 2210 you por Hn % 200 ns ggg 70 #88 0 ovo w w DRY Yeu Epo me! Ing reuEUMII um wf PPS, cpa "reean (0 270m pap sv0 ovo oo oray on vee sane 9 BONDE 390 1080 oo ory nm eT PERN, “pesope aut md om oN ‘ere feb Bo 29, “Semin 8 Feunapbal A sue oy apne FO spre poe spr} mg vo eI ‘om prodep yo An wet ‘a wre me aE ‘ago 130 Bono ove sro or orev 0H ‘a pee se rw GC 0H ets na ‘ootoneg ‘ener, oneag ™ ° @ o wer ‘wer oat aT rae ‘SLNIOP G307IM SV9 ONY SUV YOd SBION3IOLT LNIOF TTAVMOTIV WANTON ZEMN STaVL 12 Section VIM, Div. 1 TablePage No 89 Due 10/30/95 ‘abo INC (4001 esHsveonaw7 NaSD savery HH 93) Fo pssteyss Ng (ss 3 of AHIMOg “SSY aaar3aM sad TIT IPG OE sath to ae oD ON Sand AO wrDOaW] aioq| Section VIM Design Seminar Part UW - Welded Construction oN nn pam Asoonasd wonenpHu uot wEAUED Yee 0} aM 3] HB LC S208 vw o Section VII, Div. 1 Table UW-12 S& Section VII Design Seminar ‘Autor | ae Page No Part UW - Welded Construction INC | 10/30/95 | 8-10 SPECIAL SERVICE VESSELS © Special service further limits joint types permitted in table UW-12 LETHAL SERVICE UW-2(a) A lethal substance is one that is a poisonous gas or liquid of such a nature that a very small amount of the gas or vapor of the liquid, mixed or unmixed with air, is dangerous to life when inhaled. It is the user's responsibility to identify whether the substance contained in the pressure vessel is lethal or not. Foe Unchresoased WELDS on Lema Seevice THESE =mtusr BE 1 uu pens (nor 1682 stmt isl Cine! on ce. Eupricge ur LEcrUReEs Full Penetration WELD VECKS. RE comeew Darien) © "Must use Type 1 or 2 butt welded joints. Thus, all flanges must be weld neck flanges Gay attached by full penetration butt welds, or per Wold No.2 UW-2(a)(1)(c) [Fig. UW-13.5] for lap joint stub ends. FIG, UW-13.5 FABRICATED LAP JOINT STUB ENDS| FOR LETHAL SERVICE act& Section VII Design Seminar ‘Ander | Da Page No. Part UW - Welded Construction INC | 10/30/95 | 8-11 SPECIAL SERVICE VESSELS CRYOGENIC SERVICE UW-2(b) These service restrictions apply: - for carbon steels, when vessels operate below -50°F as specified in UCS-68 - for high alloy steels when impact tests of the base metal or weld metal are required by UHA-S1. Joint Category, Joint Type 1 (Lor 2 for certain austenitic stainless steels and welds) lor2 Full Penetration Full Penetration Se puAees (eon pyreD. "Flanges must be attached with full penetration welds (no stip-on flanges).Section VIII Design Seminar ‘Autor | Due age No Part UW - Welded Construction INC | 10/30/95 | 8-12 SPECIAL SERVICE VESSELS UNFIRED STEAM BOILERS UW-2(c) © —_ Unfired steam boilers with a design pressure exceeding 50 psi. A waste heat recovery boiler is an example of an unfired steam boiler. Joint Category joint Type 1 lor2 No Restrictions No Restrictions DIRECTLY FIRED VESSELS UW-2(d) Pressure vessels or parts subject to direct firing from the combustion of fuel (solid, liquid, or gaseous), which are not within the scope of Sections LIII, or IV. ‘Joint Category Joint Type A 1 B,t>5/8" lor2 Cc No Restrictions D No Restrictions celel & Section VII Design Seminar ‘Autor | Dae Pain No Part UW - Welded Construction INC | 10/30/95 | 8-13 UW-11 & UW-12 RADIOGRAPHY REQUIREMENTS TYPES OF" RT" e Full © Spot © None When RT is not required by specific Code rules, the degree of RT is optional and is determined by desired joint efficiency and/or quality factor. If user fails to specify joint restrictions, the Certificate Holder may follow minimum Code requirements.& Section VIM Design Seminar ator [Due Pag Ne Part UW - Welded Construction INC _| 1295 | 814 UW-12(a) FULL RT REQUIREMENTS ¢ Full radiography per UW-51 is required of individual butt welded Type No. 1 or 2 joints that use the joint efficiency in column (a) of Table UW-12. UW-11(a)(5) FULL RT REQUIREMENTS Also, for Category A and D joints or for vessel sections and heads that use the efficiency in column (a) of Table UW-12: © all Category A and D butt welds must be fully radiographed © Category A and B welds which connect the vessel sections or heads must be Type No. 1 or 2 butt joints © Category B or C butt welds which intersect the Category A butt welds must be spot radiographed [UW-11(a)(5)(b)] : 5 2:1 Ellipsoidal * Number of spot RT's to satisfy UW-11(a)(5) depends on the number of 50' weld increments (See UW-52). Neves (F Te = Ne22zLE 1s ATTACHED UiTh A CONNER Sow iT NEGD meT GE PADIGEAPHED. Category D butt weld net. & Section VIM Design Seminar ‘Autor | Due PaisNo, a Part UW - Welded Construction INC | 10/30/95 | 8-15 UW-11(a) FULL RT REQUIREMENTS © Full radiography is also required for special conditions: SERVICE OR WELD PROCESS FULL RT REQUIRED Lethal All butt welds [UW-11(a)(1)] Unfired steam boilers > 50 psi All butt welds [UW-11(a)(3)] Electrogas welds with any pass >1-1/2" All butt welds [UW-11(a)(6)] or electroslag welds Butt welds > specified thickness Per UW-11(a)(2) Sport kT Poss NOT Bye TR ge 4 CAEHED FON EACH CAT. GB VeLD. OWwLy kh OF THE TMH KLEQvVEED NotmAccy THE = AVTHIKISED 7aSPEcTOR ASKS ron Shr - ECR AT Une. /ri|c. (INTEL SE cr bo AAS IS WOT aA crs CEQAULEM Er ,> Section VII Design Seminar Part UW - Welded Construction UW-11(a)(2) FULL RT REQUIRED BASED ON THICKNESS 981 Author Dae Page INC | 10/30/95 | 8-16 Full RT is required when the least nominal thickness at the welded joint is >1.5" or the lesser thickness prescribed elsewhere in the Code (for example, Table UCS-S7, below). (UW-11(@)(2)] TABLE UCS-57 THICKNESS ABOVE WHICH FULL RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF BUTT WELDED JOINTS IS MANDATORY P-No. & Gr. No. Classification of Material 1Gr. 1,2,3 3 Gr. 1,2,3 4Gr. 1,2 SA,5B Gr. 1 9A Gr. 1 9B Gr. 1 10A Gr. 1 10B Gr. 2 10C Gr. 1 10F Gr. 6 Nominal Thickness Above Which Butt Welded Joints Shall Be Fully Radiographed, in. 1% 3/4 SIR 0 5/8 5/8 3/4, 5/8 58 3/4 Similar rules apply to other materials such as high alloy, non-ferrous, etc. [See UW-11@)Q)}.Section VIII Design Seminar Part UW - Welded Construction INC Due 10/30/95 Page No. 8-17 UW-11(a)(4) & (a)(5)(b) FULL RT EXCEPTIONS FOR NOZZLES & COMMUNICATING CHAMBERS Coven om CEM SReVICE) ‘An exemption to the service or thickness requirements for full RT of Category B & C butt welds is provided for nozzles and communicating chambers not in excess of NPS 10 nor 1-1/8" wall thickness [UW-11(a)(2) & (a)(4)]. ‘An exemption to the requirements for spot RT of Category B & C butt welds that intersect Category A butt welds is provided for nozzles and communicating chambers not in excess of NPS 10 nor 1-1/8" wall thickness [UW-11(a)(5)(b)].& Section VII Design Seminar ‘Astor | Due age No, Part UW - Welded Construction INC | 10/30/95 | 8-18 31 UW-11(b) & UW-12(b) SPOT RADIOGRAPHY Except as required in UW-11(a)(5)(b), Type No. 1 or 2 butt welded joints not required to be fully radiographed by UW-11(a), may be examined by spot radiography in accordance with UW-52, with the joint efficiency in column (b) of Table UW-12 used. When an entire vessel is designated for spot RT, Category B & C butt welds in nozzles and communicating chambers that exceed neither NPS 10 nor 1-1/8" thickness need not be RT’d. UW-52: If the welds are made by the same welder, the number of spot radiographs isa function of how many 50' weld increments are in the total weld footage. See UW-52 for details on the definition of weld increment.& Section VII Design Seminar ‘ator | Dae Page No. Part UW - Welded Construction INC | 10/30/95 | 8-19 UW-11(c) & UW-12(c) NO RADIOGRAPHY © No radiography is required when the vessel or vessel part is designed for external pressure. E = 1.0 for butt joints in compression. © No radiography is required when the joint design complies with UW-12(c) (column (c) of Table UW-12). ee poche dies of oy antrrel fre sSore calcs,> Section VI Design Seminar ‘autor | Da ago. Part UW - Welded Construction INC | 10/30/95 | 8-20 STRESS MULTIPLIERS ont "|B " is a stress multiplier which may be either a joint efficiency or quality factor. Table UW-12 gives the joint efficiencies E to be used in the formulas for butt welded or lap welded joints completed by an arc or gas welding process. Except for UW-11(a)(5), stress multipliers apply to joints, not vessel sections. Thus, the E used to calculate the thickness of a shell based on hoop stress corresponds to the level of RT performed on the longitudinal (Category A) joint; conversely, the E' used to calculate the thickness of a shell based on axial stress corresponds to the level of RT performed on the circumferential (Category B) joints. The designer has complete flexibility to design on a joint-by-joint basis.& Section VII Design Seminar Part UW - Welded Construction Aushoe INC Due 10/30/95 Page No. 8-21 QUALITY FACTOR UW-12(d) & (e) © Quality Factor - a stress multiplier of 0.85 is imposed on seamless components that do not meet the spot RT requirements of UW-11(a)(5)(b). In order to use 100% of the allowable stress for seamless components, any connecting Type No. 1 or 2 Category B or C butt welds must be at least spot RT‘ in accordance with UW-52. [UW-12(4)] © Welded pipe or tubing has to comply with the same requirements of UW-12(4). This means that the quality factor of 0.85 is imposed in addition to the 0.85 factor that is incorporated in the allowable stress in Section II, Part D [UW-12(e)].hi Section VIII Design Seminar stor | Dae Page No & Part UW - Welded Construction INC _| 10/30/95 | 8-22 QUALITY FACTOR Consider the following example: Se Seamless F&D Head Cat. B—> Seamless Shell Seamless Shell and Head No radiography performed on the vessel; Category B weld is Type No. 1. E&D Head - E = 0.85 for thickness calculations since the requirements of UW-12(d) and UW-11(a)(5)(b) are not met. Shell - E = 085 for thickness calculations based on hoop stress [UG-27(c)(1)] since the requirements of UW-12(d) and UW-11(a)(5)(b) are not met. E =.70for thickness calculations based on axial stress [UG-27(c)(2)] since no radiography was performed on the Category B weld.Section VIM Design Seminar aster | Dae Page Part UW - Welded Construction INC | 10/30/95 | 8-23 ADDITIONAL QUALITY FACTOR RULES ‘An E = 0.85 shall be used for seamless vessel sections or heads when connected by Category A or B welds of Types 3,4,5, or 6 of Table UW-12. Nozzle or communicating chambers of any size are exempt from the spot RT quality requirements of UW-11(a)(5)(b), unless full RT is required for the Category B or C butt welds due to the thickness requirements in UW-11(a)(2). A quality factor of 0.85 is not applicable to nozzle neck thickness calculations [UG-45(6)] or to t, and t,, of reinforcement calculations [UG-37(a)]. 7 7 Ficume Iw #1 Hee IN por OF 4 SAN Hero IS ReGtere> AS BASE meme REPEL NO COE iis UG ARE Me rie gc BEER Py Neer og ECE oR PATE ANP WELD UP, Thar 1S A CAT oe! UBL)& Section VII Design Seminar Part UW - Welded Construction Page No, Dae INC | 117295 | 8-24 EXAMPLE 1 STRESS MULTIPLIERS 40 Fe Joint Category Type Joint Eff. ‘Comments 1 A 1 o-7 No er 2 A L O-7 No eT 3 A 1 Os ser RT 4 & 2 Orcs No eT 5 A 1 ows seer OT : 6 B 5 D-Sap| cee Se rane a WA I 1 B 1 oT wo eT hatht Section VIII Design Seminar ‘rster | dae Page No a Part UW - Welded Construction INC | 10/30/95 | 8-25 STRESS MULTIPLIERS EXAMPLE 2 Ellipsoidal Head Flat Head. Note: Lethal Service [-0 | wor ee pee! 40u er. Joint | Category | Type | Joint Eft. 1 I a 2 B 1-0 Chm 68 THE 1 OR 5 c Og | em 8 Tweet, | frat trea must = GE Foec6D gut WELD TYPE, ee Twas abt, be wd Fem Rome |, UE.& Section VIE Design Seminar Part UW - Welded Construction INC Dae Page No, 10/30/95 | 8-26 STRESS MULTIPLIERS EXAMPLE 3 ASME F&D Head Flat Head attached per Fig. UW-13.2 Spot RT sketch (e-1) for UW-11(a)(5)b) ) Flat Head made from 2 plates Joint | Category Type | Joint Eft. Comments ( B 7 ots Sfor kT: 2 A 1 lo 7 3 CK _|ccewee! sone |coothl sere La A t O-7 | wo er pone. ontUnt Section VII Design Seminar ‘andor | Dae Fags No Part UW - Welded Construction INC | 10/30/95 | 8-27 ot Cér ew &3) Cer-u) Fou er spor pr spor #r pee, ALL oveg, on SHECL << reaps. mae ae on HEADS. cite. Sémts.Section VIM Design Seminar Part UW - Welded Construction author | Due Page No. INC | 1172/95 | 8-28 STRESS MULTIPLIERS SOLUTION Bal Hemi head attachment weld to shell is a Cat. A : | weld. Hemi head is designed with E 0.70 A 1 0.85 Determines shell thickness based on cire. (hoop) stress B 2 0.65 ‘Determines shell thickness for long. stress A 1 0.85 | spot on joint 3 used for this joint also - part of 50’ weld increment B 5 N/A | Cannot use a Type 5 joint when head diameter is cat A 1 0.70___| Determines ellipsoidal headom EXAMPLE 2 Joint ‘VIM Design S autor | due” | Page no, Pauw + Welded Constuetion INC | 10/30/95 | 8-29 STRESS MULTIPLIERS SOLUTION Flat Head Note: Lethal Service Mandatory Full RT Category | Type | Joint Er. ‘Comments 1 A 1 10 Type 1 & Full RT 2 B 2 0.90 Optional Type 1 or 2 Mandatory Full RT 3 c 1 10 Optional Type 1 or 2& Section VII Design Seminar astoe | Dae reste Part UW - Welded Construction INC | 117295 | 8-30 STRESS MULTIPLIERS SOLUTION EXAMPLE 3 ASME F&D Head Flat Head attached per Fig. UW-13.2 Spot RT sketch (e-1) for UW-11(a)(5)b) @ Flat Head made from 2 plates ERWPipe _@) Type Comments 1 Spot RT used for longitudinal stress and for | quality factor of the shell and formed head 2 A 1 1.0 3 c NIA N/A _| Only need to Spot RT butt welds Comer Joint | Commer Joint 4 A 1 0.70= hi’ 596 NEW 789 (ENG) lozzle a ‘Section VIII Design Seminar - k Thickness LGAs TPP. UG-4S NOZZLE NECK THICKNESS UG-45(a) The minimum wall thickness of a nozle neck or other connection (including access openings and openings for inspection) shall not be less than the thickness computed from the applicable loadings in UG-22 plus the thickness added for corrosion allowance fon the connection. UG-45(b) Additionally, the minimum thickness of a nozzle neck or other connection (except for access openings and openings for inspection only) shall not be less than the smallest of the following: UG-45(6)(1) for vessels under internal pressure only, the thickness (plus corrosion allowance) required for pressure (assuming E = 1.0) for the shell oF head atthe location where the nozzle neck or other connection ataches 10 the vessel but inno case less than the minimum thickness specified for the material in UG- 16¢b: UG-45(o\2) for vessels under external pressure only, the thickness (plus corrosion allowance) obtained by using the extemal desien pressure as_an equivalent inuemal design pressure (assuming E = 1.0) in the Tormula for the shell oF head at the location where the nozzle neck of other connection attaches 10 the vessel ‘ut in no ease less than the minimum thickness specified for the material in UG-16(b); {UG-45(b)(3) for vessels designed for both intemal and external pressure, the greater of the thicknesses determined by (bX) or (b)(2) above: UG-45(2) 4) the minimum thickness® of standard wall pipe plus th thickness added for corrosion allow- ance’ on the conection; for nozzles larger than the Jargest pipe size included in ANSI/ASME B36.10M, the wall thickness of that largest size plus the thickness added for corrosion allowance on the connection. UG-45(c) The allowable stress value for shear in the nozzle neck shall be 70% of the allowable tensile stress for the nozzle material The minimum wiknese for all materials is that wall ickaest [ined in Table 2 of ANSL/ASME B3G10M, less 124%. For dma, ‘tbr than the listed at sandard (STD) in the Table, this shall be ‘used upon the sex! larger pipe size When a material specfeaion oes not specify schedule, weighs conforming 9 ANSU/ASME 'B36.10M, the pipe weight loiented as regular shall be used when se dasirated in the speificalon If ot 0 designate, the bewviet ‘ebedule Tised all be wed even tough ths is Nese dan the ‘Bikes of sandard weight pipe of ANSI/ASME B36.10M., 1019/95 2.1Section VIN Design Seminar Thickness if U ZZLE. = Nozzle neck thickness is based on: © the thickness required for UG-22 loadings (i.e. internal and external pressure, external loads) © the thickness of the nozzle relative to the thickness of the shell or head onto which the nozzle is attached . © the minimum thickness of standard wall pipe * When a corrosion allowance is specified, and UG-45(b)(4) controls the nozzle neck thickness, a pipe size greater than standard must be used. * — UG-45(a) pertains to access openings and openings for inspection; thickness is calculated for UG-22 loadings only. 596 NEW 79 (ENG) 7s!$4 Section VIII Design Seminar deter [om ‘Openings and Reinforcements INC | 10/1395 Page No, 10-1 OPENINGS AND REINFORCEMENTS © — General opening requirements © Reinforced opening theory © — Sources of reinforcement details (single openings in shells and formed heads) — Corrosion allowance Limits of reinforcement © Strength of reinforcement © Other reinforcement rules: - multiple openings in shells and formed heads - single and multiple openings in flat heads © Special requirements © Example Problemss! Section VIII Design Seminar santor | Das Page No Openings and Reinforcements INC | 10/13/95 | 10-2 PURPOSE OF OPENINGS e ing vessel contents © Performing inspections © Servicing and installing internal parts © Cleaning and draining the vessel4st Section VII Design Seminar Openings and Reinforcements ‘Asaboe INC _ 10/13/95 Page Ne 10-3 GENERAL OPENING REQUIREMENTS © Shapes and sizes of openings permitted © Exemptions from reinforcement © Multiple opening spacing for shells and headszs & Section VIII Design Seminar | Pag No Openings and Reinforcements Inc_| 10/1395 | 10-4 SHAPE OF OPENINGS UG-36(a) © Openings in the cylindrical or conical portions of vessels, or in formed heads, shall preferably be circular, elliptical, or obround. However, the code does not prohibit other shapes of openings. ‘When the aspect ratio of an obround or elliptical opening exceeds 2:1, reinforcement across the short dimension should be increased to provide against excessive distortion due to twisting moment. @ — Multiple openings are assumed to be circular.Section VIII Design S: ‘nator | Due Page &S CC gC _| 10/13/95 | 10-5 a Openings and Reinforcements UG-36(b) SIZES OF OPENINGS Shell diameter < 60", opening is not to exceed 1/2 the diameter or 20". Shell diameter >60", the opening is not to exceed 1/3 the diameter or 40”, For openings exceeding the above limits, supplemental rules of Appendix 1-7 shall be satisfied in addition to the rules of UG-36 through UG-43. (NOTE: Additional stress calculations should be performed in accordance with the Jacobs/McBride paper provided in Part 2 of the notes.) Properly reinforced openings in formed heads and spherical shells are not limited in size. When an opening is larger than ¥% the inside diameter of the shell, conical reducer sections may be used as an alternative to reinforcement. See UG-36(b)(2)(a- d). (See also Section VIII Division 2 - AD-211 and AD-212.)& Section VII Design Seminar ‘ator | Dae Page. Openings and Reinforcements INC | 10/1395 | 10-6 ssl UG-36(c)(3) EXEMPTIONS FROM REINFORCEMENT IN SHELLS AND FORMED HEADS Openings in vessels not subject to rapid fluctuations in pressure do’ not require reinforcement other than that inherent in the construction under the following conditions: a) welded or brazed connections with finished opening no greater than: e 3'/, in. diameter - in vessel shells or heads 3/8 in. or less in thickness. © — 2, in. diameter - in vessel shells or heads over 3/8 in. in thickness. b) For threaded, studded, or expanded connections in which the hole cut in the shell or head is not greater than 2°/, in. diameter. AND (Next page)& Section VIII Design Seminar ‘ater | Due Page No. Openings and Reinforcements INC | 10/13/95 | 10-7 UG-36(c)(3) EXEMPTIONS FROM REINFORCEMENT IN SHELLS AND FORMED HEADS c) no two unreinforced openings shall have their centers closer to each other than the sum of their diameters <> & so d) no two unreinforced openings in a cluster of three or more shall have their centers closer to each other than the following: — © for cylinders or conical shells vap— PT (1 + 15 cos @)(d, + d,) 2 e for doubly curved shells or heads, 2.5¢d, + d,) O 2.5(d1 +2) UG-36(d) - Openings may be placed in welded joints. See UW-14 for additional provisions. 4!121 @ Section VII Design Seminar Openings and Reinforcements Aor INC Date 10/13/95 Page No 10-8 UG-39(a) EXEMPTIONS FROM REINFORCEMENT IN FLAT HEADS © SINGLE openings that do not exceed the size limits in UG-36(c)(3)(a) & (b) AND do not exceed 1/4 of the head diameter or shortest span are exempt from performing reinforcement calculationsuu > Section VII Design Seminar Openings and Reinforcements ‘Astor Page No Date INC | 10/13/95 | 10-9 REINFORCED OPENING THEORY © The basic theory of reinforced openings is to supply pathways with additional material in the region of the opening to carry the loads of the opening. Att it te aVanlliil - f 1230 _ Fe bedded, (0 Lengtudoal . 256 attittttt wp Fig. 6.17. Variation in Stress in Region of a Circular Hole in (a) Cylinder, 7 (6) Sphere Subjected to Internal Pressure peeee eee Peed b bee or Ref. Theory and Design of Pressure Vessels, Harvey © Section VII, Division 1 uses a simple area replacement rule: a portion of the material that was removed by the opening, and which is necessary to satisfy static equilibrium, must be replaced within certain limits of the opening. e The area to be replaced is a function of two variables: 1, - _ the thickness required based on primary membrane “hoop” or primary bending stress od - the finished diameter of a circular opening, or the finished dimension ( chord length ) of a non-radial opening.gor & Section VIII Design Seminar ‘ater | Date Pape Openings and Reinforcements gnc} 1073/95 } 10-10 eyes Oo eT) a ane wih anal nie FIG. UG37 CHART FOR DETERMINING VALUE OF F, ‘AS REQUIRED IN UC-37 In general, for shells and formed heads (membrane stress components): Area Required = dx t,x F Where: d= Diameter or chord length of finished opening at the angle 0 being considered t= Thickness required (UG-37 Nomenclature) F = Correction factor which compensates for the variation in pressure _ stresses on different planes with respect to the vessel axis. Only applies to integrally reinforced openings in shells and cones. ( See UW IS b) Norwes Ate AUowen Te Sir os WELD SEAMS. YusicegHl Section VII Design Seminar srvttor | Date Openings and Reinforcements INC | 10/13/95 Page Ne, 10-11 UG-37 AREA REQUIRED FOR INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL PRESSURE (FOR SHELLS AND FORMED HEADS) (c) Design for Internal Pressure. The total cross-sectional area of reinforcement A required in any given plane through the opening for a shell or formed head under internal pressure shall be not less than Andi F +26gF-f,) (d) Design for External Pressure (2) The reinforcement required for openings in single-walled vessels subject to external pressure need be only 50% of that required in (c) above, where t, is the wall thickness required by the rules for vessels under external pressure. (2) The reinforcement required for openings in each shell of a multiple-walled vessel shall comply with (1) above when the shell is subject to external pressure, and with (c) above when the shell is subject to internal pressure, regardless of whether or not there is a common nozzle secured to more than one shell by strength welds. (e) Design for Alternate Internal and External Pressure. Reinforcement of vessels subject to alternate internal and external pressures shall meet the requirements of (¢) above for internal pressure and of (d) above for external pressure. (8) Details and formulas for required area and available area are given in Fig. UG-37.1. Section VIN, Div. 1 UG-37Section VIII Design Seminar Openings and Reinforcements Author INC Due Page Neo 10/13/95 | 10-12 SOURCES OF REINFORCEMENT e There are five sources for reinforcement: LAY: 2.Ay 3. Ag: 4.4 5.Ag : Excess thickness in the shell : Excess thickness in the outward nozzle projection : Excess thickness in the inward nozzle projection : Area available in the welds : Reinforcement pad At A2__N Aa $71shor Page No, ign Semi Due = Section VII Design Seminar fre lhanesedtie Openings and Reinforcements ‘GENERAL NOTE: Ince coniaereion of tne ara Bplay et toon ae oD. Cevierse vw ie taer vie For ore wal nmr howe Focnocl all bing ‘even all the et al Wena oifoeng Eman FEED = a nite Paty prt tad Arne nie = e+ Fe ~ ty Eye -Fe Nh) A= 4 ina tum re ae Mate tere r0) = ae -Fe fal fad tat tat Ae nie in spring aa a2, ore HEEB = a 2 tye atege Ame nt ee ADS © Marmara wid «22 ‘Arve enable in outta SY BF Aaa renee et = 2 ‘Aree eae omar wold Green msn tui rd Way sageagraes Aaa Coming at sent inn rioting lana must be a 0 Rater lament Ace A sme A som Arve reid Ay see Ay sve ov wltie Sy tale Art mia a ari projecting uted ig dey tte orator wee Ay = na ay stove ‘rw aaa ie iar noi ADM Ars ovtnn rors weld #23 ‘Arm ian award wd BIN = 442 ovwrsernnr wet = tole ‘re iba oor wa IBF = Aaa inven noct wis = tala em ea in ic wat mg 2 Oy —b~ 2) efng (Hee ‘Are ati in aan Way Ageia er thes Ag eA Conia wean intro (Te ore appt for seca roneaetonal sean a win ne nf reatoren. FIG. UG-37.1 NOMENCLATURE AND FORMULAS FOR REINFORCED OPENINGS (This Figure strates a Common Nome Corfigration and Is Net Intended to Prohibit Other Conguratins Permitted by the Code)Z2o1 Section VIII Design Seminar ‘autor | Dae Page Openings and Reinforcements INC | 10/13/95 | 10-14 CORROSION ALLOWANCE Per UG-36(c)(1), no metal added for corrosion allowance may be considered as reinforcement. Per UG-16(e) the dimensional symbols used in all design formulas throughout this division represent dimensions in the corroded condition,a Section VII Design Seminar ‘autor | oe | Papen Openings and Reinforcements INC | 10/13/95 | 10-15 UG-40 LIMITS OF REINFORCEMENT Nore: PAO CAs oe UP TO HHS THICKNESS, 2 eee Lpastoczs,+s, | Use sale value ete ! se UG-40 ‘Use mailer value a. for limits of : Le ee +e a a eS (Owe targa valve Une larger value For nozzle wall inserted through For nozzle wall butting wall the vera the versal wall Parallel to vessel wall, greater of: © d- diameter of finished opening e OR +t+t, Parallel to nozzle wall, smaller of: e 2 © 25% +t Where: R, = radius of finished opening t, = thickness of the nozzle wall without undertolerance t = thickness of vessel wall t, = thickness of reinforcement padSection VIM Design Seminar aster | ue Page No, Openings and Reinforcements INC _| 10/13/95 | 10-16 g Ue : Art aasAt t+ + 69! ; =a TL o FIG, UG-40 SOME REPRESENTATIVE CONFIGURATIONS DESCRIBING THE t REINFORCEMENT DIMENSIONOb Section VIM Design Seminar anttor | Dae PageNo. Openings and Reinforcements INC | 10/13/95 | 10-17 PLACEMENT OF REINFORCEMENT ELEMENTS Reinforcement pads may be place on the outside or inside of the opening, or both. ‘The reinforcement must be placed sufficiently near the opening to be effective; and yet it must be added with caution to prevent another problem such as high thermal stress. The best arrangement for reinforcement is the so-called balanced reinforcement which consists of about 35% of the required area on the inside, and about 65% of. the area on the outside. =f, mecnsaee | Sores Reinforcement add to ‘sie of operingMt Section VIII Design Seminar sastor | owe Page Na, Openings and Reinforcements INC _| 10/13/95 | 10-18 STRENGTH OF REINFORCEMENT (UG-41) If reinforcement material used (pad, nozzle, deposited weld metal, etc.) has an allowable stress value greater than the vessel material, no credit may be taken because of the higher stress value. If reinforcement material has a lower stress value compared with the vessel material, then the area of reinforcement provided shall be increased in inverse proportion to the ratio of the stress of the two materials. Strength Reduction Factor = f. = r a| a S, = allowable stress of reinforcement material S, = allowable stress of vessel material Below is an example where f, is used: A=dtF +2,6F(-£,) For nozzles that abuts the shell, f,, = 1.0: Az=dtFeu Section VII Design Seminar santo | Dae Page No. Openings and Reinforcements INC | 10/13/95 | 10-19 UG-42 REINFORCEMENT OF MULTIPLE OPENINGS IN SHELLS AND FORMED HEADS Limits of reinforcement {a) Two Openings Spaced st Lase Than Two Times Theit ‘Average Diameter Figure UG-42 The two openings shall be reinforced in the plane connecting the centers in accordance with UG-37, UG-38, UG-40 and UG-41. Combined reinforcement area shall not be less than the sum of the areas required for each opening. No portion of the cross section is to be considered as applying to more than one opening, nor considered more than once in a combined area. Overlap shall be proportioned between two openings by the ratio of their diameters. : If reinforcement area between the 2 openings is < 50%, use supplemental rules of Appendix 1-7. 7 For series of openings on the same centerline, treat it as successive pairs of openings.et > Section VIM Design Seminar Aor | ae Openings and Reinforcements INC | 10/13/95 Page No 10-20 UG-42 MULTIPLE OPENINGS IN SHELLS AND FORMED HEADS ‘Overlap area is proportioned between the two openings by the ratio of their diameters » arg | 7 UG-42(a) Proportioning Reinforcement For 4" a: 4 = 0,193.5) = 0.67 in ael7 For 17" a: 17_ = 0.81(3.5) = 2.83 in 417Section VIII Design Seminar ‘aut | Dae = | Pap &S Openings and Reinforcements gnc_| toss | 10-2: bb REINFORCEMENT OF MULTIPLE OPENINGS (Cc IN SHELLS AND FORMED HEADS {Gini of winorcoment Figure UG-42(b) © Minimum distance between centers of any two of these openings shall t times their average diameter and the area of the reinforcement between openings shall be at least equal to 50% of the total required for the two © — If distance between two centers of such openings is < 1'/, x average dia’ then: © Nocredit may be taken for any material between these ope © Openings shall be reinforced using UG-42(6).3) Section VDI Design Seminar ‘aster | Dae Page Na Openings and Reinforcements INC | 10/13/95 | 10-22 SL REINFORCEMENT OF MULTIPLE OPENINGS (Cont) IN SHELLS AND FORMED HEADS Reinforcing any number of adjacent openings per UG-42(c): © Use an assumed equivalent opening enclosing all such openings. ® For limits of reinforcement use UG-40(b)(1) and (c)(1). 7 Nozzle walls of the actual openings shall not be considered to have reinforcing value. © Use Appendix 1-7 when assumed opening exceeds the limits in UG- 36(b)(1) for large openings.‘auibor | Dae = | Page Wo INC | 10/13/95 | 10-23 Section VII Design Seminar Openings and Reinforcements UG-39: REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED FOR A SINGLE OPENING IN FLAT HEADS UG-39(b)(1): Standard Hole © Fora single opening with a diameter not exceeding 1/2 of the head diameter or the shortest span. (see UG-34) A=0.5dt where: d= finished diameter of the circular opening (see UG-37 for definition for non-radial opening) t= minimum required thickness of flat head or cover OR Increase the thickness per UG-34 calculations [UG-39(4)(1)]Ze & Section VII Design Seminar ‘aster | one Page No Openings and Reinforcements INC | 10/13/95 | 10-24 " UG-39: REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED FOR A SINGLE OPENING IN FLAT HEADS (cont.) © UG-39(c): Large Hole © Flatheads which have an opening with diameter > 1/2 head diameter shall be designed as follows: © UG-39(c)(1): Appendix 14-20 (Integral [circular] flat heads with a large, single, circular, centrally-located opening) with Appendix 2 related factors (Rules for bolted flange connections with ring type gaskets). e UG-39(c)(2): Provisions are made for the design of holes placed around the central opening. © UG-39(c)(3): For other type than that described above, there are no specific rules given, U-2(g) shall be met.VIII Design Semi: Author | Date ~ Page No. & Section VI Design Seminar wo [ow | tate bt Openings and Reinforcements REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED FOR MULTIPLE OPENINGS IN FLAT HEADS UG-39(b)(2): Widely spaced standard holes + © For openings with no diameter exceeding 1/2 of (and no pair average diameter exceeding 1/4 of) the head diameter or the shortest span (see UG-34) AND the spacing between a pair of openings is > 2 times the pair x >=2{(dl + d2)/2) average diameter: oa A=0.5dt ok where: d= finished diameter of the circular opening (see UG-37 for definition for non-radial opening) t= minimum required thickness of flat head or coverSection VIII Desiga Seminar ‘Author | Dave Page No. Openings and Reinforcements INC _| 1019/95 | 10-26 eu REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED FOR MULTIPLE OPENINGS IN FLAT HEADS © Closely spaced standard holes + © Openings in heads as above except that the spacing ; between a pair of openings is > 1-1/4 times and <2 times the pair average diameter, again: xe ai(dn + aay) > Last + day) oO A=0.5dt ot except that 50% of the sum of the required reinforcement for each pair shall be between the two openings. . For other type than that described above, there are no specific rules given, U-2(g) shall be met. oo] (©) 6 + NOTE: No ligament between openings or between an opening and an edge of the head shall be less than 1/4 of the smallest diameter opening adjacent to the ligament.Section VII Design Seminar ‘nar | Due Pape No Openings and Reinforcements INC _| 10/13/95 | 10-27 SPECIAL LIMITS FOR DETERMINING t, TO USE IN REINFORCEMENT CALCULATIONS ‘spherioal pert 5 speciat iste fort, 1S (a) Lintte tor tortapnertoal Heat 0.00 = eprctal Lint for ty Heeeee i; u | (8) Links for Bunipeoseat Head Torispherical Head, t, is the thickness required 1-4(d), using M=1. Ellipsoidal Head, t, is the thickness required for a seamless sphere of K,D, where D is the shell diameter and K, is given by Table UG-37. All reinforcement, including re-pad must be within the above limits. Ass Vil = fuows NoretSS To Ge owt HEAD Knick 6S, AnD STILL eR RERLACEN ENT ARIES - REINPeCEMEuT Rep CAv LeaP ALouvd ONTO THe SHELL.Author age No. Section VIII Design Seminar Due INC | 10/13/95 | 10-28 Openings and Reinforcements UG-38 FLUED IN OPENINGS Minimum Depth of Fangs Smaller of 34, ort, +3, mocenede ptt fast FIG. UG-38 MINIMUM DEPTH FOR FLANGE OF FLUED IN OPENINGS The thickness requirement for the flued flange shall meet the requirements of UG-27(internal pressure) and UG-28(external pressure). The reinforcement requirements shall meet UG-37. The minimum thickness of a flued flange on a vessel subject to internal or external pressure shall be the larger of the two thicknesses.& Section VIII Design Seminar raster [ose = | rapene. Openings and Reinforcements INC _| 10/13/95 | 10-29 OPENING REINFORCEMENT EXAMPLE Design Data: Shell inside diameter= 48 in. Design Pressure= 250 psi @ 200°F Shell material= SA-285 Gr C, S = 13.8 ksi Shell thickness= 0.875 in. Vessel is fully radiographed Corrosion allowance=0.125 in. _. cu @0 Nozzle size= NPS 6 BxtraStrofg (0.432 in, wall, 5.761 ID) Nozzle material= SA-53 B, S = 15 ksi Nozzle inside extension= 1.5 in. The nozzle does not pass through any seams Fillet weld size= 0.375 in. leg Opening Reinforcement Example& Section VII Design Seminar ‘autor | Dae = Openings and Reinforcements INC | 10/13/95 | 10-30 OPENING REINFORCEMENT EXAMPLE ( Cont.) First, account for corrosion allowance: £20,750 in, = 0.875 - 0.125 1=.0.307 in, = 0.432 - 0.125 d= 6.011 in, = 5,761 + 2.x 0.125 Ry 524.125 in.= 48 /2 + 0.125 Ry.= 3.006 in, = 5.761 /2 + 0.125 Wall thickness required: UG-27(6)(1) PR 250(3.006) : 0.6(250) == = 0.051 in. SE -06P 15000(; Area of Reinforcement Required: A=dtF +2t,tF (1-f,) F=1; 0 =0; f= S/S, = 15/13.8 = 1.09 ==> 1 = 6.011 x 0.442 x 14+2x0.307 x 0.442x1x0-D A= 2.657 in?®S Section VIII Design Seminar antee [oa = | Pano Openings and Reinforcements INC | 10/13/95 | 10-31 OPENING REINFORCEMENT EXAMPLE ( Cont.) Area of Reinforcement Available: bal A, . = (Excess in Shell) use larger = dE Ft) - 2G Ft), = 6.011(1x0.750-1x0.442) - 2x0.307(1x0.750-1x0.442)(1-1) A, =L851 in’ OR = 2(t+t, (Et Ft) - 2, -Ft)(1-f,) = 2(0.750+0.307)(1x0.750-1x0.442)-2x0.307(1x0.750-1x0.442)(1-1) = 0.651 in? A, = (Excess in Nozzle Neck) Use smaller = S(tyta)fat = 5 x (0.307-0.052)x1x0.750 = 0.960 = 5(ty-ta)fiaty = 5 x (0.307-0.051)x1x0.307 = 0.393 in? Ar 50.393 in?Section VII Design Seminar autor | Dae Page No. Openings and Reinforcements INC | 10/13/95 | 10-32 OPENING REINFORCEMENT EXAMPLE ( Cont.) h = smaller of 2.5t, or 2.5t 2.5t, = 2.5(0.307) = 0:768 in. 25t =2.5(0.750) = 1.875 in. ~h=0768 in, <1.5in. (OK) ‘Ay = (Inside nozzle projection) = 2(t,-c)h = 2(0.307-0.125)0.768 = 0.280 in? Aq = (Fillet weld outside) = leg’f,= 0.375°x1 = 0.141 int Ag = (Fillet weld inside) = leg*f= (0.375-0.125)'x1 = 0.063 in? Ar tA, + As + Ag tAg= Aroa® 2228 in? Since A < Aj, no additional reinforcement required.Section VIII Design Seminar oe Strength of Reinforcement UG-41 TPP! 9/22/93 U1 UG-41 STRENGTH OF REINFORCEMENT (a) Material used for reinforcement shall have an allowable stress value equal to or greater than that of the material in the vessel wall, except that when such material is not available, lower strength material may be used, provided the area of reinforcement is increased in inverse proportion to the ratio of the allowable stress values of the two materials to compensate for the lower allowable stress value of the reinforcement. No credit may be taken for the additional strength of any reinforcement having a higher allowable stress value than that of the vessel wall. Deposited weld metal outside of either the vessel wall or any reinforcing pad used as reinforcement shall be credited with an allowable stress value equivalent to the weaker of the materials connected by the weld. Vessel-to-nozzle or pad-to-nozzle attachment weld metal within the vessel wall or within the pad may be credited with a stress value equal to that of the vessel wall or pad, respectively. ®) On each side of the plane defined in UG-40(a), the strength of the attachment Joining the vessel wall and reinforcement or any two parts of the attached reinforcement shall be at least equal to the smaller of: ) the strength in tension of the cross section of the element or elements of reinforcement being considered (see Fig. UG-41.1 for examples and Appendix L-7 for numerical examples); (2) the strength in tension of the area defined in UG-37 less the strength in tension of the reinforcing area which is integral in the vessel wall as permitted by UG-40(4)(1) Gee Fig. UG-41.1 for examples and Appendix L-7 for numerical examples); (3) for welded attachments, see UW-15 for exemptions to strength calculations. (c) The strength of the attachment joint shall be considered for its entire length on each side of the plane of the area of reinforcement defined in UG-40. For obround openings, consideration shall also be given to the strength of the attachment joint on one side of the plane transverse to the Parallel sides of the opening which passes through the center of the semicircular end of the opening. (@) For detailed requirements for welded and brazed reinforcement see the appropriate paragraphs in the Parts devoted to these subjects (see UW-15 and UB-19). Stressemwe UG-41 Strength of Reinforcement JANEW 7183 ENG) z‘Section VIII Design Seminar Tissue Oate | Revision Oate | me Strength of Reinforcement UG-41 j INC | 10/s/95| 12 Exemption to Weld Strength Calculations * Per UW-15(b), weld strength calculations are not required for: = nozzles attached per Fig. UW-16.1 sketches (a),(b),(c),(d),(€), (£1), €-2),(£-3),(F-4)5(@),(%-1),(9-1), and (2-1) ~ nozzles attached per Figs. UHT-18.1 and UHT-18.2 (These attachment details correspond to nozzles which are attached * to the shell or head by full penetration welds, and which are integrally reinforced - no reinforcement pads.) * Also, per UW-15(b), small openings that are exempt from reinforcement calculations per UG-36(c)(3) need not be checked for weld strength. * If the shell provides all of the required reinforcement area, then weld strength calculations are not required, even if the nozzle is attached by fillet welds. (A, > A) L381 — vSection VII Design Seminar | i Strength of Reinforcement UG-41 TPP| = 9/22/93| 1-3. 1 rota wald ted (UG-41 (8) (2) AW ta ~ 245) lee — Fol § Wy. sweld load fF srangeh path 1-1 (UG-A1 (b) (1] wag + Ag +g +Aa2) eid load for stangeh path 2-2 (WG-41 (0) (1] Ag+ Ag+ Agy + Aga + 2igtha) S weld load for vongth beth 39 [UG-41 (8) (1) wag Ag +s thay Aan *Aag #2igtheS GENERAL NOTES: (a) Ay. Az, Age Ags and Ag 8% modified BY fo fet (b) Nomanelatire ie he sae a in UG-I7 and Fig, UG7.1 (a) Depicts Typical Nozzle Detail With Neck Inserted Though the Vou Wal Fig. UG-41.1(a) Nozzle Attachment Weld Loads and Weld Strength Paths To Be Considered. 506 NEW 753 (ENG) wl596 NEW 7a (ENG) Section VIM Design Seminar Strength of Reinforcement UG-41 =| | 9122193, LEE OIN [ | ! i \ 7777 aa IS 4 feerescre 1 =toal wal fond [UG-AT I) (201 = AS ig tg tay + Aaa) ay tags GENERAL NOTES: Am A& % 5 oad for srength path 1-1 (UG-41 (8) (1) si oad for srangen path 22 (UG-41 (6) (11) (a) Aree Ay, Ay, Ag, and Ag ar modified by fy feetre. () Nomanciature ithe same at in UG-27 and Fig, UG-IT- Ub) Depicts Typical Nozzle Otel With Neck Abuttng the Vera Well Fig. UG-41.1(b) Nozzle Attachment Weld Loads and Weld Strength Paths to Be Considered : H-Section VIM Design Seminar Strength of Reinforcement UG-41 | SSIEoRE Tre TpP|" _9/23/93\__ 11-5 Weld strength Calculation Example 6" Nozzle OD == 6.25-in ID = 5.39-in ty = 0.482in t= 0.625-in ty = 0.049-in .44-in leg := 0.375-in $= 18800-psi fpy = 10 A-=2535in” Required Area 1: 1.066in” Inherent Area from Shell A2=0.827-in” Area from Outward Nozzle A3-=0,933-in? area from Inward Nozzle AB = 0.0-in” Area from Reinforcement Pad Ad1 = O.141-in? area from Outward Nozzle Weld Ad = 0.0-in™ Area from Pad Outward Welds ‘Ad3 = 0.141in? Area from Inward Nozzle Weld Aq = Al+A2+A8+ Adi + Ads Aq =3.108-in” 6596 NEW 73 NG) sg Total Reinforcement Area weld LeySection VIII Design Seminar of Reinforcement UG-41 Must check weld strength per UG-41 since the nozzle is attached by fillet welds, and Al < A. From UG-41(b) (1) Strength Path 1-1W j; =(A2+ A5+ AdI+ Ad2).S “04 W 11 = 1.336104 -Ib Strength Path 2-2 Wo9 = (A2+AS+ Adl+ Ad3+2ty-tf,4)-S W 99 =3.563-10* -Ib UG~41(b) (2) Unit stresses UW-15(c), UG-45(d) Spws = 049S Fillet Weld shear S pws = 6.762-10° -psi Syws = 0.78 Nozzle Wall shear Swe = 9.66 10° -psi (596 NEW 7159 (ENG)(6596 NEW 753 (ENG) zl ao Trae Section VIM Design Seminar | | le | Strength of Reinforcement UG-41 TPP\ _ 9/23/93| L7 Strength of Connection Elements Fillet Weld Shear & Frws*> F pws = 2.489-10* -Ib Nozzle Wall Shear F nws =i (0D-+ taSnws F yws =3.814-10 «Ib Check Strength Paths per UG-41(b) (2) Path 1-1 F pws + F wg =6.303-10* -Ib To satisfy UG-41(b)(1), this strength path must be greater than the lessor of W11 or W. 63,030 > 13,360 OK Path 2-2 4 2-F pwg = 4979-104 -Ib 49,790 > 23,430 OK The fillet weld legs of 3/8" satisfy the weld strength requirements of UG-41.Section VII Design Seminar o i : Ligaments AS 9/2219: Li 'S UG-53 * Applies to cylindrical shell drilled for tubes in a line parallel to the « the shell for substantially the full length of the shell. Su 5K Sk sk Se su 5K Longitudinal Line 1/4 inchSection VII Design Seminar | Flange Design EM|__9/22/93| 314 GASKET FACTORS _ EMPIRICAL FACTORS m, y AND b ORIGINAL ‘TESTING~- AND DEVELOPMENT DESCRIBED BY ROSSHEIM AND MARKL (1943) PRESENTLY UNDER REVIEW BY PYRC AND ASME FOLLOWING SOME EXTENSIVE INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH ON SUBJECT - GASKET FACTOR m APPLICABLE TO OPERATING CONDITIONS, MULTIPLIER OF PRESSURE SIMILAR TO STIFFNESS PARAMETER = MINIMUM DESIGN SEATING STRESS, y APPROPRIATE TO GASKET SEATING CONDITION AT ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS. MEASURE OF GASKET STRESS OR BOLT LOAD REQUIRED TO OBTAIN A TIGHT JOINT . EFFECTIVE GASKET WIDTH, b EMPIRICAL MODIFICATION OF ACTUAL CONTACT GASKET ‘WIDTH. ACCOUNTS NONUNIFORM STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN GASKET DUE TO INTERACTION AND FLEXIBILITY OF FLANGE AND GASKET MATERIAL BEHAVIOR. Note: m and y are only suggested values, see note (1) to Table 2-5.1. The Effective Gasket Seating ‘Width, b; is ‘determined from the facing sketch and column in Table 2-5.1 which is used for input for Table 2.5.2.596 NEW 78 (ENG) x 7 Section VIII Design Seminar i ‘Flange Design EM___9/22/93' BASIC STEPS IN DESIGNING AN APPENDIX 2 FLANGE Bis ESTABLISH DESIGN PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE. THEY CORRESPOND TO OPERATING CONDITIONS IN APPENDIX 2. GASKET SEATING CONDITIONS ARE AT ATMOSPHERIC OR ROOM TEMPERATURE AND THERE IS NO PRESSURE DURING INITIAL ASSEMBLY OR BOLT TIGHTENING. ESTABLISH FLANGE DIMENSIONS. USUALLY STANDARD FLANGE DIMENSIONS ARE USED AS A GUIDE. ALSO MATING REQUIREMENTS TO A STANDARD FLANGE, LIKE A BLIND FLANGE, MIGHT CONTROL DIMENSIONS. SELECT GASKET MATERIAL, DIMENSIONS AND FACING. THIS GIVES m AND y FACTORS FROM TABLE 2-5.1 AND ALSO FACING SKETCH TO CALCULATE CONTACT WIDTH, N, THE BASIC GASKET WIDTH, b, AND DIAMETER AT LOCATION OF GASKET REACTION, G . CALCULATE MINIMUM REQUIRED BOLT LOADS FOR OPERATING CONDITIONS, W,,:, AND GASKET SEATING, W,.2. SELECT ACTUAL BOLT SIZES, DIAMETER AND NUMBER OF BOLTS. ACTUAL BOLT AREA GREATER OR EQUAL TO REQUIRED BOLT AREA FOR OPERATING AND GASKET SEATING CONDITIONS. CHECK CONFORMANCE WITH BOLT CIRCLE DIAMETER, GASKET ‘WIDTH AND FLANGE DIMENSIONS.Section VIM Design Seminar | Flange Design EM) _ 9/22/93 Bib ~ BASIC STEPS IN DESIGNING AN APPENDIX 2 FLANGE ( Continued) DETERMINE FLANGE DESIGN BOLT LOAD, W, WHICH IS USED IN MOMENT CALCULATIONS. CALCULATE TOTAL MOMENT ACTING ON THE FLANGE, M,, THIS ,, STEP REQUIRES CALCULATIONS OF FLANGE APPLIED LOADS AND’ ASSOCIATED MOMENT ARMS WHICH PRODUCE THE TOTAL APPLIED MOMENT. FOR AN ASSUMED FLANGE THICKNESS, t, CALCULATE FLANGE STRESSES AND CHECK AGAINST ALLOWABLES. FOR LOOSE TYPE FLANGES THE REQUIRED FLANGE THICKNESS CAN BE CALCULATED DIRECTLY FROM THE MOMENT. FOR INTEGRAL TYPE FLANGES A NEW VALUE OF THICKNESS IS ASSUMED AND THE PROCEDURE IS REPEATED UNTIL FLANGE STRESSES ARE WITHIN CODE ALLOWABLES. cr It should be noted that bolt load, applied moments and flange stresses are calculated for two sets of conditions, operating conditions and gasket seating. In Appendix 2 terminology operating conditions are associated with the design pressure and design temperature. The gasket seating conditions is associated with the initial assembly or bolt-up of the joint and typically associated with atmospheric or room temperature conditions.Section VIII Design Seminar le | Flange Design EM 9/22/93| By MINIMUM REQUIRED BOLT LOAD FOR GASKET SEATING CONDITIONS (2-5) Woo = abGy Where, Was = Minimum required bolt load for gasket seating conditions. b= Effective gasket width, Table 2-5.2 G = Diameter at location of gasket reaction load y = Minimum design seating stress for particular gasket used, Table 2-5.1. This load is a function of the gasket material and the effective gasket area to be seated: xbG = Effective gasket area to be seated Note also that b is an effective gasket seating width and not the actual gasket width in contact with the flange surface. The y factor is the initial gasket stress or surface pressure required to preload or seat the gasket to prevent leaks in the joint as the system is pressurized. Typical values are in Table 2-5.1. 596 NEW 798 (ENG) #Cc Meee oe = REQUIRED BOLT LOAD OPERATING CONDITIONS (2-5) Wri = H+ Hp Wai = 7/4G?P + (2b) (tGm) P Where H = Total hydrostatic end force exerted by the maximum allowable working pressure on the area bounded by the diameter of gasket reaction. H, = Compression load of gasket or joint-contact surface which experience has shown to be sufficient for a tight joint. It is expressed as a multiple m of pressure and it is a function of the gasket material and construction. m = gasket factor. ‘The m factor i the ratio of the contact pressure to contained pressure. Its related tothe residual. stress that must be present to prevent a leak after the system has been pressurized. When th: system is pressurized the contact pressure is reduced to some residual value, depending on the elastoplastic behavior of the gasket and its relationship to the elasticity or stiffness of the joint. Note the difference in the 2b coefficient in this equation in comparison to the equation for gasket seating. Table 2-5.2 shows the definition of b which is the effective gasket width. In this figure the effective gasket width is shown as 2b. The factors, m, y and b are empirical and m and y and m and b are related. This explains the inconsistency in the two equation for the calculation of bolt loads. 506 NEW 79 (ENG) » aSection VII Design Seminar ie j Flange Design EM\_9722/93| B19 BOLT AREA (2-5 ) ° ‘THE TOTAL REQUIRED BOLT AREA, A,,, IS THE GREATER OF THE TWO VALUES BELOW: Ag. = Wu /S, OPERATING CONDITIONS Ag = Wa: /S, GASKET SEATING S, = Allowable bolt stress at design temperature S, = Allowable bolt stress at atmospheric temperature : THE ACTUAL TOTAL BOLT AREA, A, PROVIDED DEPENDS ON THE AVAILABLE SIZES OF BOLTS AND NUMBER OF BOLTS USED. ASME USES THE CROSS-SECTION OF THE BOLT AT THE ROOT DIAMETER OF THE THREAD OR LEAST DIAMETER OF THE UNTHREADED PORTION, IF LESS. THIS AREA IS DIFFERENT THAN THE TENSILE AREA PROVIDED IN BOLTS STANDARDS SUCH AS ANSI B1.1. Ay =nxD/4 n= Number of bolts D = Least diameter of bolts, (not an Appendix 2 symbol) 'S96 NEW 785 (ENG)Section VIM Design Seminar | | Flange Design EM) 9722/93\ Ba. FLANGE DESIGN BOLT LOAD, W (2-5) _ FOR OPERATING CONDITIONS W = War = GASKET SEATING (a + A,) Sa 2 a | ‘The averaging of the two areas is done to provide a margin of abuse of the flange from overbolting. Since the margin against such abuse is needed primarily for the initial bolting-up operation which is done at atmospheric temperature and before application of internal pressure, the flange loading is required to satisfy this loading only under such conditions. When additional safety against abuse is desired, or where it is necessary that the flange withstand the full available load A,S,, the flange may be designed for this later quantity (See Note 2 in 2-5 ). The higher the W the higher the flange thickness required. 298 NEW 799 (ENG)Section VI Design Seminar i eS) Flange Design EM| 9263| pat BOLT SPACING CORRECTION FACTOR * THE FOLLOWING RECOMMENDATIONS ARE NOT PART OF APPENDIX 2 REQUIREMENTS. THE ARE GOOD PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS USED IN THE INDUSTRY (Taylor Forge Bulletin 502 (1964), Jawad and Farr (1989) ). A MAXIMUM BOLT SPACING - TO AVOID LEAKAGE THE FOLLOWING EMPIRICAL FORMULA HAS BEEN FOUND TO YIELD GOOD RESULTS: 6t Bolt Spacing (Max.) = 2a + m+ 0.5 * MOMENT CORRECTION FACTOR - RELATED TO ASSUMPTION THAT BOLT SPACING IS CLOSE ENOUGH TO OBTAIN UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION OF GASKET LOAD AROUND CIRCUMFERENCE. SPACING ASSUMED TO EQUAL TO 2 BOLT DIAMETERS, a, PLUS A FLANGE THICKNESS, t. FOR LARGER SPACING A CORRECTION FACTOR IS USED TO MULTIPLY THE APPLIED TOTAL FLANGE MOMENT. CorrectionFactor=/(BoliSpacing|(2a*) Where Bolt Spacing = actual bolt spacing bolt diameter t = flange thicknes 96 NEW 789 (ENS)Section VIN Design Seminar Flange Design 9/22/93|___—B2- FLANGE MOMENTS (2-6 ) = TOTAL FLANGE MOMENT FOR OPERATING CONDITION, M, M, = My, +M;+ Mg M,=Hyhy + Hyhy + Hg hg *: . TOTAL FLANGE MOMENT FOR GASKET SEATING, M, M, = W(C-G)/2 ‘The individual moment components, forces and moment arms are shown in ASME Figure 2-4. Table 2-6 provides equations for the moment arms for operating conditions for integral type flanges, loose type flanges and lap type flanges. The moment arm for gasket seating appears directly in the equation for the total moment above.Section VII Design Seminar ir i Flange Design EM) 9/22/93| 1333 CALCULATION OF FLANGE STRESSES (2-7) * INTEGRAL TYPE FLANGES LONGITUDINAL HUB STRESS = ( Gewove STH ess) tM, Sq =—_ LerB RADIAL FLANGE STRESS Cri teseme sme) (133 te +1) M, Sp = —______ Les TANGENTIAL FLANGE STRESS Crereem~we s7TRess) YM, vB S: + ZS, * LOOSE TYPE FLANGES YM, Sr= eB All stress components can be determined from the applied total moment, knowing the flange dimensions and solution parameters presented in Figures 2-7.1 to 2-7.6 in Appendix 2 of the Code. ‘Note for loose type flanges the thickness can be solved directly by rearranging the stress equation. Also in this case only one factor, Y, is required.Section VIII Design Seminar Flange Design EM| 9/22/93 | Bu. FLANGE STRESSES ILLUSTRATION ASME STRESS IDENTIFICATION Surene Tdenti tleatton Nosene lature ASME VITE-1 Sa Sa 5m 598 NEW 7189 (ENG) » &y Section VIII Design Seminar i i Flange Design EM! 9/22/93 | ASME FIGURE 2-7.1 VALUES OF T, U, Y AND Z ‘APPENDIX 2 — MANDATORY yozica tos | 10 po KZ 11855246 19 19 KI=1 (e720 + 19448 KTR yoKZ i+ 855248 08 yg It 135138 (KT = K=1) 1 Kwak Y= — | osseas+5.71680 me [ Rint 8 8 888 BB imon's Ratio Atsumed = 0.3 TUV nd Z 12-100 108 too ts Kaale FIG, 2-7.1 VALUES OF T, U, Y, AND Z (Terms Involving 10 506 NEW 789 (ENG)Section VIM Design Seminar | Kee” Flange Design EM| 9/22/93 \__ Ba ASME FIGURE 2-7.2 ‘VALUES OF F ( Integral Flange Factors) aw. 2 laze ? ery Sear ae rercsras Fie, 272 VALUES OF F lange Fae) 596 NEW 799 (ENG) wv N wSao RE Section VIII Design Seminar : i Flange Design EM _ 9/22/93 | ASME FIGURE 2-7.3 VALUES OF V ( Integral Flange Factors Br 1989 SECTION Yiit — DIVISION 1 Fic. 273 vaLues oF y ntegral Flange Factor) 656 NEW 753 (ENG) titSection VI Design Seminar | : Flange Design EM| 9/22/93 | ASME FIGURES 2-7.4 AND 2-7.5 VALUES OF F,, AND Y, (Loose Hub Flange Factors) BB. a sseRe : 4 2 = “, Fi . 7 i g 3 g si ore ‘3 oka elie nario 18 ae ae a nin FIG. 274 VALUES OF F, : a FG. 2.75 VALUES OF ¥, tao Hs Fane Factor) (oete Hed Fuge Factores 186 NEW 780 (ENG) B ‘Section VIII Design Seminar Flange Design EM ASME FIGURE 2-7.6 VALUES OF f ( Hub Stress Correction Factor ) 9/22/93 BD APPENDIX 2 — MANDATORY T= Tinian 121 for hube of uniform Bicknese ey 1891) F 171 foe loom rbd lanes NOTE: See Table 27.1 for formas, ’ 1 2 2 nite : FIG. 2.7.6 VALUES OF F : (Hub Stress Correction Factor)Section VIN Design Seminar i i Flange Design EM| 9/22/93 |__ 130 ALLOWABLE FLANGE DESIGN STRESSES (2-8) = LONGITUDINAL HUB STRESS FOR CAST IRON MATERIAL Sas S + LONGITUDINAL HUB STRESS - OTHER THAN CAST IRON Sq < 15S, "WITH THE ADDITIONAL LIMITATIONS; For optional type flanges designed as integral [Fig. 2-4, Sketches (8) to (11)] and integral type [Fig 2-4, Sketch (7)] where the neck material constitutes the hub of the flange; Sq < smaller of( 1.5 S; or 1.5S,) For integral type flanges with hub welded to neck, pipe or vessel wall [Fig. 2-4 Sketches (6), (6a), (6b)]: Sq S smaller of ( 1.5 S; or 2.5, ) + __ RADIAL FLANGE STRESS Se SS, ba TANGENTIAL FLANGE STRESS 8: <8 - AVERAGE STRESS VALUES (Se+S,)/2 SS AND (Sy +S;)/2 <5 ‘96 NEW 799 (ENG) 8In the (596 NEW 710 (ENG) Section VIM Design Seminar r Flange Design EM) 9722/93\ Bat ALLOWABLE FLANGE DESIGN STRESSES - Continued (2-8 ) FOR HUB FLANGES ATTACHED AS SHOWN IN FIGS. 2-4, SKETCHES 2), a), (3), Ba), (4) AND (4a), [i.e loose type flanges without laps}, THE NOZZLE NECK, VESSEL OR PIPE WALL SHALL NOT BE CONSIDERED TO HAVE ANY VALUE AS A HUB. SHEAR STRESS FOR LOOSE TYPE FLANGES WITH LAPS, AS SHOWN IN FIG. 2-4, SKETCHES (1) AND (1a), WHERE THE GASKET IS SO LOCATED THAT THE LAP IS SUBJECTED TO SHEAR Shearing Stress on Lap < 0.8S, for lap material SHEAR STRESS ON WELDS, FOR WELDED FLANGES, SHOWN IN FIG. 2-4 SKETCHES (3), (3a), (4), (4a), (7), (8), (9), (9a), (10) AND (10a) WHERE THE NOZZLE NECK, VESSEL, OR PIPE WALL EXTENDS NEAR THE FLANGE FACE AND MAY FORM THE GASKET CONTACT FACE Shearing Stress Carried by Welds < 0.8 S, SIMILAR CASES WHERE FLANGE PARTS ARE SUBJECTED TO SHEARING STRESS SHALL BE GOVERNED BY THE SAME REQUIREMENTS. THE SHEARING STRESS SHALL BE CALCULATED ON THE BASIS OF W,,, OR W,2, WHICHEVER IS GREATER. above conditions the symbols represent the following: S, = Allowable design stress for material of flange at operating conditions or gasket seating, as may apply S, = Allowable design stress for material of nozzle neck, vessel or pipe wall, at operating conditions or gasket seating, as may applySection VIII Design Seminar i Flange Design Example EM! 9/23/93 | 13.1-1 FLANGE EXAMPLE 1 LOOSE FLANGE 4 “He Hort = KCP oS Heo He! R= YBP ‘The above figure shows the basic flange dimensions and forces in flange example 1. This is a loose type flange. The numerical values of the flange dimensions and design conditions are given in the text of example. '596 NEW 783 ENG) &. ‘Section VIM Design Seminar Flange Design Example EM) 9/23/93 | _13.1-2 FLANGE EXAMPLE 1 - SLIP ON FLANGE - APPENDIX 2 CALCULATIONS PROBLEM DESCRIPTION Design a slip-ori flange for a 24 inch outside diameter manway nozzle. The nozzle is made of SA-53 Grade B ERW pipe material. The flange has a 29 inch outside diameter with 20 bolts on a 27 inch bolt circle. The flange material is SA-181 Class 60 Forging. The bolt material is SA-193 Grade B7. The flange is designed as a loose ! type flange with a ring gasket. It is similar to that shown in Figure 2-4 Sketch (3a) of * ‘Appendix 2, Division 1 of the ASME Code. Acomplete set of the design parameters is given below. DESIGN CONDITIONS The design pressure and design temperature conditions are P := 100-psi Design Pressure T= 650 degrees Farenheit Design Temperature It should be noted that in Appendix 2 terminology, design temperature and operating conditions are used interchangeably. Similarly, gasket seating and atmospheric temperature (room temperature) are used interchangeably. 6596 NEW 7 (ENG)Section VIM Design Seminar Ge Flange Design Example EM! 9/23/93 |_13.1-3 MATERIAL INFORMATION Nozzle Material The nozzle material is SA-53 Grade B ERW Pipe (Electric Resistance Welded Carbon Steel Pipe). The maximum allowable stress value in tension, S, is: From Section I Part D Table 1A: Sop = 12.8ksi Allowable stress at design > temperature or operating condition Spgs = 12.08! Allowable stress at gasket seating or room temperature Flange Material The flange material is SA-181 Class 60 Forging. The maximum allowable stress value in tension, S, is: From Section Il Part D Table 1A: Sf op = 15.0Ksi Allowable stress at design temperature Sf gg = 15.0ksi Allowable stress at gasket seating or room temperature Bolt Material The bolt material is SA-193 Grade B7. The maximum allowable stress value in tension, S, is: From Section I Part D Table 1A: Sp = 25.0-ksi Allowable stress at design temperature Sq = 25.0-ksi Allowable stress at gasket seating or atmospheric temperature ‘96 NEW 783 (ENG)Section VIN Design Seminar | | Flange Design Example em|_973/93| 13.14 _ FLANGE DIMENSIONS The following dimensional information is given No corrosion allowance A= 29-in Outside diameter of flange B = 24-in Inside diameter of flange C= 27-in Bolt circle diameter ty = 0.25:in Nominal thickness of nozzle, ' corresponds to schedule 10 of 24 inch Nominal Pipe Size (NPS), see ANSI 36,10. Note this pipe has an OD of 24 inches. diam pothole = "in Diameter of bolt hole No_of_bolts = 20 In general, flange calculations are iterative except for loose type flanges. A thickness value for the flange is assumed and flange stresses are calculated and checked against allowable stresses. For illustrations purposes a flange thicknes is assumed with the following value: testiin ‘Assumed flange thickness The inside diameter of the nozzle is B-2t, 3.5+in The contact facing gasket width, N, and the physical width of gasket for this example are assumed to extend for the inside flange diameter to the outside diameter of the bolt circle. Assume that we have a straight or flat facing, ie similar to sketch (1a) of Table 2-5.2. The gasket width, N, is equal to s diam oe 34M polt_hole ~ 5 596 NEW 719 (ENG)Section VII Design Seminar \ Flange Design Example EM)_ 9/23/93 _13.1-5 The outside diameter of gasket face contact is oD gfe = © - diam bolt hole OD gf, = 26-in GASKET MATERIAL DATA ‘Assume that we use soft alumimum corrugated metal gasket. From Table 2-5:1, the gasket factors are m= 2.75 Gasket factor for operating condition y := 3700-psi Minimum design seating stress for gasket seating condition Also, the facing sketch and column number Il is to be used later in Table 2-5.2 calculations for the effective gasket seating width EFFECTIVE GASKET SEATING WIDTH, b, CALCULATIONS From Table 2-5.2, using Column Il as specified by Table 2-5.1 for asbestos gasket ‘The Basic Gasket Seating Width is N s bg =05-in o=5 0 i ‘The Effective Gasket Seating Width is given by the following conditional . equation, see Table 2-5.2 bs i[oor ba), (05 Pom).vo] b =0.354-in 66 NEW 7983 (ENB)| SRO PE Section VIM Design Seminar = reo Flange Design Example 9/23/93 | 131-6 | DIAMETER, G, AT LOCATION OF GASKET LOAD REACTION Once the effective gasket seating width is calculated, the diameter of the location of the gasket reaction load can be calculated by using the notation of 2-3 or Table 2-5.2 ‘The diameter G is defined as the mean diameter of gasket contact if bo is less or equal to 1/4 in. Otherwise itis equal to outside diameter of gasket face contact less 2b. Mathematically this is expressed by the following conditional equation. 1, ( N G= (bo 7 in), (00 gis 2),(00 gfe - %)| G = 25.293-in Where the following values were used above: bg =05-in b = 0.354-in OD gic = 26-in The moment arm for the gasket reaction load is c-¢ nee 8 hg =0.854-in BOLT LOAD FOR OPERATING CONDITION, Per 2-5 The minimum required bolt load for operating conditions should resist the hydrostatic end force, H, and in addition be able to maintain gasket compression load, Hp, which experience has shown to be sufficient to assure a tight joint.Section VIM Design Seminar [ | Flange Design Example EM) __ 9/23/93\_13.1-7 The total hydrostatic end force, taken to the gasket reaction load diameter G He Ala G=25.293-in P= 100-psi H = 50244.312-Ibs The total joint-contact surface compression load, or gasket reaction load Ss Hp = (2beGmP) m=275 b=0.354-in H p = 15451.338-Ibs The minimum required bolt load Wat =H+Hp W int = 65695.649- Ibs BOLT LOAD FOR GASKET SEATING, Per 2-5 ‘The minimum required bolt load for gasket seating is WraznbGy — y=3700-psi Wma = 103945.361 -Ibs 96 NEW 783 (ENG)Section VII Design Seminar | | Flange Design Example EM) 9/23/93 |_13.1-8 REQUIRED BOLT AREA, Per 2-5 The total bolt cross-sectional erea required for operating conditions is Wt Amt = W nt = 85695.649- Ibs - Sb S p = 25000-psi Amt = 2:628-in® The total bolt cross-sectional area for gasketing seating conditions is Wma Sa Ago = W ing = 103945,361 «Ibs S 4 = 25000-psi Aga = 4.158-in? The required total bolt area is the lagest area calculated for the operating conditions and gasket seating conditions. Am = iff (Ami? Am2) Amt -Am2 A = 4.158-in? The required bolt area per bolt is A ot No_of_bolts No_of_bolts = 20 Ap = 0.208-in® (596 NEW 755 (ENG)Section VII Design Seminar ie ™~s Flange Design Example EM| 9/23/93 \_ 13.1.9 The required bolt diameter is 0.514-in Select 3/4 inch UNC-10 bolts, PerANSI B1.1 The Basic Major Diameter is “Dp =0.75in ‘The section at Minor Diameter is A p_2hb © 0.302:in? It should be noted that the above area is smaller than the tensile area tabulated in ANS! B1.1, for which this bolt size is 2 Ag = 0.334 The total actual bolt area at section at minor diameter is Ab = (AD_ahb) No_of_bolts Ap =6.04-in* THE FLANGE DESIGN BOLT LOAD, W, Per 2-5 For operating conditions, the flange design load is Wop = Wmt W op = 65695.649-Ibs 6 NEW 753 (ENG) leSection VIN Design Seminar 509, Flange 9/23/93 | _13.1-10 For gasket seating conditions, the flange design load is W gg = 127472.681 -Ibs FLANGE MOMENT AT OPERATING CONDITION, Per 2-6 Setting the flange bolt load as W, to be consistent with Appendix 2 terminology: W = Wop W = 65695.649- Ibs The total hydrostatic end force calculated earlier, which corresponds to gasket load reaction diameter G, is H = 50244.312-Ibs ‘The hydrostatic end force on area inside of flange is 2gtp 4 Hp= H p = 45238.934-Ibs ‘The difference between total hydrostatic end force and the hydrostatic end force on area inside the flange is Hy=H-Hp 96 NEW 780 (ENG) H 7 = 005.378-Ibs Rezsamo rae Section VIII Design Seminar r 1 Flange Design Example EM: 9/23/93|_13.1-11 The gasket load, the difference between flange design load and total hydrostatic end force is Hg=W-H H g = 15451.338-Ibs ‘The moment arms for flange loads under operating conditions from Table 26, for loose type flanges For load H D Forload H 6 hon tothe for load H.T ye bits 2 The numerical values are © =27-in B =26-in G = 25.293-in hp =4.5:in hg =0.854-in hy =tt77-in The three indi 9696 NEW 715 (ENG) & aySection VIN Design Seminar a | Flange Design Example 9/23/93\__13.1-12 _ My =Hphy My = 5890.212-in-Ibs The total flange moment for operating conditions is the sum of the three individual components Mg=Mp+Myz+Mg jos Mg = 86937.155-in-Ibs Saving the above quantity with a unique name for later use Mo op =Mo FLANGE MOMENT AT GASKET SEATING CONDITION, Per 2-6 The gasket seating bolt load from previous calculations is W = Wog W = 127472.681 «Ibs The total flange moment for gasket seating condition is opposed only by the gasket load and is based on the flange design bolt load for gasket seating condition, Formula (4) in 2-8, Mg = 108804.739-in-Ibs Saving the above value with a unique name we define Mo gs=Mo £596 NEW 7199 ENG)Section VIII Design Seminar ] j Flange Design Example EM! __9/23/93| 131-13 FLANGE STRESS, Per 2-7 The flange stresses are determined for both operating and gasket seating conditions, whichever controls, in accordance with the following formulas, from 2-7(b), applicable to loose type flanges et. The longitudinal hub stress Sy =0 For loose type flange The radial flange stress Sp For loose type flange The tangential flange stress YMg where the factor Y, involving K, is taken from Figure 2-7.1 A Kao B Ratio of outside diameter of to inside diameter of flange K = 1.208 Y= 105 From Figure 2-7.1 ‘The factor Y can be also calculated from the following equation, also provided in the same figure 2 Y= —1..[o.e684s + 5.71690. loa(K) K-1 = SSSONEWTESENS! Y= 40.366G Section VIM Design Seminar i | Flange Design Example EM) 9/23/93‘ _13.1-14 The tangential stress for operating condition YM Stop = a =4ein s Top 37549.372-psi The tangential stress for gasket seating condition YM 0_gs Stas" 35 ST gs = 46994.287 -psi By inspection, the above stress values exceed the allowable stress values per 2-8. Therefore, the flange thickness needs to be increased. Because this is a loose type flange, iteration is not required, and the required flange thickness can be solved directly from the above equation by solving for t. ‘The required flange thickness for operating condition: S ¢ op = 18000-psi Mo op = 86937.155-in-ibs (596 NeW 755 (ENG)Section VII Design Seminar i Flange Design Example EM! 9/23/93 |_ 13.115 = TSE | The required flange thickness for gasket seating condition Sf gs = 15000-psi M o_gs = 108804.739-in-Ibs = 1.77-in treq Therefore, use 2.00 inch thick flange 2.00-in CHECK BOLT SPACING The following calculations are not part of Appendix 2 calculations but are a recommended procedure to avoid circumferential flange displacements by selecting a small number of bolts. ‘The maximum bolt spacing is given by d=D Nominal diameter of bolts 4 =0.75-in t=2-in max_spacing = 2-d+t max_spacing = 3.5-in The actual bolt spacing is given by c actual_spacing := x———"___ —DL—LhUr—O senew7aa ena) actual_spacing = 4.241 -in .13.1-19 CodeCalc (TM) - Design and Analysis of Vessels and Exchangers. VER 4.5 ASME Section VIII, Division 1, Appendix 2, Flange analysis & Design NOTES Vessel : Section VIII Design Seminar Component; Flange Example 1.- Loose Flange Engineer : Evangelos Michalopoulos Date,Time: 03-Jul-90 10:37 AM FILE NAME : FLEX1R1 INTERMEDIATE CONSTANTS: (From ASME Code Figures 2-7.1 to 2-7.6) g1/g0 = (GONE/GZERO) hO = @SQRT(B*GZERO) hy/ho (HL/HZERO) .g1/go (0.250/0.250) ho = @SQRT(24.000*0.250) h/hoO = (0.000/2.449) gi/go = 1.000 ho = 2.449 hy/ho 0.002 K = (A/B) s NA ALPHA = NA K = (29.000/24.000) NA BETA NA K = 1.208 f= NA GAMMA = NA T = 1.836 ¥ = 10.366 e= NA DELTA = NA = 5.347 U= 11.391 a= NA LAMBDA NA STRESS RESULTS FOR FLANGE CALCULATIONS, OPERATING: Sh = No Stress without a Hub Sh = No Stress without a Hub Sh = 0 Longitudinal Hub Stress, psi St = (¥Y*MO) / (TH*TH*B) St = (10366486893) /(2.000*2.000%24.000) Sst'= 9383 Tangential Flange Stress, psi Sr = No Stress without a Hub Sr = No Stress without a Hub sr =0 Radial Flange Stress, psi Savg = No Stress without a Hub Savg = No Stress without a Hub Savg = 0 Average of Sh and max of Sr and S STRESS RESULTS FOR FLANGE CALCULATIONS, GASKET SEATING: Shs = No Stress without a Hub Shs No Stress without a Hub Shs = 0 Longitudinal Hub Stress, psi Sts = (YY#MA) / (THATH*B) : Sts = (10.366+108782) /(2.000#2'.000#24 000) Sts = 11746 Tangential Flange Stress, psi Srs = No Stress without a Hub Srs = No Stress without a Hub Srs = 0 Radial Flange stress, psi Savg = No Stress without a Hub” Savg = No Stress without a Hub Savg = 0 Average of Sh and max of Sr and § Stress in bolt, operating load Stress in bolt, seating load Sbolt = (WH2/AB) Sbolts = (WM2/AB) Sbolt = (65662/6.040) Sbolts (103893/6.040) Sbolt = 10871 Sbolts = 17201 um13.1-18 ED CodeCale (TM) - Design and Analysis of Vessels and Exchangers. VER 4.5 ASME Section VIII, Division 1, Appendix 2, Flange Analysis & Design NorEs Vessel: Section VIII Design Seminar Component: Flange Example 1 - Loose Flange Engineer : Evangelos Michalopoulos Date, Time: 03-Jul-90 10:37 aM FILE NAME : FLEX1R1 GASKET AND BOLTING CALCULATIONS: N = (GoDC/2-GIDC/2) BO = (N*NMULT+NW*WMULT) N = (26.000/2~24.000/2) BO = (1,000*0.500+0.000%0.000) N= 1.000 BO = 0.500 G = GODC-24BE “BE = @IF(BO<=0.25,B0, @SQRT(BO) *0.5) G = (26.000-2#0.354) BE = @SQRT((0.500) *0.5) G = 25.293 BE = 0.354 AB = +NB¢ABOLT AM = @MAX(WM1/SB,WM2/SA) AB = +20*0.302 AM = @MAX(65662/25000,103893/25000) 7B = 6.040 AM = 4.156 H = 0.785%G724P H = 0.785#25.293*2*100.0 H = 50219 Contact Load, lbs HP = (2*BE*3.14*G*M*P) +(LPG*BE*M*D} HE = (2#0.354*3.14#25.293%2.750*100.0)+(0.000*0.35442.750*100.0) HP = 15444 Hydrostatic End Force, lbs WM1 = (H+HP) WMI = (50219415444) WM1 = 65662 Operating Bolt Load, 1bs = (3.14*BESG#Y) +(LPG*BE*Y) (3.140. 354*25.293%*3700) +(0.000#0.354%*3700) WM2 = 103893 Gasket Seating Bolt Load, lbs Wo = (SA*(AM+AB) /2) M = (25000%(4.156+6.040) /2) = 127446 Flange Design Bolt Load, lbs FORCES AND DISTANCES FOR FLANGE CALCULATIONS: HD = 0.785*B72*P ghd = 0.5*(c-B) HD = 0.785424.000*2#100.0 dhd = 0.5*(27.000-24.000) HD = 45216 . dhd = 1.500 HG = (WH1-H) dhg = 0.5*(c-<) HG = (65662-50219) dhg = 0.5%*(27.000-25.293) RG = 15444 dhg = 0.854 HT = (H-HD) dht = 0.5*(DHD+DHG) HT = (50218-45216) dht = 0.5*(1.500+0.854) HT = 5003 dht = 1.177 HGS = (W) dhgs = 0.5*(c-c) HGS = (127446) dhgs = 0.5*(27.000-25.293) HGS = 127446 dhgs = 0.854ee fai) conortions, cia, race POM Fe waa | Cova Aleve a TOAD ANO Salt CACUATIONS eve psf Wasa = Losi Wovieo Wala HB [ones Tene 5 Hao = jw aaa Pale conomon tao x Lever An = monent 5 Operating ear ie mwah = fe ae ae bea sie = feererered [aie = ag = He = he = ste — oo 6 + KANO HUB FACTORS [IRESS CALCULATIONOpeveing Se oo Tong Fe. Se Smet? Ee ET Sis F Slo St > [ong hon Se = ela [Revie ig. 3u = Bma/AP [rong Man Se mma ¥/P =e ES Sie + der SlSe FA zcndh 20-4 1 moi Imsend mein eboveeqvotint Ot