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Introduction to Interior Finishings:

Finish Before You Start
This Online Learning Seminar is available
through a professional courtesy provided by:

Metrie
3500 1055 Dunsmuir Street, Box 49100
Vancouver, BC V7X 1H3
Tel: (604) 630-3251
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.metrie.com

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2014, 2015 Metrie. The material contained in this course was researched, assembled, and produced by
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Introduction to Interior Finishings:

Finish Before You Start
Presented by: Metrie
3500 1055 Dunsmuir Street, Box 49100
Vancouver, BC V7X 1H3

Description: Provides an overview of Interior Finishings, with discussions on the variety of trim types,
profiles, and substrates, and how to select finishings that achieve the desired function
and design style.

To ensure the accuracy of this program material, this course is valid only when listed on
AEC Dailys Online Learning Center. Please click here to verify the status of this course.
If the course is not displayed on the above page, it is no longer offered.

The American Institute of Architects Course No. AEC683 This program qualifies for 1.0 LU/HSW Hour.

AEC Daily Corporation is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems (AIA/CES). Credit(s)
earned on completion of this program will be reported to AIA/CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-
AIA members are available upon request. This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not
include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method
or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services
will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

This course is approved by other organizations. Please click here for details.

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AEC Daily Corporation has met the standards and requirements of

the Registered Continuing Education Program. Credit earned on
completion of this program will be reported to RCEP at RCEP.net.
A certificate of completion will be issued to each participant. As
such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed
to be an approval or endorsement by the RCEP.

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Purpose and Learning Objectives

Purpose: Provides an overview of Interior Finishings, with discussions on the variety of trim
types, profiles, and substrates, and how to select finishings that achieve the desired
function and design style.

Learning Objectives:
At the end of this program, participants will be able to:
identify products that make up the category of Interior Finishings.
integrate finishings into the overall design process.
identify basic trim profiles available today for residential homes, and recognize their
decorative possibilities and key functional features.
select from the wide range of wood and composite substrates available for trim, and
compare their differences and strengths.
perform basic materials calculations for trim needs in a room, and.
recognize the value of selecting Interior Finishings at the beginning of the design
process.

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How to use this Online Learning Course

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To receive a certificate indicating course completion, refer to the instructions at the end
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Table of Contents

Introduction to Interior Finishings 7

The Role of the Design Professional 21

Critical Design Decisions 29

Trim Types and Profiles 41

Comparing and Choosing Materials 88

Proportions and Dimensions 95

Summary 102

Click on title to view

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Introduction to Interior Finishings

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What Are Interior Finishings?

As a design professional, you can help your customer put together the most effective
designs by helping them choose the right Interior Finishings at the beginning of the design
process. This course will familiarize you with this critical piece of the design of any room in
the housetrim!

Well begin with an introduction to Interior Finishings. This home dcor category is often not
top-of-mind with consumers when renovating or redecorating their homes, but finishings
have a significant impact on the overall look of the home and the success of your design
project.

Interior Finishings include trim, wall treatments, interior doors, posts and columns, stairway
systems, and ceiling treatments.

As diverse as this category of products may be, they have at least three important things in
common.

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What Are Interior Finishings?

First of all, they are Ceiling

fixed in that they Treatment

are attached to the

Wall
walls, ceilings, or Trim Treatment
floor of the home,
and sometimes Interior
Door Posts &
other surfaces. Columns

Stairway
Systems
Second, they are
usually non-
structural elements
of the home that
are decorative but
that often also have
a functional
purpose.

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What Are Interior Finishings?

The functional purpose is to hide gaps between walls and floors, around doors and
windows, and where walls meet ceilings.

Interior doors cover openings and keep noise and drafts out.
Wall treatments and ceiling treatments add decorative elements but can also be used to
control sound in a space.
Posts and columns may function to support something above but can also be a highly
decorative addition to a room.
Stairway systems are the most functional category of Interior Finishings, being elements
that when put together, provide safe passage between floors.

Function plays an important role and should not be eliminated without a viable alternative.

And thirdly, Interior Finishings are difficult for homeowners to select, purchase, and
installand that makes the role of the design professional very, very critical!

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Designer Tip

Remember to take a moment to note the designer tips for helpful information.

DESIGNER TIP: Add Interior Finishings as a category to your scope and

spec document to ensure you address Interior Finishings before your clients
project begins.

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Aesthetics

As a design professional, for aesthetic appeal

in your space, it is important for you to be
knowledgeable of both form and function of
Interior Finishings. Employing form through the
elements and principles of design will ensure
the room works. Even the basic functional
components can be aesthetically pleasing and
offer the design professional infinite
possibilities.

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Trim

The most common element of Interior Finishings is

trim, also called trimwork, mouldings, or in the
industry, moulding profiles. In this course, we will
refer to it as trim.

These products are used decoratively to create or

enhance a design style or capture a period look,
and are also used functionally to cover gaps
between two different surfaces such as a wall and a
ceiling or a wall and a door frame. Relative to other
renovations in a home, changing or upgrading the
trim is an inexpensive way to create a dramatic
effect, and various wall treatments can replace the
need for artwork.

Trim creates personality in a room. It is available in

every style, from traditional to contemporary, from
formal to rustic. There is trim to suit every clients
needs.

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Ceiling Treatments

Ceiling treatments use a wide range of decorative trim

elements to enhance a room. These elements can have a
functional aspect such as large beams to support the
structure, or small medallions to cover ceiling damage
from moving a light fixture location. They can also be used
to control sound in a space, but mostly they bring attention
to the 5th wall in a room.

Trim, such as crown moulding, panel moulding, rosettes,

and back bands, is often used to enhance ceiling
treatments. Ceiling treatments can also be designed using
medallions, false beams, wood slats, bead board, textured
panels, friezes, and many varieties of paneling.

The types of ceilings that trim can be used for include

coffered ceilings, tray ceilings, dropped ceilings, domed
ceilings, barrel ceilings, and recessed ceilings.

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Wall Treatments

Wall treatments are products and/or features used to

enhance the wall area of a room. They can be highly
decorative, creating a focal point in a room, or they
can set the stage for a particular design aesthetic.

Features used as wall treatments include fireplace

mantels, recessed niches, built-in millwork, and
decorative openings. Trim pieces are often used to
enhance wall treatments such as casings,
architraves, crown moulding, baseboards, chair rails,
panel moulding, picture rails, plate rails, rosettes,
plinth blocks, and back bands.

Additional products used in wall treatments include

columns, pilasters, wainscoting, corbels, medallions,
keystones, plaques, friezes, wood slats, bead board,
textured panels, and many varieties of paneling.

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Stairway Systems

Stairway systems are all the products and components used to produce a stairway. The
majority of these components are structural as well as decorative. Like other finishings in
the home, stairways should reflect the overall design composition of the room.

Typical components include stair treads, stair risers, balusters, spindles, handrails, newel
posts, newel caps, and stringers. Trim such as rosettes or panel moulding can effectively
enhance stairway systems.

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Interior Doors

Interior doors cover interior openings between rooms or areas, and can greatly impact the
design style of a room. They are available in a variety of materials such as wood, MDF,
metal, glass, and plastic, and can be installed in an opening with hinges, sliders, or pivots.

Interior doors should

coordinate in style with the
overall design and look of
the room as well as with
the trim and other Interior
Finishingsin other
words, contemporary
doors with contemporary
finishings, or Arts and
Crafts doors with Arts and
Crafts finishings.

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Posts and Columns

Posts and columns can be structural as well as decorative. They should coordinate with the
overall style of the room and with the other Interior Finishings.

A column is an upright pillar or post that can be structural or purely decorative, consisting
of a base, a shaft, and a capital. A half-column against a wall is called a pilaster.

Adding detail to any of these parts can produce a variety of decorative looks. For example,
the shaft can be left plain, or it can be fluted. It can also be round or square. The capital
can be a simple crown moulding or can be decoratively carved. Even making the base
square or round changes the feel of the column.

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Interior Finishings

Trim, ceiling treatments, wall treatments, stairway

systems, interior doors, and posts and columnsthese
all set the stage for the interior design of a space.

As set designers know when they are creating the scene

for a play or movie, the Interior Finishings are where you
start. They set the stage that captures the mood, look,
and feel of the room before the props and players are
added! Imagine a period movie without the Interior
Finishings!

Similarly, in the design of a living space, Interior

Finishings set the stage, and that is why we have called
this course, Finish Before You Start.

DESIGNER TIP: Inspiration is everywhere for your Interior Finishings projects.

Take notice of the sets while viewing Hollywood movies, old and new, and
start a file to capture unique installations.

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Review

Interior Finishings set the stage for the interior

design and have both functional and decorative
uses. They are usually fixed and can be applied to
every surface of a room.

Interior Finishings are often not top-of-mind with

consumers when renovating or redecorating their
homes, but they have a significant impact on the
overall look of the home and the success of your
design project.

For the most successful design project, Interior

Finishings need to be professionally planned in
detail, with thought given to each element of the
room, from trim through to stairway systems or
interior doors.

In this course, we will focus on the most common

element of Interior Finishings: trim.

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The Role of the Design Professional

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The Role of the Design Professional

Now that we have introduced you to the elements that make up Interior Finishings, lets
take a look at your important role as the design professional in integrating finishings into
the design process.

Interior Finishings can elevate a room much more cost effectively than most other home
dcor elements, including furniture, cabinetry and countertops, and accessories. And, they
can have a greater impact on the overall look of the space and contribute greatly to the
flow of design from one room to the next.

You are the most qualified person to specify the correct Interior Finishings for a room
because of your big picture view. As well, Interior Finishings are difficult to select, source,
and install for most homeowners, with very little education available for consumers or
designers alike. Design professionals are well-positioned to demonstrate high value to their
clients with an in-depth knowledge of Interior Finishings.

Consumers often know what they like, but they dont know how to achieve itparticularly
with Interior Finishings.

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Continuous Flow Through the Home

As a design professional, you

are trained to work with the
elements and principles of
design. Specifying trim is part of
this process. Trim touches every
room of a home, and the choice
of these important elements
cannot be left to chance.

It is very important for the design

professional to use knowledge of
the overall vision of the home to
ensure that the trim flows from
room to room. The design
professional is also equipped
through training to understand
the proportions of these products
to get it right for clients.
Right, Douglas Fir trim used throughout a home.

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Finish Before You Start

The best time to start thinking about Interior Finishings in the overall design process is right
at the beginning, when the feel of the room is being decided. The trim chosen can set the
scene and truly define the style of the room.

Again, like the set designer, the furniture or props, and actors and costumes, are
secondary to the design of the set!

Room with no trim Room finished with trim

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Challenges

As a design professional, you will face challenges in

selecting and installing the right interior finishes. Why
is it so difficult to find attractive trim suited to todays
design needs? And why is it so hard to find a qualified
and skilled finishing carpenter? Styles come and go,
and it was in the 1950s that we saw a decrease in the
amount of trim in homes. The reason was less about
trends, and more about cost-cutting.

Builders cutting back on trim, and Interior Finishings

work in turn, decreased the availability of trim products
in the marketplace. The distinctive products that had
been common to distinguish architectural styles were
suddenly difficult to find, and in many cases, no longer
being produced. The finishing carpenter no longer
needed to understand and employ the principles of Plain, modern room with little to no trim.
design for these simple trim projects. The art of
finishing was almost lost.

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Opportunities

But there are signs of a swing back from minimalist spaces

to rooms with character, reflecting the personality and tastes
of the homeowner. Interest in wood and natural and
sustainable materials has increased. Technology has
allowed production of more trim in the market to offer a
wider range of options.

However, that wide range comes with a price. There is little

guidance for the consumer to select from this chaos of
choice. Being trained in Interior Finishings, the design Wide range of options in stores
professional can play an important role in creating unique can cause a chaos of choice
personal spaces for clients.
Ensuring you learn as much
as you can will allow you to
explore products that give
you the capability to
produce beautiful, integrated
interiors at relatively low
cost. Trim used to build character in a room. Wood trim used in a great room.

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Value-Add of Design Professionals

As companies start to market and revamp this category of products, design professionals
in the know will increasingly be in demand to support consumers.

Design professionals work with clients on projects to develop the overall feel of the space.
The Interior Finishings set the tone for the final room, and it is imperative that the designer
be involved in these choices.

The design professional is the person best equipped to specify the permanent interior
finishes that will be installed in the space.
The design professional knows if an element will or will not work in the room.
Design professionals are constantly being inspired and can develop new ideas into the
whole design.
Design professionals think of the flow from room to room, and Interior Finishings are
critical to that achievement.

Without the design professionals attention to the details of the Interior Finishings, the final
look of the room can be negatively impacted.

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Review

You, the design professional, are the most qualified

person to specify the correct Interior Finishings for a
room. A designer thinks big picture and continuous
flow, and can ensure that flow continues into every
room!

Design professionals today face a number of

challenges, including a limited range of options. The
art of finishing is becoming a lost art with little
education out there.

Customers are now wanting more than the

minimalism of the past, and will look to you, the
designer, to help them sort through the chaos of
choice. There are huge opportunities for design
professionals to gain the knowledge and expertise to
help your customers find the amazing, unique
designs they are looking for!

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Critical Design Decisions

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Critical Design Decisions

With the knowledge of the important role you as a design professional play in integrating
Interior Finishings into the design process, lets move on to the design decisions you will
have to make with your customers that are critical to the process.

Product selection, integration of products with other elements in the space, and design
talent is what it takes to work effectively to achieve an amazing space! What does this
mean for areas of knowledge design professionals need to develop?

Product Selection.
A design professional can learn to sort through the chaos of choice to specify the
appropriate materials for the space, be it stained or painted trim. Design professionals are
knowledgeable in the principle of proportion in design, and can specify the correct sizes of
trim.

Product Integration.
The design professional is able to choose the correct types of products to be installed in
the room to complete the space, and understands that a bead board wainscot has a
different effect from a panel moulded wainscot.

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Critical Design Decisions

Product Creativity.
The design professional has chosen a creative field of work and is capable of producing
signature looks in Interior Finishings. The use of build-ups, layering, custom stains, and
paint techniques can produce that one-of-a-kind room. Learning more about Interior
Finishings and how they integrate with other elements in the room like paint and
furnishings will make a designed space truly special.

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When Interior Finishings Go Wrong

As a design professional, its important to know how to make certain critical design
decisions when working with Interior Finishings. Since they are fixed elements in the room,
making an error with Interior Finishings can be hard to change and costly to correct!

When no one is overseeing the details of Interior Finishings in a room, a number of

mistakes can occur. Some common finishing mistakes include: incorrect substrate material
specified for the room; the wrong sized products chosen; trim in conflict with other
elements in the room; or transition areas not thought out.

Lets take a look at some critical things to know in learning about Interior Finishings,
including how to avoid problems by making Interior Finishings decisions early in the design
process.

DESIGNER TIP: Informing all of your suppliers is the best way to avoid
mistakes. Make it part of your sub-trade meetings to update everyone on the
Interior Finishings products specified for each space.

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Select the Right Substrate

Choosing the wrong substrate or material can

cause major issues later on. Installing products
that are not fully sealed or substrates that absorb
moisture easily are not appropriate for rooms with
high moisture content. MDF trim can swell if not
fully sealed and allowed to absorb water, and oak
trim can discolor from contact with water.

When considering trim for the wet areas of

bathrooms and kitchens, ensure that the trim is
able to withstand the moisture and humidity levels
of these rooms.

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Select the Right Dimensions

A very common problem in the selection of trim is that the wrong sized products are
installed. The best installations allow trim pieces to meld into each other, leaving a reveal.

All of the pieces that add depth to an element need to

be considered to ensure the installation has the correct
reveals. Casings need to be deeper than baseboards.
Architraves need to be deeper than casings. The depths
of all build-ups need to be calculated for the correct
reveals.

Horizontal trim too deep for vertical trim. Crown build-up too large for the space.

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Select the Right Dimensions

The available space for a trim piece needs

to be considered to allow the full width of
the product to be used. Close attention to
the available wall space at a door opening
(on both sides) is crucial. Doors may need
to be installed farther away from the corner
than a standard 2x4.

Windows side-by-side may require different

widths of casings to accommodate the gap
between them. The size of the architrave
chosen also needs to be considered so that
it doesnt get cut down at the edges. Areas
where a ceiling may be dropped can
conflict with crown moulding if the wrong
sized crown moulding is installed.
Crown Insufficient Light Moulding Architraves Cold air
moulding space for switch into depths do are cut in return into
too large wide casing. not match. order to fit baseboard.
for ceiling casing. tight
beam. spacing.

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Integrate with Other Elements in the Room

Sometimes trim can

conflict with other
elements in the room.

The point where trim and

cabinetry meet needs to
be detailed to avoid
conflict. Filler pieces at
cabinetry may be
needed to allow cabinet
doors to open fully and
not conflict with trim
pieces.
Crown moulding conflicts with Space between window and cabinets
ceiling speaker. too narrow for trim.

The location of HVAC products on ceilings and walls needs to be detailed to avoid conflicts
with trim. Electrical elements such as light switches and recessed lighting locations also
need to be specified to work with trim details. And as stated earlier, the correct depth of
product needs to be specified.

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Consider Room Proportions

When room proportions are not considered, problems can arise. Many times, undersized
trim is installed in a room. As ceiling heights have increased in average homes, the size of
baseboards, casings, and crown mouldings needs to increase. Two-story spaces need
larger crown moulding to allow the details to be viewed, and may require larger headers
over doors and windows to balance the height of the space. Also, larger doors and
windows need to be framed in more substantial casings.

Crown moulding is too thin in both rooms.

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Remember Transition Areas

When transition areas are not thought through,

they can look awkward. The transition where
flooring materials change needs to be designed
for a cohesive look.

The transition of different styles of crown

moulding in a room needs to be detailed. A
rooms ceiling crown moulding to cabinetry crown Awkward baseboard transitions.
moulding are places where the transition needs
to be planned.

The areas where ceiling details change also

needs to be specified. Painted sheet rock ceiling
transitioning to a wood tongue and groove ceiling
is a transition that can benefit from the addition of
the correct trim piece.
Awkward transition of cabinet crown
moulding and ceiling crown moulding.

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The Costs of Mistakes

When Interior Finishings go wrong, both the

consumer and the designer suffer. The
overall look of the room is compromised due
to these mistakes, and no amount of
fluffing can hide these mistakes fully. The
design professionals reputation could be
hurt, and the consumer is disappointed.

Sometimes the cost to replace the product

can be very high. For example, the fix for
making trim fit at a doorway can mean
physically removing and moving the
opening.

By becoming an expert in specifying trim,

these mistakes can be avoided, and the
professional has the opportunity to take her
projects to the next level!

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Review

To work effectively with Interior Finishings

products and make the right design
decisions, design professionals need to
develop knowledge in three key areas:
Product Selection.
Product Integration. .
Product Creativity.

If the details of Interior Finishings are not

carefully overseen and planned, mistakes
can occur, such as selecting the wrong
substrate, neglecting to consider room
proportions or transition areas, or selecting
the wrong dimensions.

By becoming an expert in Interior Finishings,

you can avoid these common mistakes for a
smoother, more successful project.

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Trim Types and Profiles

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Types of Trim

We have now covered an

introduction to Interior
Finishings, the important role of
the design professional in the
process, and critical design
decisions that will make or break
your project. Now lets move on
to designing and working with
trim, starting with types of trim
and trim profiles.

There are three categories of

trim that need to be considered
in the design process:
Core Trim.
Layering Trim.
Ornamental Trim.

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Types of Trim

Core trim is used in most installations. It includes baseboards, casings, and crown
mouldings. Typically, it is the most functional trim since it covers the gaps between two
areas, but it can be highly decorative and can set the style tone of the room.

Layering trim can act as a complement to the core trim, adding additional style to the
room.

Ornamental trim is the decorative trim that adds specific details to a room.

Lets take a look at the three types of trim in more detail.

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Core Trim Profiles

Core trim, the most functional trim category, is made up of crown mouldings, baseboards,
and casings.

DESIGNER TIP: Ensure that you coordinate the styles of the three types of
core trim at the beginning of the design process. This trim forms the basis of
your design, and all of the additional trim will build on these.

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Crown Moulding: Definition and Uses

Crown moulding, sometimes referred to as a cornice, is a type of trim that crowns a surface
or structure and is typically found at the top of an internal wall and a ceiling. It is one of the
most commonly identified core types of trim.

Crown moulding has many other uses. It can be integrated into the architrave or header
over a door or window or as part of the mantel on a fireplace surround. It can also be
added into a shelf or ledge design or as 3-D panel moulding on a wall.

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Crown Moulding: Profiles

A design professional has multiple options for profiles in crown moulding. Shapes can be
concave, convex or linear. Crown moulding comes in a vast array of sizes and substrates,
and layering crown moulding offers infinite design possibilities!

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Crown Moulding in the Home

Ceiling crown moulding makes a room seem more stylish
and complete.

When crown moulding is installed so that it projects out

across the ceiling, it can give the space a more intimate
feeling and bring the ceiling height down (image at right).

Crown moulding can be installed to make a room seem

taller by placing it more vertically along the top of the wall
(below left).

To have the room feel

larger overall, paint the
crown moulding to
match the ceiling
(image at near left).

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Designing with Crown Moulding

Crown moulding can be specified to blend in and harmonize with the space, or can
contrast and emphasize a space.

Choosing a white-on-white color scheme for the walls and trim portrays a calm
environment. Painting the moulding to provide a high contrast in the room adds design
movement and gives a more energized room. Harmonizing may be better for a bedroom
or bathroom, while contrast may work better in a playroom or family room.

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Theme Design with Crown Moulding

Specific design styles can be developed through the use of different crown moulding
profiles. Dentil crown moulding, for example, can give a room a Craftsman or a Traditional
look.

The choice of the size and spacing of the dentils (or teeth) can make a dramatic difference
in making this profile formal or informal.

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Creating Unique Crown Moulding with Layering

As a design professional, you have an opportunity to

develop signature looks with crown moulding by layering
moulding profiles. It is best to experiment with actual
sample pieces or to-scale drawings to develop your look.

DESIGNER TIP: Save your portfolio of stacked

crown moulding to help when developing new
designs. Ideally, have your finishing carpenter
mount them on a board for a professional look.
Stacked crown moulding could become your
signature in a space!

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Layered or Stacked Crown Moulding

Manufacturing techniques do not always allow for over-sized crown mouldings and other
trim pieces to be produced. Layering or stacking allows the designer to achieve these large
profiles.

As you can see, layered or stacked crown moulding can make for a unique, take-your-
breath-away design.

Inverted baseboard on Double layer of crown moulding. Crown moulding layered with inverted
wall, crown moulding and baseboard on wall.
baseboard on ceiling.

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Crown Moulding in Mantels

Adding crown moulding to mantels can make a unique statement. It also gives visual
support to the mantel, allowing the mantel to be deeper and more substantial.

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Other Uses for Crown Moulding

Coordinating crown moulding can be used in

many unique ways to enhance the design of any
room. It looks great framing the flat-screen TV in a
room or used to support a shelf.

In the walk-in closet at right, crown mouldings

were used to build shelves to hold clothing
accessories and shoes!

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Baseboards: Definition and Uses

Baseboards, like crown moulding, are also one of the most

common types of moulding. Baseboards are trim pieces that
conceal the joint between an interior wall and the floor.
Baseboards can also be referred to as a skirting board, a
mop board, or a plinth board.

Baseboard material can be used as part of a build-up for a

crown moulding, as an apron under a window sill, or as a
frame around an element.

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Baseboards Moulding Profiles

Baseboards are available in a wide variety of styles to work with many different design
themes. Heights and depths of baseboards vary, with standard stock sizes between 3 "
and 8" high. Layering baseboards is the best way to achieve taller baseboards. It is much
easier to install a 12"-high baseboard from multiple pieces than one continuous 12"-high
piece.

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Baseboards in the Home

Baseboards anchor a room. Contemporary design has seen the size of the baseboard
increase. The ability to add texture to a design through the use of detailed baseboards is a
great designer tool!

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Designing with Baseboards

Finishing baseboards to blend with the flooring in the room will visually expand the size of
the space, while matching your baseboards to the wall color can help give the illusion of
taller walls.

Painted white baseboards are classic and are a good choice in most rooms.

Baseboards that blend with the floor. Baseboard painted to match walls.

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Layering and Building Up Baseboards

Unique baseboard looks can be achieved by layering different

trim. The added depth this produces gives weight to the
element; just ensure you are pairing it with a casing that is
deeper than the combined depths.

DESIGNER TIP: Arranging sample pieces to design

your build-ups helps you check proportion.

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Creating Unique Baseboards with Build-Ups

Here are some examples of the unique baseboard looks that

can be created by layering trim. If the casing being installed
does not allow for additional depth, a great trick is to install a
trim piece a few inches above the standard baseboard, and
then paint all the trim and the exposed piece of wall the
same color. This will give you the tall baseboard desired
without the
added depth.
Combining
paint grade
and stain grade
trim opens up
many more
design
opportunities
with
baseboards.

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Other Uses for Baseboard

Baseboard, like crown moulding, can be used in many unique ways to enhance the design
of any room.

Any time you are thinking of using a flat stock piece of wood, consider a baseboard.
Baseboards work well layered with other trim elements for unique designs. They can be
used as the skirt under a window sill, or as shown here, integrated into an octagonal ceiling
detail, and layered with a crown moulding.

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Casings: Definition and Uses

A casing is a trim moulding that forms the frame for a

window, a door, or an archway.

A casing is typically a tapered piece of moulding

framing the opening. Standard installation is to miter
the corners, but many options are available.

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Casings Profiles

Casings are available in a wide variety of styles to work with many different design themes.
Stock sizing can vary from 2" to 4", with larger, more substantial casings being offered all
the time. 4 " to 6" wide casings are becoming more available and very popular. The
casing chosen should always be deeper than the baseboard being installed, to produce a
reveal at the joint.

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Casings in the Home

Casings are the most visible trim in the home since they are installed at eye level. They
can set the tone for the whole design of a space due to their positioning in the room.

Emphasis can be made to an opening by using large sized casings or expanding the
header over the top of the opening.

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Designing with Casings

Contrasting casings can make a Choosing a substrate that matches

focal point of the openings in a millwork in the room gives a
room. cohesive look.

Choosing a dark stained or painted

finish for a window casing acts as a
picture frame for the view.

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Designing with Casings

Adding a crosette detail at the Casings can
top corners of the door or also be used
window casing can also in other
accent the area. This detail applications
has typically been thought of such as in
as a traditional installation, this over-
but with contemporary mantel
mouldings, it can be just the design.
accent that a modern door
needs.

Choosing oversized casings to frame an opening

gives this area more prominence in a space.

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Other Uses for Casings

Casings are not just for trimming

windows, doors, and openings.
They can also be used as
accent pieces in other areas
requiring trim. They are great
products to use to frame out
mirrors. Used with a decorative
rosette, they can produce a one-
of-a-kind feature. They can also
frame artwork, or as in the far
right example, be a frame
around fabric to display jewelry.

Another unique use of casing

(lower photo) is to butterfly it to
form a fireplace surround. The
casings were installed back-to-
back, and were also used to
frame the art above the mantel.

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Creating Unique Casings with Build-Ups

DESIGNER TIP: Be on the lookout for creative

ways to use trim. Just because a trim piece is
labeled as a specific product does not mean it must
be used that way. Experiment and have fun!

The design professional can develop unique, one-of-a-kind

casings by using build-ups. Additional stock trim like coves,
rounds, panel moulding, and back bands are all available for
this.

Layering products can also be used to produce signature looks.

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Review: Core Trim

The three categories of trim that need to be considered in the design process are core
trim, layering trim, and ornamental trim.
In this section we covered core trim, which includes crown moulding, baseboards, and
casings. Core trim is typically the most functional trim, since it covers the gaps between
two areas, but it can be highly decorative and can set the style tone of the room.
Crown moulding crowns the surface of a structure. It makes a room more stylish and
complete, can make a room feel more intimate or look larger or smaller, and can be
used to create unique and dramatic looks through layering.
Baseboards conceal the joint between an interior wall and the floor, and they anchor a
room. They can be made to blend with the flooring or wall to expand the size of the
space. Layering baseboards can create a unique effect. Baseboards can also be used
creatively as a build-up for a crown moulding or a frame around an element.
Casings form the frame for a window, a door, or an archway. They are installed at eye
level, making them the most visible trim. They can set the tone for the room, or be used
for special effects such as to emphasize or frame an opening. Layering products can
produce signature looks.

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Introducing Layering Trim Into Your Designs

Layering trim can act as a

complement to the core
trim, adding additional
style to the room. Layering
trim consists of
architraves, chair rails,
panel moulding, picture
rail, wainscot, base shoe
moulding, coves, and back
bands.

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Architraves

Architraves, also referred to as headers, add

detail to the top of an opening. An architrave
can be added above the top part of a casing,
or instead of the top of the casing. They are
appropriate in both traditional and
contemporary spaces and are available in a
wide range of styles.

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Designing with Architraves

The architrave or header gives an opening

prominence, and offers ample opportunity
to put your stamp on a room. The large
area above an opening lends itself well to
embellishment through the addition of
panel moulding and appliques. You are only
limited by your creativity.

DESIGNER TIP: Traditional

paintings by masters of grand Large architrave An architrave adds
European homes often show above columns height above a door
elaborate architrave
treatments. Collect examples
to inspire your modern
interpretations.

Architrave brings focus on the windows

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Chair Rail

A chair rail is a piece of trim that is installed on a main part of a wall. Originally, chair rails
were installed to protect the delicate plaster wall surfaces in a home. Today, they are used
to accentuate proportion in a room and as a decorative element. Typical installation heights
for chair rails are 30" and 36" from finished floor. Additional popular heights are 60" and 72"
from finished floor with wainscot below.

DESIGNER TIP: Choose the height that you install your chair rail carefully;
the position can make the room seem taller or shorter. Ensure that you do not
get the proportion wrong in a room by installing the chair rail in the center of a
wall.

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Designing with Chair Rail

Chair rails offer

unique looks
and accentuate
different design
elements in
different ways.

Chair rails
Chair rail low on wall 60" high chair rail with vertical paneling below
placed low on a
wall are more
traditional or
formal. Chair
rails placed high
on a wall tend to
be more
informal.

Chair rail with panel moulding below Tall chair rail with bead board below

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Creating Unique Chair Rails Through Build-Ups

and Layering
Using build-ups in your chair rail design can add a unique
accent to the space. Layering with core trim like baseboards
and casings ties the design to other elements in the room.

One-of-a-kind looks can be achieved by layering with

ornamental moulding such as coves and half rounds.

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Panel Moulding

Panel moulding is typically the name for the trim

piece used to produce or accent wall paneling.
This small piece of moulding can pack a large
punch when it comes to developing a design, and
the uses for this element are infinite. It is great for
adding texture. For additional texture in the room,
use it to frame wallpaper or fabric.
White-on-white panel moulding

Contrasting panel moulding Panel moulding adding texture to a room Panel moulding framing fabric

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Designing with Panel Moulding

DESIGNER TIP: Panel

moulding is one of the
most versatile trims
available. Keep it in
mind when you want to
add an accent to an
area. It is a wonderful
addition to ceiling,
fireplace, and wall
designs. Applying a
decorative finish to this small piece can also add an unexpected feature to your designs.

Panel moulding can be added to almost any surface to create unique, classic designs. It
can be integrated into almost any design aesthetic.

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Picture Rail

Picture rail is a specialty piece of trim that

has a protruding area that accommodates a
hook. The hook is used to hang artwork on
a wall from a wire, string, or ribbon. It
eliminates the need to put holes in the
plastered walls. In contemporary design, it
gives an art gallery look to a space.

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Wainscot

Wainscot is millwork that is applied to the wall below the chair rail. It can be achieved using
a variety of pieces of trim. A simple application is to apply panel moulding to the wall in a
picture frame pattern between a chair rail and a baseboard, and then paint everything the
same color. A more traditional approach is to panel the wall with a stainable or paint grade
wood and apply the panel moulding, chair rail, and baseboard on top of the paneling,
staining, and/or painting all of the elements. For a country look, incorporate bead board
into your wainscot design.

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Base Shoe Moulding, Coves, and Back Bands

Base shoe moulding is used when there is a gap between

the floor and baseboard. A half round piece of moulding is
the traditional shape, but rectangular shapes work better in
contemporary settings.

Cove moulding is a concave piece of trim used to

transition between two different sized pieces. It is often
included between the bottom of the window sill and the
window apron, and can also be used as an accent piece in Base shoe moulding at floor
a variety of applications.

Back banding is a trim piece used to give extra depth to a

casing to allow it to be deeper than the baseboard. It can
also give more dimension to the casing by adding more
shadow lines and a more substantial feel. The back band
can wrap around an existing casing or can be a piece that
is added to it.
Back banding

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Review: Layering Trim

Layering trim can act as a complement to the core trim, adding additional style to the
room. Layering trim consists of architraves, chair rails, panel moulding, picture
moulding, wainscot, base shoe moulding, coves, and back bands.
An architrave, also called a header, adds detail to the top of an opening and gives an
opening prominence.
Chair rails are installed on a main part of a wall. They accentuate proportion in a room
and are a decorative element.
Panel moulding is typically the name for the trim piece used to produce or accent wall
paneling.
Picture rail is a specialized form of trim that art hangs from, eliminating nail holes in
plastered walls.
Wainscot is millwork that is applied to the wall below the chair rail.
Base shoe moulding is used when there is a gap between the floor and the baseboard.
Coves are concave pieces of trim used as transitional pieces to link other trim pieces
together.
Back banding gives extra depth to a casing to allow it to be deeper than the baseboard.
Use layering trim to put your signature on your designs!

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Adding Flair with Ornamental Trim

The final detail that finishes the room

comes from the wide array of ornamental
trim available. Ornamental trim is the
decorative and functional trim that adds
specific details to a room.

Corner blocks, corbels, medallions, plinth

blocks, appliques, and rosettes typically
are used as installation aids but have
impact on the overall design of the room.
Corbels under mantel Appliques on a fireplace

Medallion Rosettes

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Corner Blocks and Medallions

Corner blocks and medallions can make the installation

of trim and other products easier. Corner blocks were
developed to eliminate complicated miter cuts on-site
when installing crown moulding. When using them, only
straight cuts need to be performed. Medallions can hide
the drywall damage made when a ceiling fixture is
moved slightly. The medallion covers the hole and adds
a fabulous decorative detail to the ceiling, typically
accenting a light fixture.

DESIGNER TIP: Think outside

the box when using ornamental
trim. Ceiling medallions make a
great wall treatment, and corner
blocks can be used to support a
shelf. The beauty of trim is its
flexibility; as a designer, you can
Outside corner block
use this to your advantage!

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Corbels and Appliques

Corbels and appliques

are the most decorative
of the ornamental trim.
They can be included in
many trim projects. They
look great in the corner
of an opening to soften
the transition from wall
to ceiling. Another place
to incorporate them is
under a fireplace mantel.

Appliques can add a Corbel at opening

little extra detail to
almost any surface.
Experiment by including
them as a signature
detail in your trim
projects.

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Rosettes and Plinth Blocks

Traditionally, rosettes and plinth blocks were

specified to ease installation since they eliminated
the need for complicated miter cuts. Use rosettes
and plinth blocks to accent an opening and add
design flair.

Modern rosette designs have made this trim piece

an important part of the design. Rosettes are the
perfect accent for a rooms Interior Finishings. Use
them as accents on fireplace mantels, on ceilings, Plinth blocks anchor the casings
on walls, on stair systems, and on built-in millwork.
They are an ideal element to achieve rhythm in
your designs.

A plinth block placed at the lower portion of a door

casing formally anchors the casing and provides a
thicker piece of trim for both the casing and
baseboard to meld into. Rosettes as part of a mirror frame
and mantel design

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More Design Ideas with Trim

Now that you have become familiar with the

different types of trim available to you,
experiment with your designs to achieve
unique looks.

Try different color schemes such as

monochromatic or contrasting. Mix painted
and stained trim in the same space, or apply
decorative paint and stain techniques to your
trim work.

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Unique Installations

Also experiment with how the moulding gets installed. Diagonals add excitement to your
designs. Arches add interest and curves add movement. Dont be stifled by traditional
placement. Install wainscot at the top of the wall instead of the bottom. Fill a wall with
rosettes. There is no limit to the unique designs you can create. Make trim your signature!

Diagonal ceiling installation Ceiling detail with simple Decorative corners at panel
panel moulding moulding frames

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Review: Ornamental Trim

Ornamental trim consists of corner blocks, corbels, medallions, appliques, rosettes, and
plinth blocks typically are used as installation aids but can have impact on the overall
design of the room.

Corner blocks and medallions can make the installation of trim and other products
easier.

Corbels and appliques are the most decorative of the ornamental trim.

Rosettes are the perfect accent for other areas in a rooms Interior Finishings, and
become an ideal element to achieve rhythm in your designs.

A plinth block placed at the lower portion of a door casing formally anchors the door
casing and provides a thicker piece of trim for both the casing and baseboard to meld
into.

Being familiar with all of the trim available to you allows you to integrate it into your
designs through the use of creativity, be it unique installations or unique finishes.

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Comparing and Choosing Materials

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Choosing Materials for Trim

Knowing the types of trim and profiles available is definitely an important step in making
the right design decisions for the look you want to achieve. However, choosing the right
materials for your project is a key step in a successful install. And because of the wide
range of substrates available today, it is important to compare the differences and apply
them appropriately to each unique project.

There are a variety of substrates that trim is made of. Its a good idea to obtain samples of
the different substrates to help explain the characteristics of the substrates and the
differences between them to your clients. It is important for them to understand why one
material is preferable over another for their unique project.

How you plan to have the trim finished is the best place to start when choosing the
substrate material for trim. Are you going to paint or stain? You shouldnt paint cherry, and
you cant stain MDF.

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Choosing Materials for Trims

Other considerations in selecting the appropriate substrate include the following:

What is the overall look of the project? Are you going for a more rustic look with the
wood, including knots being featured, or a more contemporary look with crisp or soft
lines?
Where is the product being installed? Is it going onto a curved wall in a high traffic area,
or onto a long feature wall with little to no joints?
What is the skill level of the installer? Will they have the ability to work with pre-finished
product?
What is the clients budget? Work with your clients to ensure the product meets their
needs and their pocket books.

Please remember the exam password CROWN. You will be required to enter it in order to proceed with the
online examination.

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Wood Substrate Comparison Chart

This chart is a handy reference to the most common wood substrates available, with
important details that allow you to assist customers in choosing the right substrate to meet
their needs and budgets. For example, if your customer is choosing trim for a high-traffic
hall entryway, softwood is a bad choice due to its susceptibility to denting (outlined box). A
better choice is a hardwood, which will stand up to wear and tear.
Softwood. Hardwood. Finger Joint. MDF. Pre-Finished.

MDF or finger joint for pre-

Pine, Fir, Hemlock, Oak, Maple, Cherry,
Materials. Pine, Poplar. Wood fibers and resin. painted; solid woods for
Alder, Poplar. Mahogany, Walnut.
pre-stained.

Best
Clear, Stained, Painted. Painted. Painted. Painted. N/A.
Finishes.

Weight. Moderate. Heavy. Moderate. Moderate. Moderate to heavy.

Difficult to cut with hand Cuts to be more accurate

Can be cut with hand Similar to solid wood but
Installation tools; requires pre-drilling Same as softwoods. since filler for large gaps
tools. produces more sawdust.
before hand nailing. not desirable.

Factoring in cost of site-

Cost. Moderate. Investment. Moderate to economical. Economical.
finishing, very economical.

Allows for a stainable Environmentally friendly: Factory finish gives much

Crisp edges can be milled Long, consistent lengths
Pros. product at a moderate smaller lengths jointed more consistent finish
into hardwoods. of trim available.
price. together eliminate waste than site-finished products

In high traffic areas, Finger joints can Moulded edges must be

Can be restrictions in trim Difficult to hide mistakes
Cons. more susceptible to become visible through softened to avoid
lengths and widths. with filler products.
denting. the paint. flaking.

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Other Substrate Comparison Chart

This chart offers important details on substrates other than wood, such as polyurethane.
Customers looking for an elaborate, decorative look with a moderate budget could find just
what theyre looking for with a polyurethane substrate (outlined boxes).

Polyurethane. Extruded (Flexible). Vinyl Wrapped.

Various plastic composites, often MDF core with vinyl wrapped top layer
Materials. Plastic and fillers.
polyurethane-based. for pattern and color.

Best Pattern and color are pre-printed into the

Painted. Painted (some can be custom stained).
Finishes. vinyl.

Weight. Lightweight. Varied. Moderate.

Difficult to cut with hand tools; requires Same as softwoods. Difficult to fill gaps so very simple
Installation.
pre-drilling before hand nailing. profiles only available.

Cost. Moderate to investment. Investment. Very economical.

Very decorative "carved" profiles can Allows trim to be bent around curved Price point allows for trim in even the
Pros.
be achieved. walls and openings. most budget project.

Susceptible to damage during Sometimes is not an exact match to

Cons. Very limited profiles available.
handling. the coordinating straight trim.

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Trim Substrates Featured in Rooms

Proper planning, no matter which substrate is chosen, will result in beautifully finished and
highly functional rooms that meet the needs of your clients.

MDF Trim. Hardwood Trim.

Polyurethane Trim.

Extruded Flex Trim. Softwood Trim.

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Review

Remember, choosing the right substrate is a key

factor in a successful install, and how you plan to
have the trim finished is the best place to start when
considering which material to choose.

Other considerations include the overall look of the

project, where it is being installed, what the required
skill level is, and of course, the budget.

Keeping a copy of valuable substrate comparison

charts along with material samples will help you
assist your customers in making the right choice of
materials.

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Proportions and Dimensions

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Proportions and Dimensions

As a design professional, it is important for you to

be familiar with some of the technical aspects of
trim, including trim proportions, the role of ceiling
height, and how to measure a room.

As a strong principle of design, proportion is

important in developing a trim design. Looking at
how trim evolved from classical times until now
puts it all in perspective!

Since ceiling heights vary from project to project

and from room to room, it is helpful for you to be
able to readily advise your client as to the best
choice when it comes to trim sizes. It never hurts to
know how to measure a room for your products, so
we will review this with you, as well.

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The Relationship of Classical Columns to Modern

Trim Work
Trim evolved from
proportions worked out
by Ancient Greeks and
Romans and derived
from Classical columns
(Doric, Ionic, Corinthian,
Tuscan, Composite).

It is helpful for the

design professional to
know the history of
modern trim. It helps to
explain the concept to
the consumer, and the
classical column gives
you a visual for
reference. Classicism
also provides human
scale to your projects.

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Ceiling Height: Top Moulding Comparison Chart

Here is a helpful chart that can be

used when sizing crown moulding
based on the ceiling height of the
room, to help you achieve the
best effect.

For example, if your customer has

a 10' ceiling height and is looking
for crown moulding with a picture
rail installed, the crown moulding
and picture rails should equal 10".

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How to Measure a Room for Trim

Here are the basic steps when measuring for core trim in a room:

The first step is to draw a floor plan of the room.

Next, measure the perimeter walls of the room.
Measure and note width of openings, then measure and note heights of the openings.
Finally, calculate trim needs.

For crown moulding: Use the total perimeter wall measurement.

For baseboards: Use the total perimeter wall measurement less the door openings.

For door casings: Use 2 heights + 1 width of the door openings.

For window casings: Use 2 heights + 2 widths of the window openings.

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Tips on Ordering Products

When ordering trim, keep in mind the following tips that will help ensure you order the right
product in the right amounts.
First, always order at least 10 to 15 percent additional product than your final wall
measurements. This accounts for cutting of the product to fit the space.
Always round up your amounts to the nearest full length of product available. For
example, trim is typically supplied in lengths from 8' to 16'. Check with the supplier to
verify lengths available.
Understand that in some cases, crown moulding or baseboards will need to be spliced
together if the room is long or it is difficult to deliver product into the space. Additional
product will be needed here.
At doorways, consider the height of the door opening when placing an order. For
example, an 8' high door needs a casing at least 9' long to allow for one continuous
piece of trim that is mitered at the top.
A 16' length of casing will give only one full length side to an 8' high door.
And finally, trim should be acclimatized for at least 48 hours prior to installation. This
should be done in the room that it will be installed in, with as many surfaces exposed to
the air as possible.

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Review

As a design professional, it is important for you to be familiar

with some of the technical aspects of trim, including the
basics of trim proportions, the role of ceiling height, and how
to measure a room.

To ensure you are measuring accurately, follow proper

measuring guidelines and make sure you have a tape
measure, pencil, and paper within arms reach before you
start.

Know the ceiling height of the room before you select your
crown moulding, and make sure you order the right product in
the right amounts to avoid a delay in the production schedule.

Keeping a copy of valuable resource materials such as crown

moulding sizing guidelines, steps on how to measure a room,
and tips on ordering product will help guarantee a successful
install.

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Summary

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Designer Tips

Throughout this course, we offered up valuable Designer Tips to help you

integrate Interior Finishings into your designs.

Lets take a moment now to review them.

Add Interior Finishings as a category to your scope and spec document to ensure you
address Interior Finishings before your clients project begins.
Inspiration is everywhere for your Interior Finishings projects. Notice the sets while
viewing Hollywood movies, old and new, and start a file to capture unique installations.
Informing all of your suppliers is the best way to avoid mistakes. Make it part of your
sub-trade meetings to update everyone on the Interior Finishings products specified for
each space.
Ensure that you coordinate the styles of the three types of core trim at the beginning of
the design process. These trim types form the basis of your design, and all of the
additional trim will build on these.
Save your portfolio of stacked crown moulding to help when developing new designs.
Ideally, have your finishing carpenter mount them on a board for a professional look.
Stacked crown moulding could become your signature in a space!
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Designer Tips

Arranging sample pieces to design your build-ups helps you check proportion.
Be on the lookout for creative ways to use trim. Just because a trim piece is labeled as
a specific product does not mean it must be used that way. Experiment and have fun!
Traditional paintings by masters of grand European homes often show elaborate
architrave treatments. Collect examples to inspire your modern interpretations.
Choose the height that you install your chair rail carefully; the position can make the
room seem taller or shorter. Ensure that you do not get the proportion wrong in a room
by installing the chair rail in the center of a wall.
Panel moulding is one of the most versatile trims available. Keep it in mind when you
want to add an accent to an area. It is a wonderful addition to ceiling designs, fireplace
designs, and wall designs. Applying a decorative finish to this small piece can also add
an unexpected feature to your designs.
Think outside the box when using ornamental trim. Ceiling medallions can make a great
wall treatment, and corner blocks could be used to support a shelf. The beauty of trim is
its flexibility, and as a designer, you can use this to your advantage!

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Finish Before You Start

Just like a set designer who sets the scene with the appropriate background, the
design professional needs to do this in their clients spaces.
Finish Before You Start allows you to have the appropriate backdrop to enhance the
furnishings and accessories that you add to the room.
An added bonus to getting the finishings right is that the clients need not invest in a lot
of additional furniture, art, and accessories to get the look they desire.
Often, the correct finishings are all that is needed!

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Bibliography

Chitham, Robert. The Classical Orders of Architecture. Burlington, MA: Architectural Press,
Second edition, 2005.

Cusato, Marianne. Get Your House Right. New York, NY: Sterling Publishing, 2007.

Huber, Jeanne. Trimwork. Menlo Park, CA: Sunset Books, 2009.

Kalyn, Wayne. 1001 Ideas for Trimwork. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Creative Homeowner,
2006.

Polson, Mary Ellen. Trim Idea Book. Newton, CT: Taunton Press, 2005.

Silber, Jay. Architectural Trimwork. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Creative Homeowner, 2005.

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Image Credits

All sites accessed January, 2014.

Slide 20:
http://www.aceshowbiz.com/still/00003516/the_duchess30.html
http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/02/12/1076548154740.html

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Conclusion
If you desire AIA/CES, state licensing or CE
credits for another organization, please click on
the button to commence your online
examination. A score of 80% or better will allow
you to print your Certificate of Completion; you
may also go to your AEC Daily Transcript to see
your completed courses and certificates.
2014, 2015 Metrie. The material contained in this course was researched,
For additional knowledge and post-seminar assembled, and produced by Metrie and remains its property. Questions or
concerns about the content of this course should be directed to the program
assistance, click on the Ask an Expert link
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