Frames
statically indeterminate column system
two dimensional
three dimensional
straight members
rigid joints
transverse longitudinal in both directions
span 4,5 6 m span 6 7,5 (9) m
waffle, hollow blocks
lateral load - bracing more stiff
2
1
ULS (design load)
SLS (characteristic load)
Vertical load
Lateral load
Horizontal - beams: MEd, VEd (NEd usually neglected)
Vertical - columns: NEd, MEd
Joints
in-situ sway
precast braced
combined
2
Braced and Unbraced Frames
unbraced sway frame
vertical and lateral load
non-sway braced frames
walls, elevator shafts
vertical load or stairwells
Braced and Unbraced Frames
braced non-sway frames:
lateral stiffness of the bracing elements exceeds
6 to 10 times the sum of the lateral stiffnesses
of all columns
unbraced sway frame:
frame itself resists lateral loads or lateral
deformations
3
Braced frames
+ High Strength and Stiffness: Braced frames have much higher initial
strength and stiffness. Bracing is a much effective than rigid joints at
resisting racking deformation of the frame.
+ Efficient and Economical: Braced frames use less material and have
simpler connections than moment-resisting frames
+ Compact Braced frames can lead to lower floor-to-floor heights, which can
be an important economic factor in tall buildings, or in a region where
there are height limits. Visual Braces can be used as a strong visual
element (this is not always good news).
- Obstructive Braces can interfere with architectural requirements for doors,
windows, and open floor area.
- Low Ductility: Braced frames have bad ductility characteristics under
cyclic loading, which is important for seismic design. Braced frames lose
strength and stiffness after the braces buckle. (not such bad news for wind
design). This problem can be overcome with structural sleeves to restrain
buckling. This approach is gaining application in practice. 7
Sway frames
+ There is a great deal of flexibility in planning: no braces.
+ Good Ductility: They can have good ductility, if detailed
properly
+ The performance is very sensitive to the detailing and
workmanship at connections.
-
- Expensive: Lots of material plus labour-intensive
connections.
- Low Stiffness. Large deflections can lead to high non-
structural damage in earthquakes (i.e. undamaged structure
will all glass broken and finishes cracked).
8
4
Analysis of braced frame
Vertical load only
Lateral loads are assumed to be carried
by shear walls, cores, stair wells
9
stiffening elements carry most of lateral load (98%)
10
5
Analysis
idealisation of the structure (central line)
simplification
idealisation of loads
method of analysis
11
Idealisation of the structure
(structural model)
12
6
Calculation of effect of loads
FEA (computer analysis)
slope-deflection method
decrease number of unknowns (symmetry of
structure and load)
solve separately subframe with respect to
the whole structure
13
Vertical loads
permanent load (G [kN], g [kN/m, kN/m2])
variable load (Q, q)
(one dominant, factor for combination value of
a variable action and reduction factor)
coeff. reduction of variable loads with
respect to number of floors
14
7
Distribution of vertical loads to
supporting structures
15
Loads from slabs
16
8
17
18
9
Substitute
UDL
19
Load cases for extreme moments
20
10
Lateral loads
wind load
imperfections
earthquake, accident load
21
Imperfections
unfavourable effects of possible deviations
in the geometry of the structure
inclination from ideal vertical direction i
the effect of imperfections may be taken
into account
as an eccentricity ei: ie = l /2
i 0
as a transverse force Hi :
22
11
Hi = force, that induces deformation i
Hi for unbraced members: Hi = i N
for braced members: Hi = 2 i N
23
Wind load
wind action - represented by a simplified
set of pressures or forces whose effects
are equivalent to the extreme effects of
the turbulent wind
usually wind actions should be
classified as variable fixed actions
determined from the basic values of
wind velocity or the velocity pressure
24
12
Lateral loads
Dividing loads to frames - assume rigid slabs - same
deformation of all frames
25
Vertical load
Lateral load:
according to
rigidity
26
13
rigid slabs
27
Distribution of wind to frames
rigid slab same displacement frames
carry according to stiffness
28
14
Note: Rigid slab precast structure
reinforcement in gaps between panels
reinforcement along edge of the slab
29
Simplified analysis of a frame
30
15
Idealisation of the structure
3D 2D
subframes
continuous girder
( 1/12 f l 2 ) 31
Frame analysis
whole frame (3D, 2D)
substitute frame - slope deflection method
decrease number of unknowns
Choice of subframes:
shape of frame (regular, symmetry)
load (vertical, lateral)
needed accuracy of analysis
32
16
Choice of subframes:
Benefit from:
repeating of similar joists (shape, stiffness) -
similar (same) rotations for analysis
symmetry of the structure
symmetry of load
analysed separately or
subframe by subframe with respect to other
subframes
33
Substitute frame for vertical load
For beam analysis:
For column analysis:
Half stiffness
Half stiffness
34
17
Vertical load no symmetric frame
horizontal deformation
In slope deflection method:
moments associated with rotations,
moments associated with translation of one end
of the member with respect to the other
Moments calculated for subframes don't
exactly correspond to real moments!
35
Calculation of the frame by
means of the slope deflection
method:
28 unknown rotations
7 unknown translations
symmetry of the structure
symmetry (or antimmetry) of
load
rotations are similar (except
the highest floor)
analysed separately
36
18
analysis
slope deflection method
decrease of unknowns
no translation - due to
symmetry
rotations of joints are
similar (except roof
storey)
subframes
for upper part
for central part
adding up symmetrical
and antisymmetrical
load case
37
38
19
Load cases of a subframe
redistribution of
moments
39
40
20
Simplified analysis of frame for
lateral loads
41
Uniformly distributed wind - nodal forces
42
21
width of the building x windload
number of frames nodal forces
43
M, N
44
22
45
Simplified method:
moment associated with translation of one
end of the member with respect to the other
(assuming stiffness of the part above)
divide to columns in ratio of their joints
stiffness (1/2 H; 1/3 H)
moments on tie-beams from equilibrium
of moments in a joint (proportioned
according to stiffness of tie-beams)
46
23
Stiffness of edge column is different
Parameter
kb/ kc 0,25 0,5 1 2 3 4 1st storey
0,54 0,56 0,62 0,70 0,75 0,79 0,90
kb = Ib/l stiffness of the tie beam in first span
kc = Ic/H stiffness of column below beam
47
48
24
Linear analysis with restricted
redistribution
49
Redistribution
Linear analysis but real behaviour: cracks,
creep in compressed areas real stiffness and
real forces and moments different -
smaller load-bearing capacity of cross-section,
not structure: redistribution of forces and
moments
Extreme moments could be decreased -
increased ; limitations
50
25
Redistribution
Linear analysis x real behaviour
(cracking, stiffness, redistribution of inner
forces according to changed stiffnesses) -
Lowered: resistance of the section; resistance of
the structure remains same!
Redistribution of forces and moments
closer to real behaviour
savings
51
redistribution of
moments
52
26
Redistribution
statically indeterminate structures
equilibrium of distributed forces and
moments
=M /Mred el
53
0,44 + k2xu/d for fck 50 MPa
0,54 + k4xu/d for fck > 50 MPa
Where:
xu is the depth of the neutral axis at the
ultimate limit state after redistribution
d is the effective depth of the section
54
27
Redistribution cannot be performed
in the frame corner (prestressed frames)
continuous beams ratio of adjacent spans
<0,5 resp. >2
design of columns elastic moments
55
Reduction of moments
peak moment in theoretical (point) support
real support (real dimensions)
3,6 proportioning of
reinforcement - for
moment value at the
surface of support 2
proportioning of
reinforcement - for value
of rounded (curved)
moment line 1,4,5
proportioning of
reinforcement - for the
peak moment value56
28
Design of
reinforcement
extreme moment in
theoretical support
57
Curve the bending
moment line above
support
design of
reinforcement for
bending moment at
the face of support
58
29
Reinforcing, detailing
beams
columns
joints
59
60
30
61
62
31
63
Surface
SLS, fire spalling of cover
64
32
65
66
33
reinforcement of a slab
67
work joint
work joint
68
34
69
ties
tiesororspiral
spiral
tie
70
35
bundled bars
71
UDL
72
36
Frame corner
73
9.10.2015
R = 10,5
74 74
37
75
tensile compression
compression
tensile
tensile
76
38
77
78
39
tensile
crack
tensile
tensile
79
80
40
tensile
zone of concrete
compressed
compressed
zone of concrete
81
82
41
83
84
42
85
86
43
87
88
44
89
45
