Ubuntu (operating system) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating...

Ubuntu (operating system)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ubuntu (/bunt/
uu-BOON-tuu, stylized as
Ubuntu
ubuntu)[11] is a
Debian-based Linux operating
system for personal
computers, tablets and
smartphones, where Ubuntu
Touch edition is used; and
also runs network servers,
usually with the Ubuntu
Server edition, either on
physical or virtual servers
(such as on mainframes) or
with containers, that is with
enterprise-class features;
runs on the most popular
architectures, including
server-class ARM-based.
Screenshot of Ubuntu Desktop 17.04 "Zesty
Ubuntu is published by Zapus"
Canonical Ltd, who oer Developer Canonical Ltd., Ubuntu
commercial support.[12] It is community
based on free software and
named after the Southern OS family Linux
African philosophy of ubuntu Working state Current
(literally, 'human-ness'), Source model Open source (with some
which Canonical Ltd.
exceptions)[1]
suggests can be loosely
translated as "humanity to Initial release 20October 2004
others" or "I am what I am Latest release Ubuntu 17.04 Zesty
because of who we all Zapus / 13April 2017
are".[13] Since Ubuntu 11.04
Marketing target Personal computers,
Natty Narwhal Ubuntu has
servers; smartphones
used Unity as its default user
interface for the desktop, but and tablet computers
following the release of (Ubuntu Touch)
Ubuntu 17.10 it will move to Available in More than 55 languages
the GNOME 3 desktop by LoCos
instead, as work on Unity
Update method APT (Software Updater,
ends.[14][15] Ubuntu is the
GNOME Software)
most popular operating
system running in hosted Package manager dpkg, Snappy
environments, socalled

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"clouds",[16] as it is the most Platforms I386, IA-32, AMD64;

popular server Linux ARMhf (ARMv7 +
distribution.
VFPv3-D16), ARM64;
Development of Ubuntu is led Power, ppc64le; s390x[2]
by UK-based Canonical Ltd., a Kernel type Monolithic (Linux);
company of South African Hybrid Linux and
entrepreneur Mark Windows NT (under
Shuttleworth. Canonical Windows 10)[3][4][5]
generates revenue through
the sale of technical support Userland GNU
and other services related to Default user interface Unity (GNOME
Ubuntu.[17][18] The Ubuntu (and others) also
project is publicly committed supported)
to the principles of
License Free software licenses
open-source software
(mainly GPL)
development; people are
encouraged to use free Oicial website www.ubuntu.com
software, study how it works, (http://www.ubuntu.com)
improve upon it, and
distribute it.[19][20]

Contents
1 History and development process
2 Features
3 Security
4 Installation
5 Package classication and support
5.1 Package Archives
5.2 Third-party software
6 Releases
7 Variants
7.1 Chinese derivative Ubuntu Kylin
7.2 Ubuntu Server
7.3 Ubuntu Touch
7.4 Cloud computing
8 Adoption and reception
8.1 Installed base
8.2 Large-scale deployments
8.3 Critical reception
8.4 Amazon controversy
8.4.1 Conformity with European data privacy law
9 Local communities (LoCos)
10 Hardware vendor support
11 Windows subsystem
12 See also

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13 References
14 Further reading
15 External links

History and development process

Ubuntu is built on Debian's architecture and infrastructure, to provide Linux
server, desktop, phone, tablet and TV operating systems.[21] Ubuntu releases
updated versions predictably every six months,[8] and each release receives
free support for nine months (eighteen months prior to 13.04)[22] with security
xes, high-impact bug xes and conservative, substantially benecial low-risk
bug xes.[23] The rst release was in October 2004.

Starting with Ubuntu 6.06, every fourth release, one release every two years,
receives long-term support (LTS).[8] Long-term support includes updates for
new hardware, security patches and updates to the 'Ubuntu stack' (cloud
computing infrastructure).[18] The rst LTS releases were supported for three
years on the desktop and ve years on the server; since Ubuntu 12.04 LTS,
desktop support for LTS releases was increased to ve years as well. [24][25][26]
LTS releases get regular point releases with support for new hardware and
integration of all the updates published in that series to date. [27]

Ubuntu packages are based on packages from Debian's unstable branch. Both
distributions use Debian's deb package format and package management tools
(APT and Ubuntu Software Center). Debian and Ubuntu packages are not
necessarily binary compatible with each other, however; packages may need to
be rebuilt from source to be used in Ubuntu.[28] Many Ubuntu developers are
also maintainers of key packages within Debian. Ubuntu cooperates with
Debian by pushing changes back to Debian,[29] although there has been
criticism that this does not happen often enough. Ian Murdock, the founder of
Debian, had expressed concern about Ubuntu packages potentially diverging
too far from Debian to remain compatible.[30] Before release, packages are
imported from Debian unstable continuously and merged with Ubuntu-specic
modications. One month before release, imports are frozen, and packagers
then work to ensure that the frozen features interoperate well together.

Ubuntu is currently funded by Canonical Ltd. On 8 July 2005, Mark

Shuttleworth and Canonical announced the creation of the Ubuntu Foundation
and provided an initial funding of US$10million. The purpose of the foundation
is to ensure the support and development for all future versions of Ubuntu.
Mark Shuttleworth describes the foundation goal as to ensure the continuity of
the Ubuntu project.[31]

On 12 March 2009, Ubuntu announced developer support for 3rd-party cloud

management platforms, such as those used at Amazon EC2.[32]

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Unity has become the default GUI for Ubuntu Desktop,[33][34] although
following the release of Ubuntu 17.10 it will move to the GNOME 3 desktop
instead as work on Unity ends.[14][15] However, a community-driven fork of
Unity 8, called Yunit, has been created to continue the development of
Unity.[35] Shuttleworth wrote on 8 April 2017, "We will invest in Ubuntu
GNOME with the intent of delivering a fantastic all-GNOME desktop. We're
helping the Ubuntu GNOME team, not creating something dierent or
competitive with that eort. While I am passionate about the design ideas in
Unity, and hope GNOME may be more open to them now, I think we should
respect the GNOME design leadership by delivering GNOME the way GNOME
wants it delivered. Our role in that, as usual, will be to make sure that
upgrades, integration, security, performance and the full experience are
fantastic."[36] Shuttleworth also mentioned that Canonical will cease
development for Ubuntu Phone, Tablet, and convergence.[37]

Features
A default installation of Ubuntu contains a wide range of software that includes
LibreOice, Firefox, Thunderbird, Transmission, and several lightweight games
such as Sudoku and chess.[38][39] Many additional software packages are
accessible from the built in Ubuntu Software Center as well as any other
APT-based package management tools. Many additional software packages,
such as Evolution, GIMP, Pidgin, and Synaptic, that are no longer installed by
default, are still accessible in the repositories, installable with the built in
Ubuntu Software Center; or by any other APT-based package management tool
and Snappy.

Ubuntu operates under the GNU General Public License (GPL) and all of the
application software installed by default is free software. In addition, Ubuntu
installs some hardware drivers that are available only in binary format, but
such packages are clearly marked in the restricted component.[40]

Security
Ubuntu's goal is to be secure "out-of-the box". By default, the user's programs
run with low privileges and cannot corrupt the operating system or other
users' les. For increased security, the sudo tool is used to assign temporary
privileges for performing administrative tasks, which allows the root account to
remain locked and helps prevent inexperienced users from inadvertently
making catastrophic system changes or opening security holes.[41] PolicyKit is
also being widely implemented into the desktop. Most network ports are closed
by default to prevent hacking.[42] A built-in rewall allows end-users who
install network servers to control access. A GUI (GUI for Uncomplicated
Firewall) is available to congure it.[43] Ubuntu compiles its packages using
GCC features such as PIE and buer overow protection to harden its
software.[44] These extra features greatly increase security at the performance

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expense of 1% in 32-bit and 0.01% in 64-bit.[45]

Ubuntu also supports full disk encryption[46] as well as encryption of the home
and Private directories.[47]

Installation
The system requirements vary among Ubuntu
products. For the Ubuntu desktop release 16.04
LTS, a PC with at least 2GHz dual-core
processor, 2GB of RAM and 25GB of free disk
space is recommended.[48][49] For less powerful
computers, there are other Ubuntu distributions
such as Lubuntu and Xubuntu. Since version
12.04, Ubuntu supports the ARM architecture.
Ubuntu running on the
[2][50][51][52][53] Ubuntu is also available on
Nexus S, a smartphone that
Power,[2][54][55][56] older PowerPC architecture ran Android prior to Ubuntu
was at one point unoicial supported,[57] and
now newer Power Architecture CPUs (POWER8)
are supported.

Live images are the typical way for users to assess and subsequently install
Ubuntu. These can be downloaded as a disk image (.iso) and subsequently
burnt to a DVD and booted, or run via UNetbootin directly from a USB drive
(making, respectively, a live DVD or live USB medium). Running Ubuntu in this
way is typically slower than running it from a hard drive, but does not alter the
computer unless specically instructed by the user. If the user chooses to boot
the live image rather than execute an installer at boot time, there is still the
option to then use an installer called Ubiquity to install Ubuntu once booted
into the live environment.[58] Disk images of all current and past versions are
available for download at the Ubuntu web site.[59] Various third-party
programs such as remastersys and Reconstructor are available to create
customized copies of the Ubuntu Live DVDs (or CDs). "Minimal CDs" are
available (for server use) that t on a CD.

Additionally, USB ash drive installations can be used to boot Ubuntu and
Kubuntu in a way that allows permanent saving of user settings and portability
of the USB-installed system between physical machines (however, the
computers' BIOS must support booting from USB).[60] In newer versions of
Ubuntu, the Ubuntu Live USB creator can be used to install Ubuntu on a USB
drive (with or without a live CD or DVD). Creating a bootable USB drive with
persistence is as simple as dragging a slider to determine how much space to
reserve for persistence; for this, Ubuntu employs casper.[61][62]

The desktop edition can also be installed using the Netboot image (a.k.a.
netboot tarball) which uses the debian-installer and allows certain specialist
installations of Ubuntu: setting up automated deployments, upgrading from

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older installations without network access, LVM or RAID partitioning, installs

on systems with less than about 256MB of RAM (although low-memory
systems may not be able to run a full desktop environment reasonably). [63]

Package classication and support

Ubuntu divides most software into four domains to reect dierences in
licensing and the degree of support available.[64] Some unsupported
applications receive updates from community members, but not from Canonical
Ltd.

Free Non-free
software software
Canonical supported software
Main Restricted
domains
Unsupported Universe Multiverse

Free software includes software that has met the Ubuntu licensing
requirements,[64] which roughly correspond to the Debian Free Software
Guidelines. Exceptions, however, include rmware and fonts, in the Main
category, because although they are not allowed to be modied, their
distribution is otherwise unencumbered.

Non-free software is usually unsupported (Multiverse), but some exceptions

(Restricted) are made for important non-free software. Supported non-free
software includes device drivers that can be used to run Ubuntu on some
current hardware, such as binary-only graphics card drivers. The level of
support in the Restricted category is more limited than that of Main, because
the developers may not have access to the source code. It is intended that Main
and Restricted should contain all software needed for a complete desktop
environment.[64] Alternative programs for the same tasks and programs for
specialized applications are placed in the Universe and Multiverse categories.

In addition to the above, in which the software does not receive new features
after an initial release, Ubuntu Backports is an oicially recognized repository
for backporting newer software from later versions of Ubuntu.[65] The
repository is not comprehensive; it consists primarily of user-requested
packages, which are approved if they meet quality guidelines. Backports
receives no support at all from Canonical, and is entirely community-
maintained.

The -updates repository provides stable release updates (SRU) of Ubuntu and
are generally installed through update-manager. Each release is given its own
-updates repository (e.g. intrepid-updates). The repository is supported by
Canonical Ltd. for packages in main and restricted, and by the community for
packages in universe and multiverse. All updates to the repository must meet
certain requirements and go through the -proposed repository before being

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made available to the public.[66] Updates are scheduled to be available until

the end of life for the release.

In addition to the -updates repository, the unstable -proposed repository

contains uploads which must be conrmed before being copied into -updates.
All updates must go through this process to ensure that the patch does truly x
the bug and there is no risk of regression.[67] Updates in -proposed are
conrmed by either Canonical or members of the community.

Canonical's partner repository lets vendors of proprietary software deliver

their products to Ubuntu users at no cost through the same familiar tools for
installing and upgrading software.[68] The software in the partner repository is
oicially supported with security and other important updates by its respective
vendors. Canonical supports the packaging of the software for Ubuntu[68]
[69][70] and provides guidance to vendors.[68] The partner repository is disabled

by default and can be enabled by the user.[71] Some popular products

distributed via the partner repository as of 28 April 2013 are Adobe Flash
Player, Adobe Reader, Skype and Wine are also able to be installed to run
Windows software if the user desires.

Package Archives

A Personal Package Archive (PPA) is a software repository for uploading source

packages to be built and published as an Advanced Packaging Tool repository
by Launchpad.[72] While the term is used exclusively within Ubuntu,
Launchpad host Canonical envisions adoption beyond the Ubuntu
community.[73]

Third-party software

Ubuntu has a certication system for third-party software.[74] Some third-party

software that does not limit distribution is included in Ubuntu's multiverse
component. The package ubuntu-restricted-extras additionally contains
software that may be legally restricted, including support for MP3 and DVD
playback, Microsoft TrueType core fonts, Sun's Java runtime environment,
Adobe's Flash Player plugin, many common audio/video codecs, and unrar, an
unarchiver for les compressed in the RAR le format.

Additionally, third-party application suites are available for purchase through

Ubuntu Software,[75] including many games such as Braid and Oil Rush,[76]
software for DVD playback and media codecs. More games are available
through Steam.

Releases
Each Ubuntu release has a version number that consists of the year and month
number of the release.[90] For example, the rst release was Ubuntu 4.10 as it

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Version Code name Release date Supported until

14.04 LTS[77] Trusty Tahr 2014-04-17 2019-04
14.10 Utopic Unicorn[78] 2014-10-23[79] 2015-07-23
15.04 Vivid Vervet[80] 2015-04-23 2016-02-04
15.10 Wily Werewolf[81] 2015-10-22[82] 2016-07-28[83]
16.04 LTS Xenial Xerus[84] 2016-04-21[85] 2021-04
16.10 Yakkety Yak[86] 2016-10-13[87] 2017-07[88]
17.04 Zesty Zapus 2017-04-13[89] 2018-01
17.10 Artful Aardvark 2017-10 2018-07
18.04 LTS Unknown 2018-04 2023-04
Legend: Old version Older version, still supported Latest version
Latest preview version Future release

was released on 20 October 2004. Version numbers for future versions are
provisional; if the release is delayed the version number changes accordingly.

Ubuntu releases are also given alliterative code names, using an adjective and
an animal (e.g., "Karmic Koala" or "Trusty Tahr"). With the exception of the
rst two releases, code names are in alphabetical order, allowing a quick
determination of which release is newer, at least until restarting the cycle with
the planned release of Artful Aardvark in September 2017.[91] Commonly,
Ubuntu releases are referred to using only the adjective portion of the code
name; for example, the 14.04 LTS release is commonly known as "Trusty".

Releases are timed to be approximately one month after GNOME releases

(which in turn are about one month after releases of X.org). As a result, every
Ubuntu release was introduced with an updated version of both GNOME and X.
After major releases, the Ubuntu Developer Summit (UDS) is held, at which the
Ubuntu community sets the development direction for the next cycle. The
latest such event, as of February 2017, was held 57 May 2015, after Ubuntu
15.04 and planning 15.10.[92]

Upgrades from one LTS release to the next LTS release (e.g. Ubuntu 14.04 LTS
to Ubuntu 16.04 LTS) are supported,[93] while upgrades from non-LTS have
only supported upgrade to the next release, regardless of its LTS status (e.g.
Ubuntu 15.10 to Ubuntu 16.04 LTS).

Ubuntu 10.10 (Maverick Meerkat), was released on 10 October 2010

(101010). This departed from the traditional schedule of releasing at the end
of October in order to get "the perfect 10",[94] and makes a playful reference to
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy books, since, in binary, 101010 equals
decimal 42, the "Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe and
Everything" within the series.[95]

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Ubuntu 14.04.1 and all later releases require a 2GB or larger installation
medium.[96] Server releases still t on CDs.[97]

Variants
The variant oicially recommended for most
users, and oicially supported by Canonical, is
Ubuntu Desktop (formally named as Ubuntu
Desktop Edition, and simply called Ubuntu),
designed for desktop and laptop PCs using
Unity Desktop interface (earlier versions used
GNOME).[98] A number of other variants are
distinguished simply by each featuring a
dierent desktop environment. The following
are not commercially supported by
Canonical:[59]

Ubuntu GNOME (with the GNOME desktop

environment),
Ubuntu MATE (with the MATE desktop
environment),
Ubuntu Budgie (with the Budgie desktop
environment),
Kubuntu (with KDE Plasma Workspaces),
Lubuntu (with LXDE), and
Xubuntu (with Xfce).

LXDE[99] and Xfce[100] are sometimes

recommended for use with older PCs that may
have less memory and processing power Ubuntu family tree
available.

Besides Ubuntu Desktop, there are several other oicial Ubuntu editions,
which are created and maintained by Canonical and the Ubuntu community
and receive full support from Canonical, its partners and the Community. They
include the following:[101][102]

Ubuntu Business Desktop Remix, was a release meant for business users
that came with special enterprise software including Adobe Flash,
Canonical Landscape, OpenJDK 6 and VMware View, while removing
social networking and le sharing applications, games and
development/sysadmin tools.[103] The goal of the Business Desktop Remix
was not to copy other enterprise-oriented distributions, such as Red Hat
Enterprise Linux, but to make it, according to Mark Shuttleworth's blog,
"easier for institutional users to evaluate Ubuntu Desktop for their specic
needs".[104]
Ubuntu TV, labeled "TV for human beings" by Canonical Ltd., was
introduced at the 2012 Consumer Electronics Show by Canonical's

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marketing executive John D. Bernard.[105] Created for smart TVs, Ubuntu

TV aimed to provide access to popular Internet services and stream
content to mobile devices running Android, iOS and Ubuntu.[106]
Launchpad.net Ubuntu TV code repository has not shown any actual
development activity since December 2011.[107]

There are more Ubuntu variants (or derivatives) based on the oicial Ubuntu
editions. These install a default set of packages that dier from the oicial
Ubuntu distributions.

The variants recognized by Canonical as contributing signicantly towards the

Ubuntu project (but not commercially supported[59]) are the following:[102]

Edubuntu, a subproject and add-on for Ubuntu, designed for school

environments and home users.[108]
Mythbuntu, designed for creating a home theater PC with MythTV and
uses the Xfce desktop environment.
Ubuntu Studio, a distribution made for professional video and audio
editing, comes with higher-end free editing software.

There are many more variants, created and

maintained by individuals and organizations
outside of Canonical, and they are self-governed
projects that work more or less closely with the
Ubuntu community.[101]

Chinese derivative Ubuntu Kylin

By Precise Pangolin (12.04),
Since Ubuntu 10.10, a Chinese-language Kubuntu is a community-
version of Ubuntu Desktop called "Ubuntu supported variant of the
Chinese Edition" (later Ubuntu Kylin), had been
Ubuntu distribution which
released alongside the various other editions,
uses the KDE Plasma
up to and including 12.04.[109] However, in Workspaces.
2013, Canonical reached an agreement with the
Ministry of Industry and Information Technology
of the People's Republic of China to make Ubuntu the new basis of the Kylin
operating system (that had used FreeBSD) starting with Raring Ringtail
(version 13.04).[110] The rst version of Ubuntu Kylin was released on 25 April
2013.[111]

Ubuntu Server

Ubuntu has a server edition that uses the same APT repositories as the Ubuntu
Desktop Edition. The dierences between them are the absence of an X
Window environment in a default installation of the server edition (although
one can easily be installed, including Unity, GNOME, KDE or Xfce), and some
alterations to the installation process.[112] The server edition uses a
screen-mode, character-based interface for the installation, instead of a

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graphical installation process. This enables

installation on machines with a serial or "dumb
terminal" interface without graphics support.

Since version 10.10, the server edition (like the

desktop version) supports hardware
virtualization and can be run in a virtual
machine, either inside a host operating system
or in a hypervisor, such as VMware ESXi,
Oracle, Citrix XenServer, Microsoft Hyper-V,
QEMU, a Kernel-based Virtual Machine, or any A screenshot of the Ubuntu
other IBM PC compatible emulator or 12.04 Server installation
virtualizer. Ubuntu 7.10 and later turn on the boot menu
AppArmor security module for the Linux kernel
by default on key software packages, and the rewall is extended to common
services used by the operating system.

Has minimum requirements of: 512MB RAM, 1GHz CPU, and 1GB disk
space (1.75GB for all features to be installed)[112]
Runs on all major architectures x86, x86-64, ARM v7, ARM64,[113]
POWER8 and IBM System z mainframes via LinuxONE.[114] SPARC is no
longer commercially supported.
Supports ZFS, a le system with snapshot capabilities, since Ubuntu
16.04LTS.[115][116][117]
Has LXD, a hypervisor to manage LXC Linux containers
Includes the rst production release of DPDK for line-speed kernel
networking
Uses Linux 4.4 kernel and systemd service manager
Is certied as a guest on AWS, Microsoft Azure, Joyent, IBM and HP
Cloud[114]

It has up-to-date versions of key server software pre-installed, including:

Tomcat (v8), PostgreSQL (v9.5), Docker v(1.10), Puppet (v3.8.5), Qemu (v2.5),
Libvirt (v1.3.1), LXC (v2.0), and MySQL (v5.6).[114]

Ubuntu Touch

Ubuntu Touch is an alternate version of Ubuntu developed for smartphones

and tablets which was announced on 2 January 2013. Ubuntu Touch was
released to manufacturing on 16 September 2014.[118] The rst device to run it
was the Galaxy Nexus.[119] A concept for a smartphone running Ubuntu for
Phones was published on Ubuntu's oicial channel on YouTube.[120] The
platform allows developing one app with two interfaces: a smartphone UI, and,
when docked, a desktop UI; a demo version for higher-end Ubuntu
smartphones was shown that could run a full Ubuntu desktop when connected
to a monitor and keyboard, which was to ship as Ubuntu for Android.[121]
Ubuntu for Tablets was previewed at 19 February 2013. According to the
keynote video, an Ubuntu Phone will be able to connect to a tablet, which will

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then utilize a tablet interface; plugging a keyboard and mouse into the tablet
will transform the phone into a desktop; and plugging a television monitor into
the phone will bring up the Ubuntu TV interface.[122]

On 6 February 2015, the rst smartphone running Ubuntu Touch pre-installed

was announced. The BQ Aquaris E4.5 Ubuntu Edition features a 4.5-inch
(110mm) qHD display, a 1.3GHz quad-core Cortex-A7 processor, and 1GB of
RAM. It is currently priced at 169.90, while the 5-inch Aquaris E5 HD Ubuntu
Edition is available for 199.90.[123]

Cloud computing

Ubuntu oers Ubuntu Cloud Images which are

pre-installed disk images that have been
customized by Ubuntu engineering to run on
cloud-platforms such as Amazon EC2,
OpenStack, Microsoft Windows and LXC.[124]
Ubuntu is also prevalent on VPS platforms such
as DigitalOcean.[125] Eucalyptus interface

Ubuntu 11.04 added support for OpenStack,

with Eucalyptus to OpenStack migration tools
added by Canonical in Ubuntu Server 11.10.
[126][127] Ubuntu 11.10 added focus on
OpenStack as the Ubuntu's preferred IaaS
oering though Eucalyptus is also supported.
Another major focus is Canonical Juju for
provisioning, deploying, hosting, managing, and
orchestrating enterprise data center
infrastructure services, by, with, and for the
Ubuntu Server.[128][129]

Adoption and reception

Installed base
Cloud Ubuntu Orange Box
Because of a lack of registration, any number
provided for Ubuntu usage can only be
estimated.[130] In 2015, Canonical's Ubuntu Insights page stated "Ubuntu now
has over 40 million desktop users and counting".[131]

W3Techs Web Technology Surveys estimated in September 2016 that:

Ubuntu is the most popular Linux distribution for running Web servers on,
used by 34.1% of "all the websites" they analyze.[132] Linux distributions
are used a little more than Microsoft Windows for websites based on
W3Techs numbers, and only Ubuntu and Debian (which Ubuntu is based

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on, with the same package manager and thus administered the same way)
make up 65% of all Linux distributions for web serving use; the usage of
Ubuntu surpassed Debian (for such server use), in May 2016.
Ubuntu is the most popular Linux distribution among the top 1000 sites
and gains around 500 of the top 10 million websites per day.[133]
Ubuntu is used by 12.4% of all websites analyzed, growing from less than
7% in October 2012.[134]

W3Techs analyzes the top 10 million websites only.[135] It considers Linux as a

subcategory of Unix and estimated in the same month that 66.7% of the
analyzed websites use Unix, under that broad denition.[136]

According to TheCloudMarket.com, Ubuntu is on at least 57% of the images it

scanned on Amazon EC2 (and Windows at 7.8%).[16]

Wikimedia Foundation data (based on user agent) for September 2013 shows
that Ubuntu generated the most page requests to Wikimedia sites, including
Wikipedia, among recognizable Linux distributions.[137][138]

Large-scale deployments

The public sector has also adopted Ubuntu. As of January 2009, the Ministry of
Education and Science of Republic of Macedonia deployed more than
180,000[139] Ubuntu-based classroom desktops, and has encouraged every
student in the country to use Ubuntu-powered computer workstations;[140] the
Spanish school system has 195,000 Ubuntu desktops.[139] The French police,
having already started using open-source software in 2005 by replacing
Microsoft Oice with OpenOice.org, decided to transition to Ubuntu from
Windows XP after the release of Windows Vista in 2006.[141] By March 2009,
the Gendarmerie Nationale had already switched 5000 workstations to
Ubuntu.[141] Based on the success of that transition, it planned to switch
15,000 more over by the end of 2009 and to have switched all 90,000
workstations over by 2015 (GendBuntu project).[141] Lt. Colonel Guimard
announced that the move was very easy and allowed for a 70% saving on the IT
budget without having to reduce its capabilities.[141] In 2011, Ubuntu 10.04
was adopted by the Indian justice system.[142] The Government of Kerala
adopted Ubuntu for the legislators in Kerala and the government schools of
Kerala began to use customized IT@School Project Ubuntu 10.04 which
contains specially created software for students. Earlier, Windows was used in
the schools. Textbooks were also remade with an Ubuntu syllabus and are
currently used in schools.[143]

The city of Munich, Germany, has forked Kubuntu 10.04 LTS and created
LiMux for use on the city's computers.[144] After originally planning to migrate
12,000 desktop computers to LiMux, it was announced in December 2013 that
the project had completed successfully with the migration of 14,800 out of
15,500 desktop computers,[145] but still keeping about 5000 Windows clients

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for unported applications. In February 2017 the city decided to evaluate the
migration back to Windows[146] some stated reasons were missing
compatibility, bad user acceptance and complexity. In March 2012, the
government of Iceland launched a project to get all public institutions using
free and open-source software. Already several government agencies and
schools have adopted Ubuntu. The government cited cost savings as a big
factor for the decision, and also stated that open source software avoids vendor
lock-in. A 12-month project was launched to migrate the biggest public
institutions in Iceland to open-source, and help ease the migration for
others.[147] US president Barack Obama's successful campaign for re-election
in 2012, used Ubuntu in its IT department.[148] In August 2014, the city of
Turin, Italy, announced the migration from Windows XP to Ubuntu for its 8,300
desktop computers used by the municipality, becoming the rst city in Italy to
adopt Ubuntu.[149][150]

Critical reception

Ubuntu was awarded the Reader Award for best Linux distribution at the 2005
LinuxWorld Conference and Expo in London,[151] received favorable reviews in
online and print publications,[152][153] and has won InfoWorld's 2007 Bossie
Award for Best Open Source Client OS.[154] In early 2008 PC World named
Ubuntu the "best all-around Linux distribution available today", though it
criticized the lack of an integrated desktop eects manager.[155] Chris DiBona,
the program manager for open-source software at Google, said "I think Ubuntu
has captured people's imaginations around the Linux desktop," and "If there is
a hope for the Linux desktop, it would be them". As of January 2009, almost
half of Google's 20,000 employees used Goobuntu, a proprietary, slightly
modied version of Ubuntu.[139] In 2012, ZDNet reported that Ubuntu was still
Google's desktop of choice.[156] In March 2016, Matt Hartley picked a list of
best Linux distributions for Datamation; he chose Ubuntu as number one.[157]

In 2008, Jamie Hyneman, co-host of the American television series

MythBusters, advocated Linux (giving the example of Ubuntu) as a solution to
software bloat.[158] Other celebrity users of Ubuntu include science ction
writer Cory Doctorow[159] and actor Stephen Fry.[160]

In March 2013, Canonical announced that it had decided to develop Mir,[161]

reversing an earlier plan to move to Wayland as the primary Ubuntu display
server[162] and causing widespread objection from the open source desktop
community.[163][164][165][166] X.Org contributor Daniel Stone opined: "I'm just
irritated that this means more work for us, more work for upstream
developers, more work for toolkits, more work for hardware vendors....". [167] In
September 2013, an Intel developer removed XMir support from their video
driver and wrote "We do not condone or support Canonical in the course of
action they have chosen, and will not carry XMir patches upstream".
[168][169][170]

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In January 2014, the UK's authority for computer security, CESG, reported that
Ubuntu 12.04 LTS was "the only operating system that passes as many as 9 out
of 12 requirements without any signicant risks".[171]

Ubuntu's developers acknowledged battery life problems from version

10.04[172] and sought to solve the issues of power consumption in the 12.04
LTS release.[173] The 14.04 release improved the situation, but still lagged
other operating systems in the battery life metric.[174]

Amazon controversy

One of the new features of Unity in Ubuntu 12.10 was the shopping
lensAmazon search results displayed in the Unity dash. It was alternately
described as the "Amazon controversy",[175][176] "privacy asco"[177] and
"spyware".[178]

From October 2012, it sent the user's queries through a secure HTTPS
connection from the home lens to productsearch.ubuntu.com,[179] which then
polled Amazon.com to nd relevant products; Amazon then sent product
images directly to the user's computer through HTTP. If the user clicked on one
of these results and then bought something, Canonical got a small fraction of
the sale.[180]

In 2012, many reviewers criticized it: as the home lens is the normal means to
search for content on the local machine, reviewers were concerned about the
disclosure of queries that were intended to be local, creating a privacy
problem.[179] As the feature is active by default instead of opt-in, many users
could be unaware of it.[179][180][181][182]

Some users chose to turn it o or to remove the feature using a patch. [183] An
April 2014 article by Scott Gilbertson stated that the online search components
of Ubuntu could be turned o with a couple of clicks in version 14.04. [174]

For the move, it was awarded the 2013 Austria Big Brother Award.[184]

Since Ubuntu 16.04, the setting is o by default.[185]

Conformity with European data privacy law

Soon after being introduced, doubts emerged on the conformance of the

shopping lens with the European Data Protection Directive.[186][187] A petition
was later signed by over 50 Ubuntu users and delivered to Canonical
demanding various modications to the feature in order to clearly frame it
within European law.[188] Canonical did not reply.

In 2013, a formal complaint on the shopping lens was led with the
Information Commissioner's Oice (ICO), the UK data privacy oice. Almost

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one year later the ICO ruled in favour of Canonical, considering the various
improvements introduced to the feature in the meantime to render it
conformable with the Data Protection Directive.[189] According to European
rules, this ruling is automatically eective in the entirety of the European
Union. However, the ruling also made clear that at the time of introduction the
feature was not legal, among other things, since it was missing a privacy policy
statement.

Local communities (LoCos)

In an eort to reach out to users who are less technical, and to foster a sense
of community around the distribution, Local Communities,[190] better known as
"LoCos", have been established throughout the world. Originally, each country
had one LoCo Team. However, in some areas, most notably the United States
and Canada, each state or province may establish a team.[191] A LoCo Council
approves teams based upon their eorts to aid in either the development or the
promotion of Ubuntu.[192]

Hardware vendor support

Ubuntu works closely with OEMs to jointly make Ubuntu available on a wide
range of devices.[193] A number of vendors oer computers with Ubuntu
pre-installed, including Dell,[194] Hasee,[195] Sharp Corporation,[196] and
Cirrus7.[197][198] Specically, Dell oers the XPS 13 laptop, Developer Edition
with Ubuntu pre-installed.[199] Together, Dell, Lenovo, HP, and ASUS oer over
200 desktop and close to 500 laptop PCs preloaded with Ubuntu. Certied
OEM images are also available for Ubuntu Advantage customers.[193]
System76,[200] WeWi[201] and Tesco. System76 PCs are sold exclusively with
Ubuntu. Dell and System76 customers are able to choose between 30-day,
three-month, and yearly Ubuntu support plans through Canonical.[202] Dell
computers (running Ubuntu 10.04) include extra support for ATI Video
Graphics, Dell Wireless, Fingerprint Readers, HDMI, Bluetooth, DVD playback
(using LinDVD), and MP3/WMA/WMV.[203] Asus is also selling some Eee PCs
with Ubuntu pre-installed and announced "many more" models running Ubuntu
for 2011.[204][205][206] Vodafone has made available a notebook for the South-
African market called "Webbook".[207][208][209]

Dell sells computers (initially Inspiron 14R and 15R laptops) pre-loaded with
Ubuntu in India and China, with 850 and 350 retail outlets respectively.
[210][211] Starting in 2013, Alienware began oering its X51 model gaming
desktop pre-installed with Ubuntu at a lower price than if it were pre-installed
with Windows.[212]

While Linux already works in IBM's mainframe system (zLinux), IBM in

collaboration with Canonical (and SUSE; "Linux Foundation will form a new

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Open Mainframe Project") announced Ubuntu support for their z/Architecture

(IBM claims their latest system, IBM zEnterprise System, version z13 is the
most powerful computer in the world; it is the largest computer by transistor
count) for the rst time, at the time of their "biggest code drop" ("LinuxOne")
in Linux history.[213]

In early 2015, Intel launched the Intel Compute Stick small form factor
computer available preloaded with Ubuntu or Windows operating systems. [214]

Windows subsystem
In March 2016, Microsoft announced that they would support the Ubuntu
userland on top of the Windows 10 kernel by implementing the Linux system
calls as a subsystem. The focus lies on command-line tools like Bash and is
therefore primarily directed towards developers.[3][4][5]

See also
Computer technology for developing areas
List of Ubuntu releases
Free culture movement
Package manager

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Further reading
Gagne, Marcel (27 August 2006). Moving to Ubuntu Linux (1st ed.). Addison-
Wesley Professional. p.496. ISBN 978-0-321-42722-9.

Grant, Rickford; Bull, Phil (7 July 2010). Ubuntu for Non-Geeks: A Pain-Free,
Get-Things-Done Guide (4th ed.). No Starch Press. p.496.
ISBN 978-1-59327-257-9.

Hill, Benjamin Mako; Bacon, Jono; Burger, Corey; Jesse, Jonathan; Krstic, Ivan
(21 August 2006). The Oicial Ubuntu Book (1st ed.). Prentice Hall. p.448.
ISBN 978-0-13-243594-9.

Hudson, Andrew; Hudson, Paul; Helmke, Matthew; Troy, Ryan (25 December
2009). Ubuntu Unleashed 2010 Edition: Covering 9.10 and 10.4 (5th ed.). SAMS.
p.864. ISBN 978-0-672-33109-1.

Keir, Thomas (15 March 2006). Beginning Ubuntu Linux: From Novice to
Professional. Apress. p.608. ISBN 978-1-59059-627-2.

Oxer, Jonathan; Rankin, Kyle; Childers, Bill (14 June 2006). Ubuntu Hacks: Tips
& Tools for Exploring, Using, and Tuning Linux (1st ed.). O'Reilly Media. p.448.
ISBN 978-0-596-52720-4.

von Hagen, William (3 January 2007). Ubuntu Linux Bible (1st ed.). Wiley. p.936.
ISBN 978-0-470-03899-4.

Paporovic, Sasa (August 2014). Ubuntu 14.04 Everyday usage (Video-Tutorial).

CreateSpace.

External links
Oicial website (https://www.ubuntu.com/)
Ubuntu (https://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=Ubuntu) at
DistroWatch
Ubuntu (https://dmoztools.net/Computers/Software/Operating_Systems
/Linux/Distributions/Ubuntu) at DMOZ
PPAs for Ubuntu (https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+ppas)

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