Introduction to Remote Sensing
Genevieve Patenaude
[email protected]
Edinburgh seen by LiDAR
You are here!
Courtesy of the Environment Agency
Overview
Fundamentals
What is RS
How it works
What is recorded
What is meant by resolutions
The systems
Optical, Lidar
Radar
Example of systems and related costs
Where : Acquisition of images
What we need to be aware of when purchasing
Fundamentals
What is remote sensing?
The science (and art) of acquiring information
about an object, without entering in contact
with it, by sensing and recording reflected or
emitted energy and processing, analyzing,
and applying that information.
How it works?
Receiving stations
Passive RS
systems
Active RS Final product
systems Application
Interpretation
Energy source: Passive/Active
Atmosphere
Target
Recording devices
Transmission/reception/processing
Interpretation
Application
What is recorded?
Courtesy of Louis E. Kleiner
Wavelengths
The resolutions
Spatial resolution: The ground area represented by each pixel in an image
High resolution Low Resolution
Spectral resolution: Ability of sensor to separate EM into small intervals (bands)
Multispectral: Hyperspectral:
Radiometric resolution: Ability to discriminate slight
differences in energy
Temporal resolution: How often is the target sampled
(orbital characteristics, swath width, flight campaigns)
Courtesy of North Carolina University
The
Systems
The systems
Three main types of sensors used
Optical (Visible/IR)
Radar (Microwave)
LiDAR (Mostly NIR)
Fundamentals of each
The systems: Optical
Optical record energy in the visible/IR portion of the electromagnetic radiation
Energy recorded in bands: multi/hyperspectral
Spectral signature: How reflects/absorbs
radiation per wavelengths.
Can be plotted as a spectral curve.
Unique spectral signature of vegetation
Specific bands used alone, or as
ratios to discriminate vegetations
A: blue band
B: green band
C: red band
D: near IR band
E: short-wave IR band
The systems: Optical
The spectral signature is also used to discriminate between vegetation types and
conditions
Stress: damage to internal cell structure, reduction of chlorophyll
and of moisture content are factors which will affect the signature
The systems: Radar
Advantages over optical: active system, not affected by atmosphere,
penetrates the canopy (wavelength)
Iain H. Woodhouse
Radar Frequency Wavelength
Band (GHz) (cm)
X 8.0 - 12.5 2.4 - 3.8
C 4.8 - 8.0 3.8 - 7.5
L 4.8 - 8.0 15 - 30
P 0.3 - 1.0 30 - 100
Important limitations: forestry applications not fully operational/research stage
The systems: Lidar
Light detection and ranging (Lidar)
Active system (independent of sunlight)/ Functioning
Not an imaging system: record discrete sample points
Waveform and discrete recording LiDAR LASER
PULSE
PUSE INTENSITY
TIME (nanosec)
0 FIRST RETURN
(top of canopy)
50
LAST RETURN
100 (ground)
Unavailable from satellite
Hill et al. 2002
Expensive
Example of systems
and related costs
What are the costs?
Sensors Cost/ Type (spatial res.) Sales contact
km2
Landsat 5&7 0.01 Multispectral (Medium) http://edc.usgs.gov/products/satellite
1982 to 30 meters /tm.html
(235/ ~170x180 km2)
Aster 0.01 Multispectral (Medium-High) http://edc.usgs.gov/products/satellite
2000 to 15 to 90 meters /aster.html
(50/~60x60 km2)
Spot 0.5 Multispectral (Medium) http://www.npagroup.co.uk/imagery/s
10-20 metres atimagery/pdf/price_list.pdf
1986 to
(1800/ 60x60 km2 ) http://www.infoterra-global.com/
Ikonos 9 Multispectral (High) http://www.npagroup.co.uk/imagery/s
1-4 metres atimagery/ikonos.htm
1999 to
(1089 / 11x 11 km2)
Aerial ~ 25 Variable (High) http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/os
photography website/
Lidar ~ 250 (cost dependent on http://www.infoterra-global.com
sampling density and http://www.environment-
service providers) agency.gov.uk/science/monitoring/13
1047/?version=1&lang=_e
Free imagery (archive) at : http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/data/
New generation/Forthcoming sensors
Applications to Forestry
National agencies/companies
Clear cut mapping / regeneration assessment
Disturbances
Infrastructure mapping / operations support
Forest inventory / biomass estimation
Vegetation density
Species inventory
Environmental Monitoring
Deforestation
Species inventory/ habitat mapping
Watershed protection
Coastal protection
Forest health and vigour
Conclusion
Increasing number of sensors available (from
videography, hand held digital cameras and high
resolution satellite imagery)
Transition from theory to information
Greater technological sophistication (Technological
advances)
Explosive growth in information extraction (Data
processing)
Improvement in understanding role of RS for forestry
(Information Synthesis)
The use of RS to generate specific information
requirements (Application context)
