SMB University: Selling Cisco SMB Foundation Solutions
Networking Fundamentals
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Objectives
Describe the function and operation of a hub, a switch and a
router
Describe the function and operation of a firewall and a
gateway
Describe the function and operation of Layer 2 switching,
Layer 3 switching, and routing
Identify the layers of the OSI model
Describe the functionality of LAN, MAN, and WAN networks
Identify the possible media types for LAN and WAN
connections
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What is a Network?
A network refers to two or more connected computers that
can share resources such as data, a printer, an Internet
connection, applications, or a combination of these
resources.
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Types of Networks
Local Area Network (LAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
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WAN Technologies
Leased Line
Synchronous serial
Circuit-switched
TELEPHONE
COMPANY
Asynchronous serial. ISDN Layer 1
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WAN Technologies (Cont.)
Frame-Relay
Synchronous serial
SERVICE
PROVIDER
Broadband Access
SERVICE
PROVIDER
Cable, DSL, Wireless WAN
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Network Topologies: Bus Topology
SEGMENT
Terminator Terminator
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Network Topologies: Star Topology
Hub
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Network Topologies:
Extended Star Topology
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The OSI Model
Why a Layered Network Model?
Reduces complexity
Application
7
Standardizes interfaces
Presentation Facilitates modular engineering
6
Ensures interoperable technology
Session
5
Accelerates evolution
Transport Simplifies teaching and learning
4
Network
3
Data Link
2
Physical
1
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The Seven Layers of the OSI Model
Application Application Layers (Upper
7
Layers):
Presentation
6 Network Processes to
Applications
Session
5
Data Representation
Transport InterHost Communication
4
Network
3
Data Link
2
Physical
1
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The Seven Layers of the OSI Model (Cont.)
Application
7 End To End Connections:
Presentation Handles transportation issues
6
between hosts
Session Ensures data transport reliability
5
Establishes, maintains and
Transport terminates virtual circuits
4
Provides reliability through fault
Network detection and recovery
3
Information flow control
Data Link
2
Physical
1
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The Seven Layers of the OSI Model (Cont.)
Application
7 Data Delivery:
Presentation Provides connectivity and path
6
selection between two host
Session systems
5
Routes data packets
Transport
4 Selects best path to deliver data
The Network layer prioritizes data
Network
3
known as Quality of Service (QoS)
Data Link
2
Physical
1
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The Seven Layers of the OSI Model (Cont.)
Application
7 Access to Media:
Presentation Defines how data is formatted for
6
transmission and how access to
Session the network is controlled
5
Transport
4
Network
3
Data Link
2
Physical
1
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The Seven Layers of the OSI Model (Cont.)
Application
7 Binary Transmission:
Presentation Defines the electrical, mechanical,
6
procedural, and functional
Session specifications for activating,
5
maintaining, and deactivating the
Transport physical link
4
Network
3
Data Link
2
Physical
1
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Physical Media Types
Twisted-Pair Twisted-Pair
Outer jacket
RJ-45
Connector Color-Coded Plastic Insulation
Coaxial
Outer jacket Braided Copper Shielding
Copper Conductor
BNC
Plastic Insulation
Connector
Fiber Optics
Outer jacket Kevlar Reinforcing Material
Glass and Fiber Cladding
SC Plastic Shield
Connector
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Physical Media Types (Cont.)
Wireless
INTERNET
ETHERNET BACKBONE
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Physical Media Comparison
Wireless
Twisted Pair Coaxial Fiber Optic
LAN
Up to
Up to
Bandwidth Up to 1 Gbps 10100 Mbps 10 Gbps
54 Mbps
or higher
Distance Up to 100 m Up to 500 m Up to 60 km Up to 100 m
Least Most
Price Inexpensive Moderate
expensive expensive
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Hub or Repeater
A hub (concentrator) is a device that repeats the signals it
receives on one port to all other ports. It is a central
connection point for several network devices.
Hub
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Hub (Multiport Repeater)
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Network Interface Card
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WANPhysical Layer Implementations
Physical layer implementations vary
Cable specifications define speed of link
Cisco PPP Frame ISDN BRI (with DSL Modem Cable
HDLC Relay PPP) Modem
EIA/TIA-232 RJ-48 RJ-11 BNC
EIA/TIA-449 Note: ISDN BRI cable Note: Works Note: Works
pinouts are different than over telephone over Cable
X.21 V.24 V.35 the pinouts for Ethernet. line TV line
The RJ-48 and RJ-45
HSSI look the same, but the
pinouts are different.
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WAN
Physical Media
Wall Jack
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Data Link Layer
Data Link layer protocols create, transmit, and receive
packets. This layer is also responsible for logical MAC
addressing and LLC processing, creating logical topologies,
and controlling media access.
Data Link
2
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MAC Address
The network interface card address, called the hardware
address, is protocol-independent and is usually assigned at
the factory. This address is technically called the media
access control address (MAC) because it is found on the
MAC sub layer of the Data Link layer.
Data Link
00-0C-F1-5E-BE-F2
2
MAC Address = Hardware Address
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Data Link Devices
The Data Link layer is manipulated by two devices: bridges
and switches. These are more complex and more expensive
than their Physical layer counterparts, but they do have
advantages.
Bridges Switches
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Switch
When a switch receives data the switch examines the data
link header for the MAC address of the destination station
and forwards it to the correct port. This opens a path
between ports that can use the full bandwidth of the
topology.
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Network Layer
The network layer provides connectivity and path selection
between two host systems that may be located on
geographically separated networks
Network
3
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Network Layer (Cont.)
IP is a standard that defines the manner in which the network
layers of two hosts interact. IP addresses are 32 bit long,
hierarchical addressing scheme.
Network
192.168.6.17
3
IP Address = Logical Address
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Network Layer Devices
The devices that operate at the Network layer are routers and
Layer 3 Switches
Router Layer 3 Switch
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Routers
Routers facilitate communication within this internet work. It
decides how to send packets within the network so that they
arrive at their destination.
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Layer 3 Switches
The Layer 3 switch functions at the Network layer and
performs the multiport, virtual LAN, data pipelining functions
of a standard Layer 2 switch. It can also perform basic
routing functions between virtual LANs.
Layer 3 Switch
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Multilayer Switching
Application
7 Combines functionality of:
Presentation Layer 2 switching
6
Layer 3 switching
Session Layer 4 switching
5
High-speed scalability
Transport
4
Low latency compared to routers
Network
3
Data Link
2
Physical
1
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Transport Layer Implementations
The Transport layer is charge of the reliable/unreliable
transport of data. It can be implemented as TCP or UDP.
TCP
4
Transport
UDP
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Gateway
A gateway is a combination of hardware and software that
connects dissimilar network environments. It performs
translations at multiple layers of the open system
interconnection (OSI) model.
OSI Model
Gateway
PC Network MAC Network
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Firewalls
A firewall is a system or group of systems that manages
access between two or more networks
DMZ
Network
INTERNET
Outside Inside
Network Network
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Summary
This lesson covered the following main topics:
The function and operation of a hub, a switch, and a router
The function and operation of Layer 2 switching, Layer 3
switching, and routing
The OSI model
Functionality of LAN, MAN and WAN networks
Possible media types for LAN and WAN connections
The function and definition of firewalls and gateways
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