Module 4

Weld Joint Geometry

------
Welding and NDE
Symbols
Cairo Inspection Company
Eng. Ibrahim Eldesoky
ASNT NDT-LEVEL III
ASME AUTHORIZED INSPECTOR
Cairo Inspection Company (CIC) Www. CIC-Egypt.com Eng. Ibrahim Eldesoky 2
Cairo Inspection Company (CIC) Www. CIC-Egypt.com Eng. Ibrahim Eldesoky 3
Cairo Inspection Company (CIC) Www. CIC-Egypt.com Eng. Ibrahim Eldesoky 4
Cairo Inspection Company (CIC) Www. CIC-Egypt.com Eng. Ibrahim Eldesoky 5
 Drawing

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 ANSI/AWS A3.0 - 94

Standard Welding
Terms and
Definitions

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 Introduction - 1 of 2
The geometry of joints and welds
must be clearly stated and understood
by all parties involved with fabrication
Terminology used per A3.0 and A2.4
Dont use slang terms
Welding symbols are a shorthand
method for clearly stating exactly what
welding is to be done and where

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 Introduction - 2 of 2
Joint and Weld geometry per
A3.0-94
Classroom discussion on A3.0
Welding Symbols per A2.4-98
Classroom discussion on A2.4-98
WIT Module 4 - additional Study
Guide

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 Weld or Joint Geometry & Terms

Imperative to know the difference

between a joint and a weld and use
terms properly
Standard terms must be used
when dealing with weld joint and
weld geometry to avoid errors in
communication

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Refer to A3.0-94, Fig 1, page 41
Butt
Corner
T-Joint
Lap
Edge

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 Butt Joint

A Joint between 2
members aligned
approximately in the
same plane

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 Butt Joint - Applicable Welds

Bevel-groove U-groove
Flare-bevel-groove V-groove
Flare-v-groove Edge-flange
J-groove Braze
Square-groove

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 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)

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 Corner Joint

A Joint between 2
members located
approximately at
right angles to
each other in the
form of an L

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 Corner Joint - Applicable Welds

Fillet V-groove
Bevel-groove Plug
Flare-bevel-groove Slot
Flare-v-groove Spot
J-groove Seam
Square-groove Projection
U-groove Braze

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 T-Joint

A Joint between
2 members
located at
approximately
right angles to
each other in
the form of a T

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 T Joint - Applicable Welds

Fillet
Slot
Bevel-groove
Spot
Flare-bevel-groove
Seam
J-groove
Projection
Square-groove
Braze
Plug

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A Joint between
2 overlapping
members in
parallel planes

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 Lap Joint - Applicable Welds

Fillet Slot
Bevel-groove Spot
Flare-bevel-groove Seam
J-groove Projection
Plug Braze

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 Edge Joint

A Joint between
the edges of 2 or
more parallel, or
nearly parallel,
members

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 Edge Joint - Applicable Welds

Bevel-groove U-groove
Flare-bevel-groove V-groove
Flare-v-groove Edge
J-groove Seam
Square-groove

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 Joint Nomenclature
Refer to A3.0-94, Figs 4, 5, 6, 7, pages 44 - 47

Joint root Groove radius

Groove face Root opening
Root edge Edge shapes
Root face square
single or double bevel
Bevel angle single or double J
Depth of bevel round
Groove angle
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Joint root is that portion of a joint to be
welded where the members are closest
to each other

The joint root may be either a

point, line, or an area
The joint roots are shown as
shaded areas in (A)-(D) and lines in
(E) (F)

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 Figure 4
Joint Root

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 Groove face is that
surface of a
member included in
the groove
Root face (land) is
that portion of the
groove face within
the joint root
Root edge is a root
face of zero width

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Bevel Angle, Groove Angle, and
Groove Radius
Bevel angle is the angle
between the bevel of a
joint member and a plane
perpendicular to the
surface of the member
Groove angle the total
included angle of the
groove between members
Groove radius applies
only to J-&U- groove welds

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 Figure 6 -

Bevel Angle

Bevel Depth

Groove Angle

Groove Radius

Root Opening

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 Figure 7 Edge Shapes
Square
Single Bevel
Double Bevel
Single J
Double J
Flange
Round

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 Joint Geometry - Key Learnings

Refer to A3.0-94, Figures 4, 5, 6,

pages 44 - 46
A joint root can be linear in
nature, or an area
A surface can be both a Root
face & a Groove face
An angle can be both a Bevel
angle and a Groove angle

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 Weld Joints
Refer to A3.0-94, Figs 8, 9, 10, 14, 15
Single groove - p 48
Double-groove - p 49
Flanged Joints - p 50
Seam and Spot - p 53
Various - p 54

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 Figure 8 -
Single Groove Welds
Single Square
Single Bevel
Single V
Single J
Single U
Single Flare Bevel
Single Flare V

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 Figure 8 -
Single Groove Welds

Double Square
Double Bevel
Double V
Double J
Double U
Double Flare Bevel
Double Flare V

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 Figure 10 -
Flanged Welds
Edge - Flanged Butt
Edge - Melt Through
Edge - Flanged
Corner
Square, Flare V
RSW in Flanged
Corner
Fillet, Flare-Bevel in T

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 Figure 14 -
Seam, Spot Welds

Arc Seam Weld

EB Seam Weld
RSW Seam Weld
RSW Spot Welds
Arc Spot Welds

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 Figure 15 -
Various Welds

Upset Weld
Flash Weld
Surfacing Weld
Slot Welds
Plug Welds
Fillet Welds

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 Surfacing Welds

Buildup "a surfacing variation in which

surfacing material is deposited to achieve
the required dimensions."
Buttering "a surfacing variation that
deposits surfacing metal on one or more
surfaces to provide metallurgically
compatible weld metal for the subsequent
completion of a weld."

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 Cladding "a surfacing variation that
deposits or applies surfacing
material, usually to improve
corrosion or heat resistance."
Hardfacing "a surfacing variation in
which surfacing material is
deposited to reduce wear."

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 Welding Position
Refer to A3.0-94, Figs 16 - 21, pages 65 - 74
Review position diagrams & tables for
groove and fillet welds in plate and pipe -
pages 55-57
Review welding test positions for
groove and fillet welds on plate and pipe -
pages 58-63
Note error in Fig 19D, page 61
Review Torch Position in Fig 21, page 64
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 Welding Beads, Sequences

Refer to A3.0-94, Figs 22 -23, pages 65 - 67

Stringer bead Block sequence

Weave bead Cascade sequence
Backstep Layers vs beads
sequence

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 Parts Of A Weld
Refer to A3.0-94, Fig 24, pages 68 - 70

Toe Bead
Face Back weld
Face reinforcement Backing weld
Root reinforcement Spacer
Root surface Heat-Affected
Weld Root Zone (HAZ)

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 Figure 24
Parts of Welds

Weld Face
Weld Toe
Face Reinforcement
Root Reinforcement
Weld Root
Back Weld
Backing Weld

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 Figure 24
Parts of Welds

Weld Root
Leg, Face, Toe
Spacer
Weld Metal
Heat Affected Zone

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 Figure 24 -
Parts of Welds

Weld Root
Weld Bead
Dilution Percent

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 Weld Sizes & Terms
Refer to A3.0, Fig 25, pages 71 - 72

Convex Fillet Concave Fillet

Leg, size equal Leg
Convexity Size (less than leg
Actual throat length)
Effective throat Concavity
Theoretical throat Actual, Effective
throats equal
Theoretical throat
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 Convex Fillet Weld

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 Concave Fillet Weld

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 Joint & Root Penetration

Note Incomplete Joint Penetration dimension

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 Incomplete Joint Penetration

Refer to A3.0, Fig 26 pages 75 - 76

Term used only in reference to

groove welds
If only Partial Penetration is
intended, it is incorrect to refer to the
weld as Incomplete Joint Penetration

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 Incomplete Joint Penetration

(Or Partial Joint Penetration if intended)

E total can never be > base metal thickness

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Incomplete Joint Penetration Error

Error !

Correct
Dimension
Fig 26 (c) - page 75 - Incomplete Joint
Penetration reference dimension is in
error on sketch

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 Melt-through, Root Surfaces

Refer to A3.0-94, Fig 27, page 77

Melt-through
Convex root surface
Concave root surface
Slang term is suck back - Dont Use

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 Incomplete Fusion

Refer to A3.0-94, Fig 29, page 79

Used in reference to both groove
and fillet welds
Slang term often misused is cold
lap

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 Incomplete Fusion - 1 of 2

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 Incomplete Fusion - 2 of 2

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 Fusion Weld Terms
Refer to A3.0, Figure 30, page 80

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 Weld Discontinuities

Refer to A3.0-94, Fig 32, 33, pages

82 - 83
Cracks - see nomenclature in Fig 33
Undercut
Overlap
Underfill

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 ANSI/AWS A2.4-98

Standard Symbols
for Welding,
Brazing, and
Nondestructive
Examination

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 Welding Symbols - Introduction

Refer to A2.4-98
A shorthand method of conveying
welding information
AWS system used all over the world
Modified as necessary to reflect
needs of industries
Very simple, but a very powerful
system for conveying information

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Weld Symbol vs Welding Symbol

A Weld Symbol indicates the type of

Weld, and may be a part of the:
Welding Symbol - the complete
information needed to convey the
necessary welding information to all
parties, including the welder. It
contains several elements, including
the Weld Symbol.

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 Weld Symbols

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 Groove Weld Types - 8

Square U
Scarf J
V Flare-V
Bevel Flare-bevel

The above welds may be applied to one side or

both sides of the joint, or in combination.

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 Other Weld Types - 11

Fillet Seam
Plug or Slot Back or Backing
Stud * Surfacing *
Spot or Projection Edge

Stud and surfacing symbols are always placed

below reference line.

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 Weld Symbols - Rules

Symbols with a perpendicular leg

shall have the perpendicular leg
drawn on the left side of the symbol.
(fillet, bevel-groove, J-groove, and
flare-bevel-groove)
The symbols for Stud and
Surfacing welds shall always be
drawn below the reference line.

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 Welding Symbol

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 Supplementary Symbols

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 Elements of Welding Symbols

Required Elements Optional Elements

Reference Line Multiple reference
always horizontal lines
Arrow Tail
Weld Symbol
Dimensions
Supplementary
Symbols
Finish
Specification,
Process
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 Arrow Notation
Information
applicable to the
arrow side of the
joint is placed below
the reference line
Information
applicable to the
other side of a joint is
placed above the
reference line

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 Arrow Side Weld Symbols

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 Other Side Weld Symbols

Cairo Inspection Company (CIC) Www. CIC-Egypt.com Eng. Ibrahim Eldesoky

 Side Significance

The Weld Symbol

straddles the
reference line when
there is no side
Significance
Resistance Spot
Weld
Resistance Seam
Weld
Flash Weld

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 Break in Arrow Line

A break in the arrow line

signifies that the
member the arrow
points to is the member
receiving the edge
preparation.

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 Combined Weld Symbols

For joints requiring

more than one weld
type, a weld symbol
shall be used to
specify each weld

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 Multiple Arrows

Two or more arrows

may be used for a
single reference line
to denote locations
where identical
welds are specified.

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 Multiple Reference Lines

Two or more
reference lines may be
used to indicate a
sequence of operations.
The first operation is
always on the reference
line nearest the arrow.

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 Field Weld & Weld All-Around

The Field Weld

symbol is a solid flag,
and is always located
at junction of the arrow
and reference line.
The Weld All-Around
symbol is a circle and is
located at junction of
the arrow and
reference line.

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 Tail

The Tail is used to

specify welding
process information
or other such
information needed
to convey the
necessary welding
details.

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 Welding and NDE Symbols

Welding and NDE

symbols can be combined
on the same reference
line, or on separate
multiple reference lines.
Combining welding
and NDE symbols on
multiple reference lines
often clarifies the exact
sequence of operations
required.
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 Weld Contours & Finishing
Weld surfaces can be
contoured to several
shapes; convex, concave,
flush, or flat.
Finishing methods are
abbreviated as shown.
U denotes contour
method is Unspecified
Contour symbol
without finish symbol
means as-welded

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 Symbol Dimensions?

Tolerances, if required, are to be placed

in tail
Welding Symbols are usually drawn
without dimension units such as inches or
millimeters.
But, Welding Symbols to be used for
publications or those requiring high
precision should be dimensioned and have
the dimensional tolerances noted within
the tail.

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 Symbol Examples

Arrow side - V- groove

Other side - V- groove

Both sides - V- groove

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 Back or Backing,
single J-groove, fillet

Single-bevel-groove,
double fillet

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 Symbol Examples

Weld all-around Multi-plane weld

symbol is a very requirements are
useful symbol very simple to
sketch using symbol

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 Symbol Examples
Square- groove
butt with melt-
through

Edge weld on
flanged butt with
melt-through

Edge weld on
flanged corner joint
with melt-through

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 Groove Weld Dimensions - 1 of 9

Depth of Bevel, S,
and Size of Weld, (E)
placed to the left of
the symbol

1/4 inch bevel

with a 3/8 inch weld
(No dimensions
means complete
penetration)

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 Groove Weld Dimensions - 2 of 9

Refer to A2.4, Fig

15, pg 31

Examples of Groove
Weld Bevel & Weld
Dimensions

No dimensions
means complete
penetration

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 Groove Weld Dimensions - 3 of 9

The Root Opening is

placed within the weld
symbol or just outside,
and only on one side of
the reference line
Inches or mm per
shop practice

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 Groove Weld Dimensions - 4 of 9

Groove Angle
is placed just
outside the weld
symbol

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 Groove Weld Dimensions - 5 of 9

The length of the weld shall be placed to the

right of the weld symbol. No dimension
required if weld is continuous for full length of
joint.

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 Groove Weld Dimensions - 6 of 9

Pitch is the distance between centers of

adjacent weld segments. Pitch length is
shown to the right of the weld length
dimension following a hyphen.

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 Groove Weld Dimensions - 7 of 9

Chain intermittent weld dimensions are to

be placed on both sides of reference line, and
opposite each other

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 Groove Weld Dimensions - 8 of 9

Staggered intermittent weld dimensions are to be

placed on both sides of reference line, and offset
from each other.

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 Groove Weld Dimensions - 9 of 9

Refer to A2.4, Fig

30, pages 36, 37

Flare-Bevel &
Flare-V welds

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 Back and Backing Welds

The back and backing weld

symbols are identical. The sequence
of welding determines which
designation applies.
Back weld made after groove weld
Backing weld made before groove
weld

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 Back Weld

The back weld symbol is placed on the reference

line opposite the groove weld using a single
reference line with note in tail. Or, use multiple
reference lines.
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 Backing Weld

The backing weld symbol is placed on the reference

line opposite the groove weld using a single
reference line with note in tail. Or, use multiple
reference lines
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 Joint With Backing

The backing symbol is placed on the reference line

opposite the weld symbol. The R refers to
removing the backing after welding is completed.

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 Joint With Spacer

The spacer symbol straddles the reference line within

the weld symbol. Material, size in tail.

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 Fillet Weld Dimensions - 1 of 5

The fillet weld size is shown to the left of the symbol.

For double fillets, each is dimensioned.

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 Fillet Weld Dimensions - 2 of 5

Arrow Side versus Other Side for Fillet welds. For

double fillet welds, each is dimensioned.

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Fillet Weld Dimensions - 3 of 5

The fillet weld size for unequal leg fillets is shown to

the left of the symbol, with clarifying information in
the tail.

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 Fillet Weld Dimensions - 4 of 5

The fillet weld length is shown to the right of the weld

symbol. When fillet weld is the full length of the joint, no
dimension is required.

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Fillet Weld Dimensions - 5 of 5

Intermittent fillet welds follow the

same rules as intermittent groove welds
regarding pitch and placement of
dimensions to the right of the weld
symbol.
Chain and staggered fillets are used
Fillet weld finishing symbols same as
for groove welds

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 Plug Welds - 1 of 4

Plug weld size is shown to the left of the plug weld

symbol, and is preceded by the diameter symbol, .
Plug weld size is the diameter of the hole at the
faying surface

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 Plug Welds - 2 of 4

Countersink angle is shown just outside the weld

symbol.

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 Plug Welds - 3 of 4

Depth of filling is shown as a linear dimension within

the plug weld symbol when less than complete.

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 Plug Welds - 4 of 4

The pitch is shown to the right of the symbol. The

number of plug welds is shown just outside the
weld symbol, in parentheses

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 Slot Welds
The slot weld symbol is identical to the
plug weld symbol
All conventions for slot welds are
identical to that of plug welds except that
the diameter symbol, , is not used for slot
welds
The primary difference between the
two types is the slot is an elongated hole
having a width and length rather than a
diameter
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 Slot Weld Symbol

Slot Welds

Note:
No symbol
is used

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Spot or Projection Welds - 1 of 4

The spot weld symbol may straddle

the reference line when there is no side
significance, or be placed on either side if
significant.
Spot size or strength to left of symbol
Projection weld symbols are shown
above or below the reference line, and
require the PW designation in the tail of
the symbol.
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Spot or Projection Welds - 2 of 4

Welding symbol showing spot weld size, number, and

welding method.

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Spot or Projection Welds - 3 of 4

Spacing is shown to the right of

the symbol
Number required is shown just
outside the symbol, in parentheses

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Spot or Projection Welds - 4 of 4

Projection weld symbol

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 Seam Welds - 1 of 2

Symbol may be on either side, or

straddling reference line
Dimensioning as before; size to left of
symbol, length and pitch to right
May be specified by size or strength
May be continuous or intermittent
Number shown in parentheses above
or below weld symbol

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 Seam Welds - 2 of 2

Seam weld welding symbol. Note info in tail

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 Edge Welds - 1 of 3
Used to specify edge welds on edge
joints and flanged butt or flanged
corner joints
Full thickness of joint members must
be fused
Size to left of symbol, length and
pitch to right
May be continuous or intermittent

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 Edge Welds - 2 of 3

Edge weld symbol application

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 Edge Welds - 3 of 3

Edge weld symbol application with 3 members

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 Stud Welds - 1 of 3

Stud weld symbol always on

arrow side
Size (diameter of stud) to left of
symbol, pitch to right
Number in parentheses just
outside symbol

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 Stud Welds - 2 of 3

Stud weld symbol application

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 Stud Welds - 3 of 3

Stud weld symbol application, multiple arrows

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 Surfacing Welds - 1 of 3

Surfacing weld symbol always on

arrow side
Applies to single or multiple layers
Size (thickness) to left of symbol
Location, direction of welding in tail
or a drawing reference

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 Surfacing Welds - 2 of 3

Surfacing weld symbol application

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 Surfacing Welds - 3 of 3

Surfacing weld symbol application, multiple layers

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 Brazing Symbols - 1 of 3

Brazing symbol shows joint

geometry, clearance, type of braze
process, size of braze, pitch
Special cleaning requirements,
before or after brazing, can be noted
in tail or on drawing

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 Brazing Symbols - 2 of 3

Brazing symbol application in scarf joint

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 Brazing Symbols - 3 of 3

Brazing symbol with dimensions and braze type

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 NDE Symbols - 1 of 2

All conventions used are similar, if not

identical to Welding Symbols
Must be familiar with NDE
abbreviations for test methods
Supplementary symbols have slightly
different meaning
Number of tests, extent of testing must
be specified

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 NDE Symbols - 2 of 2

Note items and position of placement

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 NDE Abbreviations

AET PT
ET PRT
LT RT
MT UT
NRT VT

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NDE Supplementary Symbols

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NDE Symbol Application - 1 of 2

RT symbol, with angle of radiation incidence

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NDE Symbol Application - 2 of 2

MT symbol, both sides for 6 inch length

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 A2.4-98 - Back of Book
Table 1 - letter designations of processes
Table 2 - alphabetical cross reference to
Table 1 by process
Table 3 - alphabetical cross reference to
Table 1 by letter designation
Annex A & AM - Design of Standard
Symbols
Annex B - Commentary on A2.4-98
Welding Symbol Chart

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Main Content Page Layout

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 The End any questions?

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