eee eee ENCE (1)Published by Thomas Telford Publishing, Thomas Telford Limited, 1 Heron Quay, London El4 4JD URL: http://www.t-telford.co.uk First published 1999 Distributors for Thomas Telford books are USA: American Society of Civil Engineers, Publications Sales Department, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2398 Japan: Matuzen Co, Lid, Book Department, 3-10 Nihonbashi 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103 Austratia: DA Books and Journals, 648 Whitehorse Road, Mitcham 3132, Vietoria. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN; 0 7277 2778 8 © M. Y. H. Bangash, 1999 All rights, including translation reserved. Except for fair copying, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Books Publisher, Thomas Telford Publishing, Thomas Telford Limited, | Heron Quay, London E14 43D. This book is published on the understanding that the author is solely responsible for the statements made and opinions expressed in it and that its publication does not necessarily imply that such statements and/or opinions are or reflect the views or opinions of the publishers. While every effort has been made to ensure that the statements made and the opinions expressed in this publication provide a safe and accurate guide, no liability or responsibility can be accepted in this respect by the author or publisher. ‘Typeset in Great Britain by Alden Bookset, Oxford. Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Lid, Bodmin, Cornwall.Contents Preface Acknowledgements Conversion Tables - I ix Conversion Tables — If xi Prototype Bridge Structures 1 Section I. Bridges and their major components 3 1.1 General introduction to types of bridge 5 (a) Slabs 5 (b) Beams 5 (©) Boxes 6 (d) Frames (with or without struts) 6 (ec) Arches 6 (£) Suspension and cable-stayed bridges 6 1.2. Types of load acting on bridges 10 1.3. Substructures supporting deck structures i 1.4 Foundations 13 1.5 Additional classification of bridges 13 1.6 Bridge bearings 14 1.6.1 CCL plain unreinforced pads and strips 14 1.6.2 Uplift bearings 16 1.6.3. ‘Hi-Load’ roller bearings 16 1.6.4 — Steel linear rocker bearings 18 Knuckle bearings 18 Guide bearings 19 Fixed pin bearings 24 Free sliding pot bearings 24 Removable bearings 25 Glacier standard structural bearings ~ A series 32 1.6.10.1 Description 32 1,6,10.2 Attachment and movement 32 1,6.10.3 Support and installation 4 1.6.10.4 Bearing selection and part number 34 1.6.11 AASHTO and LRFD specifications for bearings 35xiv CONTENTS. 1.7 Design examples on bearings 1.7.1 Example (1.1) British practice 1.7.2. Example (1.2) British practice 1.7.3. Example (1.3) American practice 1.7.4 Example (1.4) American practice 1.7.5 Example (1.5) American practice 1.7.6 Example (1.6) American practice 1.7.7 Example (1.7) American practice 1.7.8 Example (1.8) American practice 1.7.9 Collapse analysis of a bridge bearing (finite element method): British practice 1.8 Expansion and contraction joints 18.1 Joints 1.8.2 Tensa-lastic roadway construction joints 1.8.3. The *Britfiex’ expansion joint 1.8.4 The PSC road joint 1.8.5 The Zebrajoint 1.8.6 The “Elast’ joint RE 1.8.7 Heavy duty expansion joint RS 1.8.8 The Honel-161 FS expansion joint The Honel-162/FS expansion joint The Honel-162N-176N joints :11 CCL Systems W80 expansion joint 1.9 Parapets, parapet formulae and loads 1.10 Analytical methods for parapets based on BS 6779 Part 1, 1989 1.11 Parapet design Section 2. Operational research and choice of bridges 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Conversion factors for the original charts in Imperial units 2.3. Notation for the chart 24 The classification chart 2.5 General computation (go to next section) 2.5.1 Waterway computation (1) 2.5.2. Discharge and catchment-run-off method (IA) 2.5.3. Backwater (B) 2.5.4 Approach spans 2.5.5 General cost formulae and economic span length (Section III) 2.6 Quantity curves, tables, charts for superstructures (Section 111) 2.6.1 Slab, beam and culvert bridges (steel and RCC concrete) (Section IH (A)) 41 41 45 48 49 50 52 53 54 56 37 58 38 58 61 61 62 66 66 68 70 73 16 81 84 95 97 101 101 103 120 120 120 128 129 131 151 151CONTENTS Girder bridges (steel, RC) (Section III (B)) Truss bridges (steel) (Section III (C)) Arch bridges (steel and RCC) (Section III (D)) Suspension and cantilever bridges (Section III (E)) Prestressed concrete bridges (Section III (F)) 2.7 Quantity curves for substructures (Section IV) 2.8 Specifications, cost estimates and standards (Section V) 2.8.1 General estimate (the codes of individual countries should be superseded by these items) (A) Reinforced concrete versus prestressed concrete (B) Beam, slab, girder and arch (C) Cofferdams (D) Load on lanes 2.9 Results from example problems (Section VI) 2.9.1 Problem I 2.9.2 Problem II 2.9.3 Problem III 2.9.4 — Problem [IV Section 3. A review of international codes on bridges: loads and load distribution 3.1 Introduction 3.2. A review of international codes and specifications on bridges 3.3. Freight vehicle characteristics: OECD requirements 3.3.1 Dimensions of freight vehicles 3.3.2 Characterization and classification 3.4 Bridge codes and standards 3.5 Euracode 1 on bridges 3.5.1 Eurocode 1 ENV 1991-3 (1995): design technique 3.5.2 Loading classes 3.5.3 Divisions of the carriageway into notional lanes 3.5.4 Vertical loads — characteristic values 3.5.5 Single axle model (load model 2) 3.5.6 Set of models of special vehicles (load model 3) 3.5.7 Crowd loading (load model 4) 3.5.8 Dispersal of concentrated loads 3.5.9 Other forces and their components 3.6 Design specifications for other countries 3.6.1 Belgium 3.6.2 Belgium: new Code 3.6.3 Finland: Code 197B 3.6.4 France (Circulaire Ministérielle No. 71-153 du 29 Décembre 1971. Fascicule No. 61 — Titre Il du Cahier des Prescriptions Communes) (Modified 1989) xv 167 178 182 186 191 212 225 225 225 227 228 229 229 231 233 236 249 251 251 253 255 256 256 256 266 270 270 271 273 274 274 274 275 275 275 277 278 280CONTENTS 3.7 3.6.5 3.6.6 3.6.7 3.6.8 3.6.9 3.6.10 3.6.11 3.6.12 3.6.13 Germany (DIN 1072-1987) Italy (Code 384 of 14.2.1982) United Kingdom (British Standard No. 5400: Part 2: 1978 ‘Steel, concrete and composite bridges’ — specification for loads) Spain The Netherlands (Norm NEN 1008 - VOSB 1983 for steel bridges) Norway and Sweden (According to ‘Preliminary Intenordic loading directions for road bridges” of 9.12.1971) Australia (NAASRA, 1989) India IRC loading, 1989 Japan (Specifications for Highway Bridges Part I. Common specifications, 1972) (Revised 1985) Canada (QHBDC) United States (Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges ‘American Association of State Highway Officials’) 1996 16th edition Examples on load distribution — vehicular and environmental 3.7.1 3.7.2 3.7.3 3.7.4 3.7.5 3.7.6 3.77 3.7.8 3.7.9 3.7.10 3.7.11 3.7.12 Example (3.1) British practice Example (3.2) British practice Example (3.3) British practice Example (3.4) British practice Example (3.5) American practice Example (3.6) American practice Example (3.7) British practice Example (3.8) American practice Example (3.9) British practice Example (3.10) British practice Example (3.11) OHBC practice Example (3.12) British practice Section 4, Methods of onalysis Methods of analysis — superstructures and substructures 4.1 42 4.1 Introduction Methods of analysis — superstructures 4.21 4.2.2 Flexibility method of analysis 4.2.1.1 Example (4.1) 42.1.2 Example (4.2) Arch bridges using the flexibility method 42.2.1 Flexibility of parabolic arches pinned at supports 4.2.2.2 Parabolic arches supported at different levels 283 284 286 298 298 300 300 303 306 308 312 324 324 326 327 328 330 330 334 337 339 350 357 359 359 359 359 360 363 365 366 368CONTENTS 43 44 4.2.2.3 Cases 4.2.2.4 Example (4.3) 4.2.3 Arches with fixed ends 4.2.3.1 Supports at different levels 4.2.3.2 Temperature and shrinkage in fixed arches supports at different levels 4.2.3.3 Example (4.4) Influence lines for girders of variable cross-section 4.3.1 Analysis of girder having a box section Bangash method 43.1.1 Influence lines for longitudinal elevation 4.3.1.2 Influence lines for transverse section 4.3.2. Computer program MASTER-IAN 43.2.1 Input sequence 4.3.2.2 Nomenelature 4.3.2.3 Program listings (Program MASTER-IAN) Grillage analysis 4.4.1 Example (4.5) 44.2 Grillage involving stiffness method 4.4.2.1 Derivation for a four-element grid 4.4.2.2 Example (4.6) 44.3 Grillage with cellular and multicellular decks 443.1 Example (4.7) 4.4.4 — Finite difference method of a bridge deck 444.1 Introduction Boundary conditions and cases Example (4.8) Example (4.9) Example (4.10) Example (4.11) Example (4.12) Example (4.13) Example (4.14) 10 1 12 4.13 Example (4.15) Example (4.16) Example (4.17) Example (4.18) 45 4.6 Dynamic relaxation method 45.1 Boundary conditions Incremental collapse analysis 4.6.1 Introduction 4.6.2 Problem description and analytical equations 4.6.2.1 Composite bridges 4.6.2.2 Symbols xvii 369 369 373 375 377 378 380 390 390 398 401 401 401 402 407 407 414 417 419 422 424 427 421 433 434 441 443 445 447 450 452 454 459 462 463 464 466 469 469 469 469 47047 48 49 4.10 4.11 4.12 CONTENTS 4.6.3 Main analysis Finite element analysis of bridge decks The finite strip method (Professor Cheung method) 4.8.1 Summary of the analysis. Methods of analysis ~ substructures 49.1 Introduction 4.9.2. Analytical formulae 4.9.2.1 Case A. Moments of the two columns — piers fixed at the top of the footing 4.9.2.2 Case B. Loads not symmetrical about centre-line of bent. Sidesway included 49.2.3 Case C. Live load — single-bent pier 4.9.2.4 Case D. Live load — double-bent piers with superstructure preventing differential sidesway 4.9.2.5 Wind 4.9.2.6 Shrinkage 4.9.2.7 Example (4.19) British practice 4.9.3 Analytical examples 4.93.1 Example (4.20) 4.9.3.2 Example (4.21) Stability of bridge piers 4.10.1 Piers without sway 4.10.2 Piers subject to sways 4.10.3 Example (4.22) 4.10.4 Example (4.23) 4.10.5 Example (4.24) 4.10.6 Example (4.25) 4.10.7 Example (4.26) Vehicle bashing of bridges and ship collision with piers 4.11.1 Example (4.27) Section summary References Appendix: Summary of analysis where finite element analysis is used for more complex problems 5. Methods of design Design of the bridge superstructures 5.1.1 Introduction 5.1.2 Design examples 5.1.2.1 Example (5.1) Canadian/Ontario practice 5.1.2.2 Example (5.2) Canadian practice Example (5.3) American practice Example (5.4) American practice Example (5.5) American practice 471 473 475 475 483 483 485 485 486, 488 489 490 492 492 494 494 497 301 S01 504 505 SOS 508 509 510 Sil 516 S17 S17 S17 527 529 529 529 529 $33 542 SST 558CONTENTS $2 5.1.3 5.14 SAS 5.1.6 5.1.7 5.1.8 5.1.2.6 Example (5.6) American practice 7 Example (5.7) American practice 8 Example (3.8) American practice 9 Example (5.9) American practice .10 Standard prestressed concrete beams (British practice) 5.1.2.1] Example (5.10) British practice 5.1.2.12 Example (5.12) British practice Calculations for the deck slab design show how wheel loads are caleulated 5.1.3.1 Sample calculations 5.1.3.2 Additional loads as permanent loads Design calculations for the bridge deck: reinforced concrete overbridge deck design 5.1.4.1 Design of main steel (i.e. transverse to the beam) 5.1.4.2 Design of secondary steel 5.1.4.3 Design of the precast prestressed M6 beam for the overbridge Ramp design 5.1.5.1 Serviceability design of composite concrete section 5.1.5.2. Moment of resistance at ultimate limit state 5.1.5.3 Ultimate design of reinforced concrete sections (load combination 1) 5.1.5.4 M2 composite beam Example (5.13) British practice Example (5.14) British practice Example (5.15) British practice 5. S.A. 5.1, Substructure and foundation design 5.2.1 $.2.2 5.2.3 324 5.2.5 Substructure design Foundation design Empirical formulae for determining safe loads on piles 5.2.3.1 Engineering news formula $.2.3.2 Simplex formula 3 Gate's formula 5.2.3.4 Danish formula Load carrying capacity — static formulae (Extract from Appendix B of IS: 2911, Part I, Section 2) 5.2.4.1 Piles in granular soils 5.2.42 Piles in cohesive soils Dynamic pile formulae (Extract from Appendix B of IS; 2911, part I, Section 1) 5.2.5.1 General 5.2.5.2 Hiley formula 559 562 573 589 589 602 606 607 609 609 609 615 619 635 636 642 642 643 645 659 659 674 674 677 677 677 678 678 679 679 679 681 683 683 683XX 5.2.6 5.2.7 5.2.8 5.2.9 3.2.10 5.2.11 5.2.12 5.2.13 5.2.14 5.2.15 5.2.16 CONTENTS. $.2.5.3. Deduction for raking 5.2.5.4 Value of temporary compression Well foundation 5.2.6.1 Circular well 5.2.6.2. Twin circular wells 3.2.6.3 Rectangular wells 5.2.6.4 Wells with multiple dredge holes 5.6.6.5. Caissons Example (5.16) American practice Example (5.17) American practice Example (5.18) British practice Example (5.19) American practice (bridge piers) Example (5.20) British practice (pier design) Example (5.21) American practice Example (5.22) British practice (cantilever wing wall) Example (5.23) British practice Example (5.24) Pakistan/Indian practice Example (5.25) British practice Section 6. Suspension and cable-stayed bridges Suspension bridges Analytical examples of suspension bridges Example (6.1) Suspension bridges (Pakistani practice) Example (6.2) Example (6.3) India/Imperial units 61 62 63 64 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.24 6.2.5 6.2.6 Cable supports at different levels Temperature in cables Cable anchorage Example (6.4) European practice The suspended cable as a catenary Suspension bridge with three-hinged stiffening girders supporting the deck Example (6.5) British practice Example (6.6) European practice Suspension bridge with a two-hinged stiffening girder Example (6.7) European practice Cable-stayed bridges Stay technology Introduction Cables and types Explanations of these systems Acceptance criteria and acceptance tests on stay cables for bridges 684 684 686 686 686 687 687 687 687 688 690 697 71 717 726 728 733 742 mg 751 754 754 755 758 789 760 761 762 162 765 773 715 716 1799 788 795 795 796 805 818CONTENTS 6.5 6.6 67 68 6.9 6.10 Specifications for suspension and cable-stayed bridges 6.5.1 Loads 6.5.2. Cables and anchorages (American practice) Analysis for isolated towers under loads 6.6.1 A tower under a concentrated load P and a horizontal reaction H at the top 6.6.2 A tower under cecentric load P and wind load W 6.6.3 Single tower with a cable under load (Braslislav-Stipanic method) Example (6.8) German practice Example (6.9) Tower analysis using a flexibility method. European practice 6.6.4 Single-tower vibration using stiffness method Example (6.10) Single-tower vibrations Cables and cable assemblies with towers Example (6.11) Column towers fixed to piers 6.7.1 Cable material properties 6.7.2 Stress changes and vertical anchoring forces 6.7.3 Buckling phenomenon of the tower Combined analysis for cable-girder-tower assemblies 6.8.1 | Combined analysis for axial forces in cables and girders Example (6.12) Cable tension tower top force (American practice) 6.8.2 Cable-stayed bridge analysis using the flexibility method and influence lines. K. C. Ray method Example (6.13) Indian practice (Check also with BS 5400) Example (6.14) German practice 6.8.3 Cable-stayed analysis using flexibility method — double-cable bridge (British practice). Smith's method 6.8.4 Multiple cable bridge ~ fan type 68.5 Multicable harp-type cable-stayed bridges 6.8.6 A shaped tower for a double-plane cable-stayed bridge 6.8.7 H-shaped tower for a double-plane cable-stayed bridge 6.8.8 | Cable-stayed bridges — finite element method Computer-aided analysis Geometric non-linearity and P-A effects 6.10.1 Modal analysis of cable-stay bridge Example (6.15) British practice Example (6.16) European practice 6.10.2 Description of the analysis 6.10.3 Limit state design 821 821 828 831 831 833 833 838, B44 850 853 856 857 858 859 861 862 862 866 870 888 898 903 908 910 oS 917 919 923 924 926 928 933 934 946xxii CONTENTS Section 7. Structural details of some important bridges 959 7.1 Introduction 961 7.2 Prototype bridges: details of superstructures 961 7.3 Prototype bridges 961 7.3.1 Poole harbour crossing: bridge design details 961 7.3.2 Bridge over River Lérez Ponteverdra, Spain (European practice) 962 7.3.3 Prototype bridges: details of substructures 962 Section 8. Bibliography 985 Bridges ~ arts and aesthetics 987 Codes and recommended practice, texts and design reports 989 Conventional bridges in steel and concrete 993 Cables and other materials 996 Suspension and cable-stayed bridges 997 Wind on bridges 1003 Dynamic and seismic analysis and design 1007 Selected research on bridges 1009 Appendix: Numerical and finite element techniques and solutions: static, dynamic, seismic, wind and blast effects 1031 11 Element types, stiffness matrices and boundary conditions 1033 14.1 Element types and shape functions 1033 14.2 Nodal forces due to surface pressure 1036 14.3 Stiffness matrix 1037 1A.4 Line elements 1042 1A.5.— Stiffness matrix using a global approach 1042 1A.6 Stiffness matrix using isoparametric approach 1043 1A.7 Line elements in the body of the solid element 1047 1A.8 — Cylindrical co-ordinate system 1049 14.9 _ Inclined supports 1052 12 Shape functions 1054. 2A.1 Shape functions and derivatives of solid isoparametric elements 1054 24.2 Shape functions and derivatives of the membrane element 1063 1.3 Material and cracking matrices: other material models and failure criteria 1066. 34.1 Anisotropic material matrix 1066. 34.2 General steps of flow and crack calculations 1067 3A.3 Heat conduction model 1070 3A.4 2-D elastic beam 1074 3A.5 3-D elastic beam 1077 3A.6 Stiffness and mass matrices 1079CONTENTS 14 16 LT Index 3A7 3A8 3A9 3A.10 Local to global conversion Buckling analysis Bulk and shear moduli model Endochronic cracking model Dynamic finite element analysis formulations 4A] 4&2 4A3 4A4 4A5 44.6 The superelement and substructuring Reduced linear transient dynamic analysis Mode frequency analysis Spectrum analysis Impact/explosion Summary of step-by-step integration method Solution procedures: acceleration and convergence criteria SAL Criteria for convergence and acceleration Buildings and bridges — soil-structure interaction Relevant computer programs for the finite element analysis Lia) 1.7(b) LI) 17d) Abstracts from main program ISOPAR based on finite element analysis A computer program for the analysis of concrete elements subject to fire UL F Wickstrom program on thermal analysis ISOPAR finite-element program: subroutine xxiii 1082 1084 1086 1086 1088 1088 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094. 1096. 1096. 1100: 1102 1102 1110 1131 1140, 7MALO gs Cer ECE mo Ly CR 188N O-7277-2 | ] } | l B72 I 5 Uver7ee" Bn ae ‘comprehensive guide to the analysis and design of Dee ML ey Cu Cad De Ee aE eee Deen ee eo on Ce un od Se eR oC a] Cee ae cd Cr un | Ce ence en re Ed De ee Cee ee) Dee oe re ean | Ee basis of existing constructed facilities. 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