Proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists 2014 Vol II,

IMECS 2014, March 12 - 14, 2014, Hong Kong

A Review of Femtocell
O.AAkinlabi, B.S. Paul, M. Joseph and H.C. Ferreira

There is need for the mobile operators to improve the

Abstract the popularity of wireless networks has attracted quality of service at the indoor due to poor coverage
the attention of researchers to improve the network system and experience by the end users. A study by ABI shows that
this motivated the operators to find a new technology called more than 50% of voice calls and more than 70% of data
femtocells with the aim of meeting the increased coverage and traffic is expected to originate from indoor users in future
data demand in the indoor environment. [2]. By providing good quality of service at indoor, it
The application of femtocells in both indoors and office
environment has provided good quality service and high
increased revenue of mobile operators and reduced churn.
performance network gains. Due to losses, the indoor user require high power from the
However, femtocells face challenges of interference serving Base Station (BSs), which cannot be meet by mobile
management which deteriorate the capacity and quality of operators because it is very expensive to have a larger
network. But to cope with these challenges, many researchers number of outdoor Base Station (BS) to meet the needs of
have come up with solutions to solve the problems, some of high capacity network. This brings about the need of
which include interference cancellation and interference indoor coverage solution by use of Picocell, Distributed
avoidance. Antenna Systems (DAS) and Relay based systems. Picocells
are small cells that provide coverage to limited indoor area
[3]. It work as macrocells and its connected to each other
through macrocells BS cables while DAS is another solution
Index Terms femtocell, interference management and with number of distributed Antenna Elements (AE) and
macrocell. home Base Station (BSs) [4].
It work as macrocells and its connected to each other
through macrocells BS cables while DAS is another solution
with number of distributed Antenna Elements (AE) and
I. INTRODUCTION home Base Station (BSs) [4]. They both provide good

T HE main aim of mobile operators is to increase the

system capacity and data transmission within a large
cell coverage area, due to the popularity of wireless
quality communication to where there is poor coverage. The
antenna element is connected by dedicated line to the home
Base Station offline.
network service. The wireless network has taken over from However, picocells and DAS have the disadvantage of
wired service in terms of high data rate service and mobility being costly and difficulty in installing the base station in
it provides to end users. every home and small office. Moreover, the overall network
To achieve this aim, several standard technologies have load increases as the number of picocells increase. The relay
been developed such like 3GPPs High Speed Packet Access is used in LTE advanced for indoor environment [5], for
(HSPA), Long Term Evolution (LTE), and LTE advance, high data rates to end users.
3GPP2s Evolution-Data Optimized (EVDO) and Ultra Wide Relaying function in two types, Amplify and Forwarding
Band (UWB) to provide high speed communication to end relaying (AF) and Decode and Forward relaying (DF) [5],
users [1]. Furthermore, certain requirement must also be met [6]. The introduction of femtocell technology [7], [8], [9],
along with this aim to achieve high rates, like Signal to [10]-[11] brings a significant improvement to indoor
Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) must be received, network coverage. Femtocells are small base station, which
higher order Modulation and Coding Scheme. are installed by the end user, and connect to the mobile
operators core through the internet access [1], [9].
This provides a cost effective and widely available data link
Manuscript received June 13, 2013; revised February 08, 2014. This work for the femtocells that can be used as a standard for all
was supported in part by the University of Johannesburg. This Paper: A
applications. Figure 1 Show the user equipment connection
Review of Femtocell.
A. O. Akinlabi is with Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology to an operator's core network. Where the user equipment to
Department, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa, SA. the access point through the user optical fiber or cable
(Phone: +27717157260; e-mail: [email protected]). broadband internet connection to the operators core
S. B. Paul he is with the Department of Electrical and Electronic network.
Engineering Technology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South
Africa, SA.
M. K. Joseph she is with the Department of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering Technology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South
Africa, SA.
H. C. Ferreira he is with Department of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South
Africa, SA.

ISBN: 978-988-19253-3-6 IMECS 2014

ISSN: 2078-0958 (Print); ISSN: 2078-0966 (Online)
Proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists 2014 Vol II,
IMECS 2014, March 12 - 14, 2014, Hong Kong

Fig 1: UE connected to an operator's core network.

The access point is called Femtocell Access Point (FAP), The access point known as FAP, work as the base station
that stand as Base Station, allow high quality voice, data and for the femtocell and uses internet as backhaul network to
multimedia service to mobile device at the indoor. connect to the macrocell base station. The quality of service
Femtocell addresses the problem of indoor coverage but solely depends on backhaul. Data, multimedia and video can
faces many challenges. The use of the same frequency band be routed through the FAP to the end users.
brings the issue of interference, between the operation of Femtocells are classified based on the air interface
both macrocell and femtocell. It can be between neighboring technology and each provides different type of services.
femtocells or between macrocell and femtocell. Femtocell is selected based on a particular technology
The rest of this paper is structured as follows. Section 2 which depends on the need of the user. The main types of
discusses about different types of femtocells. Section 3 femtocells are; 2G Femtocell, 3G Femtocell and OFDM-
discuss the advantage of deployment and classification of Based Femtocell. Figure 2 shows the schematic diagram of
femtocell access point. Section 4 describes the issues and the different types of femtocells.
challenges in femtocell deployment. Section 5 deals with the
possible available solutions to mitigate the interference
issue. Conclusions are drawn in section 6.

II. DIFFERENT TYPES OF FEMTOCELLS

The work on Femtocell began with a group of engineers,
investigating a new way of application that could deploy to
mobile communication system to increase the capacity of
the network. This idea gained momentum and as such many
companies joined in the investigation of femtocell
technology.
Femtocells are low power device that combine Home
NodeB and Radio Network Controller (RNC) functionality
to provide coverage to mobile users in an indoor Fig 2. Types of femtocell
environment or a home base station which provide coverage
to mobile users through femtocell access point (FAP) at the
A. 2G FEMTOCELLS
indoor environment.
One of the vital functions of femtocell in 3GPP is that it
2G femtocell is based on Global System for Mobile
operate on Closed Subscriber Group called CSG, this only
allow limited and registered User Equipment (UEs) to Communication (GSM) air interfaces. It has some drawback
connect to Home e NodeB (H(e)NB) and disable other UEs and economic viability, but some of the reason why 2G
in the network. There are other access modes that allow femtocell is generally embraced is that the cost is low and
connection of other UEs in the network such as the open good quality voice service is provided to the end users. The
access mode and hybrid access mode. main challenge of GSM is that the power control is not
An access mode is used to access a specific femtocell by
flexible enough to cope with the evolving interference
end users. The open access mode is generally not used by
home users, the open access mode can be accessed by issues and this consequently does not provide high data
anybody and benefit from the services. rates [13].
These types of mode are mostly used in public area e.g.
airport, shopping malls and organization to ensure good B. 3G FEMTOCELLS
coverage to the users [12]. The hybrid access mode on the
other hand allows specific outside users to access femtocell 3G femtocell is based on the air interface of Universal
and the permission is provided by the operators Mobile Telecommunication System called UMTS
Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA). It provides higher data

ISBN: 978-988-19253-3-6 IMECS 2014

ISSN: 2078-0958 (Print); ISSN: 2078-0966 (Online)
Proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists 2014 Vol II,
IMECS 2014, March 12 - 14, 2014, Hong Kong

rate compare to 2G femtocells [1] and it has the ability of IV. ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN DEPLOYMENT OF
connecting to the network through the IP base. Furthermore, FEMTOCELL
the power control is better than Global System for Mobile
(GSM), which can be used to prevent interference to With benefits enjoyed by both the operator and the
macrocell user. The UMTS femtocells are standardized by subscriber, femtocell still faces many challenges. The
3GPPs as HNBs [14] and developed into HSPA femtocells, challenges are more acute when deployment is in the urban
to provide better services [15]-[16]. environment. The introduction of femtocells brings in new
changes in macrocellular network. The new network
C. THE OFDM BASED FEMTOCELLS architecture composes of two different layers namely
femtocell layer and macrocell layer. The network
The categories of this are WIMAX and Long Team architecture is now a two layer network or two tier
Evolution (LTE) femtocells. They provide a variety of high networks. The first layer contains the traditional cellular
data rate service to the end users [2] by making use of network and the second layer composes of different smaller
OFDM as their physical layer technology. LTE femtocell is cell that can be planned for or distributed in a random
being considered as the future technology at the indoor manner.
environment. The home base stations are randomly located inside the
same area covered by the larger cellular network and they
III.DEPLOYMENT OF FEMTOCELL AND CLASSIFICATION OF may use of the same spectral frequencies. One of the merits
FEMTOCELL ACCESS POINT of deploying these smaller cells is that it increases the
There are many reasons for deployment of femtocells to coverage and also gives room for higher data rates.
both the operators and subscribers. The reasons are The two layer architecture networks bring in new challenges
following; to the network systems. When a signal is transmitted, the
various transmitters within the same frequency band might
a) Operators perspective not be able to differentiate which one of the transmitter it
listening to. These arise to interference in
The application of femtocells brings the reduction in macro telecommunications systems.
cells site and reduce churn in the network (operators spend With interference-limited system such as Code Division
millions of dollars to reduce churn in the network and built Multiple Access (CDMA), and the introduction of
macro site). Femtocells provide an excellent improved interference avoidance techniques or interference
coverage and additional revenue from the provision of cancellation such as time-hopping or power controls. The
additional services such as internet service, video, data capacity-limited systems such as Orthogonal Frequency
service and so however, the operator offer two services Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) need to be accepted to
namely broadband internet connection and femtocell. cope with the presence of interference along subcarriers due
Femtocells maximize the operators revenue and increase to femtocell layer.
network capacity upgrades. The electricity bill is no more However, femtocell brings about higher spectrum
the responsibility of the operators. efficiency, spatial frequency reuse and better coverage in
areas not fully covered by macrocells. Hence in the absence
b) Subscribers perspective of interference cancellation or avoidance techniques, dead
zone can occur within the macrocell, causing disturbance in
For poor coverage experience by subscriber, femtocells the service of femtocell. The others challenges faced by
enable a better coverage performance to be enjoyed along femtocell apart from interference are self-organization,
with additional services such as multimedia, internet, video, synchronization and timing, access mode, security, mobility
voice service and high speed data services with effective movement and handover. But the main concern is
cost. Femtocells also serve as both focal point and gateway interference management which is the important issue in the
for device to be connected to internet. networking operation.
FAP can be classified into two classes, namely home FAP, The main types of interference in two tier architecture
its support 3-5 simultaneous users and enterprise or office, network, both in uplink and downlink are co-tier and cross-
FAP support 8-16 users. The most important attribute of tier interference. Figure 3 illustrates types of interference in
FAP provides high data rate services for the end users. With two tier architecture network.
cellular technologies used, FAP is classified in UMTS FAP,
GSM FAP, and WiMAX FAP. FAPs are used by subscriber
rather than operators; they are classed to consumer
electronics. An FAP must be able to configure itself
automatically, in order to minimum interference to macro
cell and neighboring femtocells.
However, femtocell must be tested before used through
simulation or trails. The main aim of simulation and trails is
to know the performance and also the effect of each
femtocell to other. More so, to study the impact of
femtocells deployment on macro cells layer.

Fig 3: Types of interference in two-tier network

ISBN: 978-988-19253-3-6 IMECS 2014

ISSN: 2078-0958 (Print); ISSN: 2078-0966 (Online)
Proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists 2014 Vol II,
IMECS 2014, March 12 - 14, 2014, Hong Kong

Cross tier interference

Co tier interference.
Interference in cross tier occurs between different network
Co tier or Co layer interference are signal received at the elements. For example, the unwanted signals by FAP cause
femtocell, from other unwanted femtocells. This decreases interference to downlink of macrocell users and likewise the
the quality of communication. Co - tier interfere occur at the unwanted signal by macrocell user at the uplink cause
same network layer and it mainly between the immediate interference to FAP user.
neighboring femtocell due to low isolation between houses This is cross tier interference to both network systems. The
and apartments. cross tier interference is more sever in CDMA co- channel
Deployment of Femtocell is opportunistic, because there are deployment due to the reason that both femtocell and
installed close to each others. The main problem from co macrocell make use the same frequency band. The figure
tier interference is show in figure 4. The arrows indicate the below illustrate cross tier interference. Where the direction
effect of interference to the user in uplink or downlink of arrows indicate the interference in the network.
direction.

Fig 5: Typical cross tier interference between femtocell and

macrocell.

Fig 4: co tier interference between neighboring femtocells

However, the signals from other nearby femtocells cause an Other challenges of femtocells
overall interference higher than the normal femtocell power Self-organisation
levels. The carrier to interference and noise Ratio (CINR)
value is low; the possibility of establishing communication Self-organisation: usually, femtocell are install by the end
through any femtocell might not be possible because such user and it can be turn on and off at any time. The main
location will be a dead zone. Dead zone are area where objective of self-organisation in wireless network is to
quality of service are poor and they are created due to achieve reductions in operational expend ure (OPEX) by
asymmetric level of transmission power within the network. removing any human involvement in operational tasks of
This should not be missing up with the concept of coverage the network, and enhance network capacity and quality of
holes, when the region is of low pilot CINR due to path service.
loss, the network of the user equipment will fail [17]. Self-organisation comprises, self-configuration, self-
optimisation and self-healing [20] [21].
The situation of communication differs due to present of Self-configuration; these occur due to any event
interference. Femtocell can be operated in closed subscriber like addition of new cell sites and removal or
group, open access or hybrid access mode but the co tier addition of network features.
interference will vary depending on the access used. The
Self-optimisation; it applied the techniques of
two types of interference that is responsible in co tier
interference to others femtocell is the FAP (downlink) and updating and accepting network parameters.
users (uplink). Its also need to ensure that all parameters are
turned to an acceptable level.
Time Division Duplex (TDD) systems are used as a model
Self-healing; to resolve any problem that may
to cope with interference and its depending on the source
of interfering signal. Supposing, all femtocells in a occur in the network and get back to its
particular area are synchronized, the victims are the normal setting.
neighboring FAPs at the downlink. It means that the
transmission from FAPs will cause interference to UEs of
the neighbor femtocell in downlink only.

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ISSN: 2078-0958 (Print); ISSN: 2078-0966 (Online)
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Mobility management and handovers

1. Interference Cancellation in femtocells:
The present of mobility management and handovers occur
when femtocell operator in a dense environment [22], Interference cancellation (IC) is a way of reducing
where femtocell would not be able to keep tracking of its interference at the receiving end or minimizes the effects of
neighbours for handover. However, handover depends on interference in the received signal. Alternatively, it means
access mode use, in open access mode, handover is large that interference is canceled after receiving of the signal
while in closed and hybrid access mode is low [23]. [24].
A mobility management scheme is proposed [22], by
introducing an intermediate node to control the mobility. The sources of co channel interference is from FAP and
The handover mechanism must ensure the quality of service MBS as well as femtocell and macrocell users, but the
and speed of users equipment for handover. interfering source will be decide which one is the best
possible for interference cancellation.
Security
Co channel and Co tier interference are not the same; co
Security is a challenge to femtocell network because channel interference refers to sharing the same desired
information needs to be protected for hacker, who link FAP frequency band or signal while co tier interference refers to
and mobile core network to up load information. Security unwanted signal received at the same network layer.
can also be a way of preventing unwanted users not to
access femtocell network and use the resources. Interference cancellations techniques depend on quality of
Due to threat, mobile operators use the internet protocol interfering signal, which they normally make use of antenna
security (IPSec) between the link of FAP and operator core. arrays at the receiving end to cancel out the interference.
Security challenge will became worse, due to the increase The technique is less suitable for the UEs, but appropriately
number of femtocell deploy. useful in base stations of both macrocell BS and FAP and
often used for uplink interference management [25].
Timing and synchronisation
Interference cancellation make use of two classical method
Wireless system use crystal oscillator as their internal of wireless networks, which are successive interference
clock, which help to get the accurate between the cancellation (SIC) and parallel interference Cancellation
transmitter and receiver and also to maintain specific (PIC) [24] [26].
frequency alignment. To achieve synchronisation in
femtocell, Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is The PIC detects all the users interference at the same time
use and its connecting to clock of the operator core while the SIC detects its interference one after the others
network through the backhaul. .i.e. the strongest signal is detected first, followed by the
Another method use to solve synchronisation is by use of next strongest signal and so on [27].
GPS receiver within femtocell. The GPS provide timing PIC is also called multistage interference cancellation [28].
and synchronisation for femtocell at cost effective. The The primary aim of femtocell is to improve mobile coverage
merits of GPS service are it provides end user with local at the indoor.
news and information, which is helpful in interference
management. 2. Interference Avoidance in femtocells:
However, the disadvantage of GPS service for indoor user
is that the signal suffers significant amount of attenuation. The control of femtocell at the center is difficult due to is
Timing and synchronisation is a challenge for femtocell. physical nature and as well as the cell planning. Therefore,
the FAP must be influenced to be self-organize, so that it
V. POSSIBLE SOLUTION TO FEMTOCELL CHALLENGES can be able to cope with interference without center control
and hence provide good quality of service to the end user.
The deployment of femtocell layer brings about various
Femtocell rely on their location and environment, which
types of interference in two tier architecture network.
bring about different interference challenges without the
Interference is noticed in various forms in different air
interest of the global network that is why self-organization
interface technologies. Interference is studied from the point
and optimization approaches it most important.
of CDMA and OFDMA femtocell in two tier architecture
network.
The main interference is co - tier and cross - tier
Deployment of femtocell introduces a number of challenges,
interference. Spectrum splitting was proposed [29], for cross
among which interference the most important among others
tier interference. In spectrum splitting the spectrum band
challenges. Several solution have been suggested by
is divided into two portions, one portion for macrocell users
researchers in orders to cope with the technical challenges
and others portion is used by femtocell users.
of femtocells. The various solutions to these challenges of
femtocell have made network coverage better and have
However, this technique is not an attractive proposition due
increased the efficiency of the indoor service. There are
to high cost and scarcity of spectrum. But where femtocells
different techniques to manage interference, such as
are densely deployed, cross ties interference is hard to
interference cancellation, interference avoidance and
manage [30]. In OFDMA system, sub channels are
distributed interference management schemes.
assigning to femtocells to cope with cross tier interference.

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ISSN: 2078-0958 (Print); ISSN: 2078-0966 (Online)
Proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists 2014 Vol II,
IMECS 2014, March 12 - 14, 2014, Hong Kong

from the operator. A distributed interference management

Another key technique in interference avoidance is power scheme is employ to avoid interference in network system.
control mechanism. It is mainly used in environment where The development of distributed interference management
femtocells are densely deployed. In this mechanism the scheme for two tier network systems employ the joint power
femtocell transmits power is controlled successfully so that and admission control algorithms. The aim of this approach
the macrocell UE at the outdoor are protected from is thus; their quality of service performance, expressed in
interference. This technique is proposed in [31], only where terms of minimum signal to interference plus noise ratio
femtocell network is restricted within the indoor coverage. must be maintained.
They are different interference avoidance techniques A distributed power control algorithm is proposed [36] for
proposed for CDMA based wireless system, but the majority closed access mode. Cross-tier interference can be reduce
of them applied time hopping to reduce cross tier uplink through a distributed utility based on SINR approach at the
interference. femtocell BS, where the power of femtocell causing strong
interference is gradually reduced [37].
In time hopping, the transmission period is subdivided into There are other proposed distributed schemes to cope with
portions, a user will transmit and other remains silent during interference such as distributed power control schemes for
a particular slot [32]. But in the absent of synchronization HSDPA femtocells [38] and distributed dynamic Inter Cell
between the two tier network, each are free to choose its Interference (ICI) avoidance (DDIA) scheme [39]. Figure 6
periods. A joint hopping employ by all the user of femtocell below show different interference management techniques
to transmit in the same time slot, with minor interference in in femtocells.
CDMA based system. These would not cause interference
to each other and the neighbor femtocell are freely to select VI. CONCLUSION
their own time slots, reducing co-tier interference by factor
N. The cross tier uplink interference at FAP also decrease The concept of femtocell technology has significant
due to the same reason of freely selecting time slots [33]. improved network performance in the indoor environment.
The use of multi sector antenna at FAP has being proposed Furthermore, it provides advantage to mobile operators, in
to avoid interference that macrocell UE might cause. This terms of increased revenue and better quality of service.
technique in [34] reduces cross tier interference. If an Based on research work from literatures, the femto cell
antenna having S number of sectors is used. technology is a promising alternative for next generation
The use of more than one radiating elements [35] where wireless communication networks. However, Interference
many antenna elements are used to perform beam forming, has being one of the main problems in femto cell network.
helps in adapting the coverage area of femtocell. The interference includes those between neighbouring femto
cells and between macro cells and femto cells, due to the
3. Distributed Interference Management Schemes: sharing of the same licensed frequency spectrum with an
existing macro cells. Researchers have provided different
The issue of femtocell is how to control interference types of techniques to cope with interference problem in
management and allow quality of service required by both femtocell networks. Some of the techniques are interference
macrocell and femtocell network. cancellation and interference avoidance. Finally, it is
The centralized techniques use in controlling interference important to note that with an efficient interference schemes
management is difficult, whereby it cause congestion on the the network capacity and coverage can be increased.
backhaul network and this will not allow large information

Fig 6: Different interference management techniques

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Proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists 2014 Vol II,
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
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Joseph of Department of Electrical and Electronic 1992.
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Electronic Engineering Science, University of
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