Nonlinear static analysis

PUSHOVER

Adrian DOGARIU

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Sustainable Constructions under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
520121-1-2011-1-CZ-ERA MUNDUS-EMMC
 Structural analysis for seismic assesment

Elastic analysis
Lateral force method
Modal response spectrum analysis Conventional design
(spectral analysis)
Modal time history analysis
Linear dynamic analysis

Inelastic analysis
Advanced design
Nonlinear static analysis (pushover)
Nonlinear dynamic analysis
 Structural model

Frames structures can be model using linear elements (beams,
columns, braces) connected in nodes

Modelling of inelastic behavior of structural components must be
accounted to perform a inelastic structural analysis

Software:
SAP 2000,
 Dissipative zones

Different plastic mechanisms are possible, depending on the
type of structural action developed

Plastic hinge:
Bending
Shear
Tension

Concentrated plasticity model can be generalized for all types
of action (bending, shear, axial)
 Beam-column with plastic hinges

Axial force affects the moment capacity of the cross-section it
is necessary to account for the axial force bending moment
interaction for members subject to bending moments and axial
forces
 Beam-column with plastic hinges

Bending moment axial force interaction in

plastic hinges (concentrated plasticity):
bending moment capacity affected by the axial
force, but only plastic rotations are assumed
to occur
Interaction neglected: elements with small
axial force
Interaction curve (surface): steel members
subjected to bending moment and axial
force (A=0.1Py for bending about the
strong axis of double T cross-sections)
Interaction curve (surface): reinforced
concrete members subjected to bending
moment and axial force
 Nonlinear static analysis (pushover)

Nonlinear static analysis under constant gravity loading and
monotonically increasing lateral forces

Control elements:
Base shear force pushover
Control displacement (top displacement) curve

Provides the capacity of the structure, and does not give directly
the demands associated with a particular level of seismic action

D
G G G G F

4
3
F F F 2

1
1 2 3 4
 Nonlinear static analysis (pushover)

Assumes that response is governed by a single mode of vibration,
and that it is constant during the analysis

Distribution of lateral forces (applied at storey masses):
modal (usually first mode inverted triangle)
uniform: lateral forces proportional to storey masses

F m F m
 Shape of Lateral force

Total base force
Fb = I ,e Sd (T1 ) m

Sd(T1) - ordinate of the design response spectrum

corresponding to fundamental period T1;
m - total mass of the structure;
I,e importance factor;
- correction factor (contribution of the fundamental mode of
vibration using the concept of effective modal mass):

Lateral force at storey i

Triangular shape mi zi
Fi = Fb N
Uniform shape
mi zi
i =1
 Nonlinear static analysis (pushover)

Applicable to low-rise regular buildings, where the response is
dominated by the fundamental mode of vibration.

Application of loading:
Gravity loading: force control
Lateral forces: displacement control

Modelling of structural components: inelastic monotonic force-
deformation obtained from envelopes of cyclic response
 Nonlinear static analysis (pushover)

Represents a direct evaluation of overall structural response, not only
on an element by element basis

Allows evaluation of inealstic deformations the most relevant
response quantity in the case of inelastic response

Allows evaluation of the plastic mechanism F
uF
and redundancy of the structure (u/1 ratio) u/1
1F

"Local" checks:
Interstorey drifts d

Strength demands in non-dissipative components

Ductility of dissipative components

"Global" checks failure at the structure level
Failure to resist further gravity loading
Failure of the first vertical element essential for stability of the
structure
 Deformation controlled (ductile) /
force-controlled actions (brittle) actions

Type 1 curve (deformation-controlled or ductile)

Type 2 curve (deformation-controlled or ductile)

Type 3 curve (brittle or nonductile behavior)

Type of response (ductile / brittle) affects:
Modelling of structural component
Performance criteria
 Deformation controlled (ductile) /
force-controlled actions (brittle) actions

Examples of ductile / brittle actions:

Type of structure Component Ductile actions Brittle actions

beams Bending (M) Shear (V)
Steel moment
columns M Axial (N), V
resisting frames
joints V (in general) -
Steel braces N -
concentrically beams - N
braced frames columns - N
links (short) V M, N
Steel braces - M, N, (V)
eccentrically
braced frames beams - M, N, V
columns - M, N, V
 Modelling of components

Modelling of ductile components:

A-B segment: elastic response
B-C segment: strain hardening
C-D segment: strength degradation
D-E segment: residual strength

Modelling and performance criteria can be specified in terms of:
Absolute deformations ( or ) or
Normalised deformations (/y or /y)
 Performance criteria: components

The degree to which a structural components fulfil a performance
criteria is established based on the demand to capacity ratios.

Generally, modelling of components and their performance
criteria are obtained from experimental tests, depending on:
Type of structural component
(primary / secondary)
Performance level considered

For usual materials and
structural types, data from
literature or codes
can be used (e.g. FEMA 356,
EN 1998-3, P100-3)
 Performance criteria: components

Principle of checking the performance:
Ed Rd
Effect of action (demand) Capacity of the component

In case of plastic analysis methods, performance criteria are

checked in terms of deformations for ductile components and in
terms of forces for brittle components

Codes for existing buildings (FEMA 356, EN1998-3):

Ductile components: design deformation capacity
Brittle components: design force strength determined using
characteristic material properties
Examples of modelling parameters and performance
criteria (FEMA 356)
 Performance criteria: structure

The structure shall be provided with at least one continuous load
path to transfer seismic forces, induced by ground motion in any
direction, from the point of application to the final point of
resistance.

All primary and secondary components shall be capable of

resisting force and deformation actions within the applicable
acceptance criteria of the selected performance level.
Target displacement in a nonlinear static analysis:
the N2 method
 N2: performance evaluation procedure
1. Initial data
Properties of the structure
Elastic pseudo-acceleration
response spectrum Sae
R
2. Determination of spectra in AD

format for constant values of
ductility, e.g. =1, 2, 4, 6, etc. (only if
1
graphical representation of the 0,0 T
TC
method is needed)

T
R = ( 1) + 1 T < TC
TC
R = T TC
 N2: performance evaluation procedure
3. Nonlinear static analysis
Assume displacement shape {}
Note: normalized in such a way that
the component at the top is equal
to 1
Determine vertical distribution of
lateral forces
Fi=[m]{}=mii
Determine base shear (V)top V
displacement (Dt) relationship by
performing the nonlinear static
analysis

D
 N2: performance evaluation procedure
4. Equivalent SDOF system
Determine mass m* =mii
Transform MDOF quantities (Q) to SDOF
quantities (Q*)
m*
Q*=Q/ =
m 2
i i

Determine an approximate elasto-plastic

force displacement relationship F*-D*
Determine strength Fy*, yield displacement
Dy*, and period T* * *
*
m Dy
T = 2
Fy*
Determine capacity diagram Sa-Sd (only if
F*
graphical representation of the method is Sa = * S d = D*
needed) m
 N2: performance evaluation procedure
5. Seismic demand for SDOF system
Determine reduction factor R

Determine displacement
demand Sd=D*
 N2: performance evaluation procedure
6. Global seismic demand for MDOF system
Transform SDOF displacement demand to
the top displacement of the MDOF model
Dt=Sd

7. Local seismic demands for MDOF system

Perform pushover analysis of MDOF model
up to the top displacement Dt
Determine local response quantities (e.g.
story drifts, rotations , etc.) corresponding
to Dt

8. Performance evaluation
Compare local and global seismic demands
with the capacities for the relevant
performance level