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DSP: Discrete Signals & Systems

This document provides an introduction to a course on digital signal processing and applications. It discusses various topics related to discrete-time signals including representations, elementary signals, classification as energy/power signals, periodicity, even and odd signals, signal manipulation through shifting and folding, block diagram representations of systems, and classifications of systems as static/dynamic, causal/non-causal, linear/nonlinear, and stable/unstable. It also covers the resolution of signals into impulse trains and the use of convolution to describe the response of linear time-invariant systems to input signals. Students are assigned problems 2.1 to 2.50 to practice these concepts.

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Saurabh Yadav
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107 views24 pages

DSP: Discrete Signals & Systems

This document provides an introduction to a course on digital signal processing and applications. It discusses various topics related to discrete-time signals including representations, elementary signals, classification as energy/power signals, periodicity, even and odd signals, signal manipulation through shifting and folding, block diagram representations of systems, and classifications of systems as static/dynamic, causal/non-causal, linear/nonlinear, and stable/unstable. It also covers the resolution of signals into impulse trains and the use of convolution to describe the response of linear time-invariant systems to input signals. Students are assigned problems 2.1 to 2.50 to practice these concepts.

Uploaded by

Saurabh Yadav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Department of Electronics and Communication

Engineering

Digital Signal Processing


& Applications

Subject Code - EC-522

Lecture-3: Course Introduction ( Discrete Signal and


Systems)
Discrete Signals: Recap
Representations:
Functional:

Tabular:

Sequence:
Discrete Signals: Recap
Elementary Discrete Time Signals:
1. Unit Sample Sequence:

2. Unit Step Signal Sequence:

3. Ramp Sequence

4. Exponential Sequence
Classification of Discrete Signals
Energy Signal:

Power Signal:
Example

It is not energy signal!


It is power signal!
Classification of Discrete Signals
Periodic, Aperiodic Signal:

Smallest value of N is called fundamental period!


Energy of a periodic signal is finite over a time period,
but it will be infinite over whole range!

What about Power of a periodic signal?


Power of a periodic signal is finite over a time period,
but it will be equal to the when calculated over whole
range!
Periodic signals are power signals!
Example
Check periodicity of signal and its fundamental period:

N0 = 8
j n
(a) x (n) = e 4 Periodic with
1

n Not-Periodic
(b) x1 (n) = cos
2
N 0 = 24
=
(c) x1 (n) cos n + sin n Periodic with
3 4
Least common multiple (LCM) of two numbers is the
smallest number (not zero) that is a multiple of both will ne
fundamental period!
2 Periodic with N = 8
(d) x1 (n) = cos n 0
8
Classification of Discrete Signals
Even (Symmetric), Odd (Anti-symmetric)Signal:
Even
Odd
Any signal can be broken into:

Find even, odd components of:


xe (n) = cos ( n )
x1 (n) cos ( n ) + sin ( n )
=
xo (n) = sin ( n )
Manipulation of discrete signals
Independent
Shifting of Independent variable: variable

x(n-3)?
x(n+2)?
Manipulation of discrete signals
Independent
Folding of Independent variable: variable

x(-n)? x(-n+2)?
Manipulation of discrete signals
Scaling of Independent variable: Independent
variable

x(2n)?
Discrete time system

Examples:

1.
=

2.
Block Diagram representation
Adder Constant Multiplier

Signal multiplier Unit Delay/advance Element


Example
Block diagram representation of
Other Classifications
Static vs. Dynamic/memory
Dependency on Dependency on
Current time sample only Current as well as other time samples

Causal vs.Noncausal
Dependency on
Current and previous time
sample only

Static, Causal Dynamic, Non-Causal

Dynamic, Causal Dynamic, Non-Causal


Other Classifications
Linear Vs. Nonlinear
Superimposition theorem

Not linear
Not linear

Linear
Other Classifications
Stable Vs. Unstable
Bounded Input Bounded Output stable
x ( n) M x y ( n) M y

Example: y (n=
) y 2 (n 1) + x(n)

We select bounded input signal x(n) = C (n)


x(n) = C (n)

y (0) = C BIBO Unstable system:


Input is bounded stable but
y (1) = C 2
output is not bounded
y (2) = C 4 stable!
Resolution of discrete time signal into
impulses
n) ( n k )
xk (=

x(n) (n
= k ) x(k ) (n k )
Response of LTI System: Convolution
Sum

If input is presented by train of impulse signals:


Response of LTI System: Convolution
Sum

Above expression is true for any time-variant function!


Response of LTI System: Convolution
Sum
If we impose time-invariant condition:

Convolution sum of input and system equation!

Function of k only!
Operations: Folding, Shifting, Multiplication, Summation!
Example
Example
Problems
2.1 to 2.50.

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