Terminology
The quality of machined surface is characterized by the accuracy of its manufacture with respect to the dimensions specified b
1. Roughness :
Roughness consists of surface irregularities which result from the various machining process. These irregularities combine to f
2. Roughness Height :
It is the height of the irregularities with respect to a reference line. It is measured in millimeters or microns or microinches. It is
3. Roughness Width :
The roughness width is the distance parallel to the nominal surface between successive peaks or ridges which constitute the p
4. Roughness Width Cut Off :
Roughness width cut off is the greatest spacing of respective surface irregularities to be included in the measurement of the av
5. Lay :
Lay represents the direction of predominant surface pattern produced and it reflects the machining operation used to produce
6. Waviness :
This refers to the irregularities which are outside the roughness width cut off values. Waviness is the widely spaced componen
7. Waviness Width :
Waviness height is the peak to valley distance of the surface profile, measured in millimeters.
8. Arithmetic Average (AA):
A close approximation of the arithmetic average roughness-height can be calculated from the profile chart of the surface. Avera
9. Root Mean Square (rms)
The rms value can be calculated as shown below. Its numerical value is about 11% higher than that of AA.
SURFACE FINISH IN MACHINING
The resultant roughness produced by a machining process can be thought of as the combination of two independent quantitie
1. Ideal roughness, and
2. Natural roughness
Ideal Roughness
Ideal surface roughness is a function of only feed and geometry. It represents the best possible finish which can be obtained fo
The surface roughness value is given by:
Practical cutting tools are usually provided with a rounded corner, and figure below shows the surface produced by such a tool
where r is the corner radius.
Natural Roughness
In practice, it is not usually possible to achieve conditions such as those described above, and normally the natural surface rou
Factors Affecting the Surface Finish
Whenever two machined surfaces come in contact with one another the quality of the mating parts plays an important role in th
A) The machining variables which include
a) cutting speed
b) feed, and
c) depth of cut.
B) The tool geometry
The design and geometry of the cutting tool also plays a vital role in determining the quality of the surface. Some geometric fac
a) nose radius
b) rake angle
c) side cutting edge angle, and
d) cutting edge.
C) Workpiece and tool material combination and their mechanical
D) Quality and type of the machine tool used,
E) Auxiliary tooling, and lubricant used, and
F) Vibrations between the workpiece, machine tool and cutting to
he dimensions specified by the designer. Every machining operation leaves characteristic evidence on the machined surface. This evidence
irregularities combine to form surface texture.
rons or microinches. It is also known as the height of unevenness.
ges which constitute the predominate pattern of the roughness. It is measured in millimeters.
he measurement of the average roughness height. It should always be greater than the roughness width in order to obtain the total roughne
peration used to produce it.
widely spaced component of the surface texture. This may be the result of workpiece or tool deflection during machining, vibrations or tool r
chart of the surface. Averaging from a mean centerline may also be automatically performed by electronic instruments using appropriate cir
wo independent quantities:
which can be obtained for a given tool shape and feed. It can be achieved only if the built-up-edge, chatter and inaccuracies in the machin
e produced by such a tool under ideal conditions. It can be shown that the roughness value is closely related to the feed and corner radius b
ally the natural surface roughness forms a large proportion of the actual roughness. One of the main factors contributing to natural roughnes
ays an important role in the performance and wear of the mating parts. The height, shape, arrangement and direction of these surface irreg
rface. Some geometric factors which affect achieved surface finish include:
ir mechanical properties
and cutting tool.
ed surface. This evidence in the form of finely spaced micro irregularities left by the cutting tool. Each type of cutting tool leaves its own indi
o obtain the total roughness height rating.
chining, vibrations or tool runout.
ents using appropriate circuitry through a meter or chart recorder. If X is the measured value from the profilometer, then the AA value can be
naccuracies in the machine tool movements are eliminated completely. For a sharp tool without nose radius, the maximum height of uneven
e feed and corner radius by the following expression:
buting to natural roughness is the occurrence of a built-up edge. Thus, larger the built up edge, the rougher would be the surface produced,
tion of these surface irregularities on the workpiece depend upon a number of factors such as:
ng tool leaves its own individual pattern which therefore can be identified. This pattern is known as surface finish or surface roughness.
then the AA value can be calculated as shown below.
aximum height of unevenness is given by:
be the surface produced, and factors tending to reduce chip-tool friction and to eliminate or reduce the built-up edge would give improved s
r surface roughness.
ge would give improved surface finish.
~
200 z
z 400
50 z
100 z
12.5 z
25 z
1.6 z
3.2 z
6.3 z
0.1 z
0.05 z
0.2 z
0.4 z
0.8 z s 0.8
s 0.4
s 0.2
s 0.1
s 0.05
s 6.3
s 3.2
s 1.6
s 25
s 12.5
400 s
s 200
s 50
s 100
a
a
a
a
a
0.2
0.1
0.05
0.025
0.012
a
a
a
1.6
0.8
0.4
a
a
6.3
3.2
12.5 a
a 25
50 a
a 100
0.08
0.25
0.25
-
8
0.8
-
0.25
8
0.8
0.25
0.08
Yv1, Yv2, Yv3, Yv4, Yv5:
Yp1, Yp2, Yp3, Yp4, Yp5:
5 +Yv 4
5
Yv1+Yv +Yv 2 +Yv 3 + 5 3+Yp +Yp 4 2+Yp +Yp 1 Yp Rz=
m
5 Yp
Yp4
V5 Y
3 Yp
Yp2
YV4
YV3
YV2
1
V1 Y
Yp
r
~ 50 100
25 12.5 ~
~ 3.2 6.3
1.6 0.4 ~
~ 0.012 0.2
Ra= x ) d x 1
r f(
0
r
X0
Ra
Y
r
m
Rp
Ry=Rp+Rv
m
Rv
Ry
r
ca
gde
M
3.2
(b)
3.2
(a)
1.6
6.3
(b)
6.3
(a)
1.6
(c)
25
25
6.3
(b)
6.3 25
25
(a)
b
f
c
edg
1168 1167
Definitions and indications for surface roughness parameters(for industrial products)are specified. They are arithme
maximum height(Ry), ten-point mean roughness(Rz), mean spacing of profile irregularities(Sm), mean spacing of lo
and profile bearing length ratio(tp). Surface roughness is given as the arithmetical mean value for a randomly samp
roughness(Ra )is defined in the annexes of JIS B 0031 and JIS B 0061].
Lowest 5 peaks within sample
Tallest 5 peaks within sample
GThe interdependence for 3 classes is not strictly enforced.
Rz
Ten-point mean roughness
Ry
Max. height
Reference:Relationship between arithmetical mean roughness(Ra)and conventional symbols
Ten-point mean roughness(Rz)
Maximum peak(Ry)
Arithmetical mean roughness(Ra)
Typical ways for obtaining surface roughness
Categories of surface roughness
Direction of lay
of cutting blade
Direction of lay
of cutting blade
Direction of lay
of cutting blade
(ex)Facing surface
(ex)Honing finished surface
Examples indicating processing method
Front milled
Examples indicating the upper limit and lower limit of Ra
Examples indicating direction of lay
Examples indicating the upper limits of Ra
Indicating symbol of surface on which no removal process is permitted
Indicating symbol of surface requiring removal press
Indicating symbol of surface
IExamples indicating surface texture on drawing Figure Meaning Symbol
Items other than a and f are added as necessary.
Each grain surface position is indicated as shown in Fig. 1.This includes surface roughness,
cut-off value or reference length, processing method, symbol of direction of lay, surface waviness, etc.
Reference:The location of lay of e in Fig. 1.is given as the finish allowance in ISO 1302.
Note:
Fig. 1 Legend
Positions of respective indicating symbols relative to indicating symbol of surface
GThe evaluation length of Ra, Ry and Rz:Five times the cut-off value standard length respectively.
Preferred number series Indication of surface texture on drawings Preferred number series
Triangular
indication
Standard length
of RyCRz
(mm) Cut-off value
c(mm)
Arithmetical mean roughness
Ra
r
SURFACE ROUGHNESS TECHNICAL DRAWINGS Excerpt from JIS B 0601(1994)and
JIS B 0031(1994)
Excerpt from
JIS Z B 0031(1994)
METHOD OF INDICATING SURFACE
TEXTURE ON DRAWINGS
75
A section of standard length is sampled from the mean line on the
roughness chart. The distance between the peaks and valleys of the
sampled line is measured in the y direction. The value is expressed
in micrometer(Om).
A section of standard length is sampled from the mean line on the
roughness chart. The distance between the peaks and valleys of the
sampled line is measured in the y direction.
Then, the average peak is obtained among 5 tallest peaks(Yp), as
is the average valley between 5 lowest valleys(Yv).
The sum of these two values is expressed in micrometer(Om).
Note:To obtain Ry, sample only the standard length. The part, where peaks and
valleys are wide enough to be interpreted as scratches, should be avoided.
Parallel to the projected surface on
which the direction of lay of the
cutting blade is indicated.
(ex)Shaped surface
Perpendicular to the projected surface
on which the direction of lay of the
cutting blade is indicated.
Intersection of two diagonal lines on the
projected surface on which the direction of
lay of the cutting blade is indicated.
Concentric circles roughly centered
on the same on the surface on which
the direction of lay of the cutting
blade is indicated.
Radiating shape roughly centered
on the same point on the surface
on which the direction of lay of the
cutting blade is indicated.
Multidirectional intersection or nondirectional
point on the projected surface
on which the direction of lay of the
cutting blade is indicated.
(ex)Shaped surface(when viewed
from the side), machined or cylindrical
ground surface.
(ex)Rapping finished surface, super
finished surface, face milled or end
milled surface in surfacing feed
direction
TECHNICAL DATA TECHNICAL DATA
g:Surface waviness(according to JIS B 0610)
f :Parameter other than Ra(With tp, parameter/cutoff level)
d:Symbol of direction of lay
c:Cutoff value. Evaluation length
b:Processing method
a:Value of Ra
c:Reference length. Evaluation length
A section of standard length is sampled from the mean line on the
roughness chart. The mean line is laid on a Cartesian coordinate
system wherein the mean line runs in the direction of the x-axis and
magnification is the y-axis.The value obtained with the formula on
the right is expressed in micrometer
(Om)when y=f(a).
pecified. They are arithmetical mean roughness(Ra),
s(Sm), mean spacing of local peaks of the profile(S)
value for a randomly sampled area. [Mean center line
aviness, etc.
SURFACE ROUGHNESS
PROFILE PARAMETERS
Parameter Name
Ra Roughness Average (Ra)
Root Mean Square (RMS)
Rq Roughness
Rt Maximum Height of the Profile
Rv, Rm Maximum Profile Valley Depth
Rp Maximum Profile Peak Height
Average Maximum Profile Peak
Rpm Height
Average Maximum Height of the
Rz Profile
Rmax Maximum Roughness Depth
Mean Height of Profile
Rc Irregularities
Rz(iso) Roughness Height
Ry Maximum Height of the Profile
Wt, W Waviness Height
Mean Spacing of Local Peaks of
S the Profile
Mean Spacing of Profile
Sm, RSm Irregularities
D Profile Peak Density
Pc Peak Count (Peak Density)
HSC Hight Spot Count
a Average Wavelength of the Profile
Root Mean Square (RMS)
q Wavelength of the Profile
a Average Absolute Slope
q Root Mean Square (RMS) Slope
Lo Developed Profile Length
lr Profile Length Ratio
Rsk,Sk Skewness
Surface Finish Definitions:
1. Ra: Ra is the arithmetic average of the absolute values of the roughness profile ordinates. Also known as Arithmetic Average (AA), Ce
Line Average
2. Rz: (CLA).
Rz is the The average
arithmetic roughness
mean value of theissingle
the area between
roughness the roughness
depths profilesampling
of consecutive and its mean line,Z or
lengths. the sum
is the integral of the
of the absolute
height of the
highest
3. Cutoffpeaks
c: ofand the lowest
a profile valley depthwhich
filter determines withinwavelengths
a sampling length.
belong to roughness and which ones to waviness.
4. Sampling Length: is the reference for roughness evaluation. Its length is equal to the cutoff wavelength.
5. Traversing Length: is the overall length traveled by the stylus when acquiring the traced profile. It is the total of Pre-travel, evaluatio
length and post
6. Evaluation travel is the part of the traversing length from where the values of the surface parameters are determined.
Length:
7. Pre-Travel: the first part of the traversing length.
8. Post-Travel: The last part of the traversing length
Selection of Cutoff c
Profile Cutoff
Rz (m) Ra (m) c (mm)
Up to .1 Up to .02 0.08
Over .1 Over .02
up to .5 up to .1 0.25
Over .5
up to 10 Over .1 up top 2 0.8
Over 10
up to 50 Over 2 up to 10 2.5
Over 50
up to 200 Over 10 up to 80 8
UGHNESS
AMETERS
ss profile ordinates. Also known as Arithmetic Average (AA), Center
hness profilesampling
consecutive and its mean line,Z or
lengths. the sum
is the integral of the
of the absolute
height of the
ughness and which ones to waviness.
is equal to the cutoff wavelength.
quiring the traced profile. It is the total of Pre-travel, evaluation
values of the surface parameters are determined.
Sampling/Evaluation Length
lr / ln (mm)
.08 / .4
.25 / 1.25
.8 / 4
2.5 / 12.5
Aug-40
SURFACE ROUGHNESS
PROFILE PARAMETERS
Parameter Name
Ra Roughness Average (Ra)
Root Mean Square (RMS)
Rq Roughness
Maximum Height of the
Rt Profile
Maximum Profile Valley
Rv, Rm Depth
Maximum Profile Peak
Rp Height
Average Maximum Profile
Rpm Peak Height
Average Maximum Height of
Rz the Profile
Rmax Maximum Roughness Depth
Mean Height of Profile
Rc Irregularities
Rz(iso) Roughness Height
Maximum Height of the
Ry Profile
Wt, W Waviness Height
Mean Spacing of Local
S Peaks of the Profile
Mean Spacing of Profile
Sm, RSm Irregularities
D Profile Peak Density
Pc Peak Count (Peak Density)
HSC Hight Spot Count
Average Wavelength of the
a Profile
Root Mean Square (RMS)
q Wavelength of the Profile
a Average Absolute Slope
Root Mean Square (RMS)
q Slope
Lo Developed Profile Length
lr Profile Length Ratio
Rsk,Sk Skewness
Surface Finish Definitions:
1. Ra: Ra is the arithmetic average of the absolute values of the roughness profile ordinates. Also known as Arithmetic Ave
(CLA). The average roughness is the area between the roughness profile and its mean line, or the integral of the absolute v
height over the evaluation length
2. Rz: Rz is the arithmetic mean value of the single roughness depths of consecutive sampling lengths. Z is the sum of the
and the lowest valley depth within a sampling length.
3. Cutoff c: of a profile filter determines which wavelengths belong to roughness and which ones to waviness.
4. Sampling Length: is the reference for roughness evaluation. Its length is equal to the cutoff wavelength.
5. Traversing Length: is the overall length traveled by the stylus when acquiring the traced profile. It is the total of Pre-trav
travel
6. Evaluation Length: is the part of the traversing length from where the values of the surface parameters are determined.
7. Pre-Travel: the first part of the traversing length.
8. Post-Travel: The last part of the traversing length
Selection of Cutoff c
Profile Cutoff
Rz (m) Ra (m) c (mm)
Up to .1 Up to .02 0.08
Over .1 Over .02
0.25
up to .5 up to .1 0.25
Over .5
up to 10 Over .1 up top 2 0.8
Over 10
up to 50 Over 2 up to 10 2.5
Over 50
up to 200 Over 10 up to 80 8
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OUGHNESS
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profile ordinates. Also known as Arithmetic Average (AA), Center Line Average
d its mean line, or the integral of the absolute value of the roughness profile
nsecutive sampling lengths. Z is the sum of the height of the highest peaks
hness and which ones to waviness.
equal to the cutoff wavelength.
ring the traced profile. It is the total of Pre-travel, evaluation length and post
ues of the surface parameters are determined.
Sampling/Evaluation Length
lr / ln (mm)
.08 / .4
.25 / 1.25
.25 / 1.25
.8 / 4
2.5 / 12.5
Aug-40
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