Negative Skin Friction on Large Pile Group
New Wembley Stadium
Mei Cheong
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
An Introduction NSF
Back analysis from monitoring
Design Implications
Conclusion
An Introduction NSF
Rigid Floating
Pile
Compressible
Clay
An Introduction NSF
=Drag down
=Primary Consolidation
d=? NSF/Drag force
Neutral plane
Key question : DepthNo
Assumption: of drag
neutral plane?
force
Ground settlement = pile group settlement
Indicative section
Fill Arch
base
Eastern Arch
Base
9m clay fill
NSF Eastern Arch Base
Base dia = 19.5m
Total piles = 19
Pile dia = 1.5m
Pile length = 27m
Clay fill = 9m
NSF Eastern Arch Base
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
An Introduction NSF
Back analysis from monitoring
Design Implications
Conclusion
Back analysis-Ground settlement with time
0
Start of monitoring
20 26 April '03
12m bbf
Settlement, mm
40
6m bbf
60
Primary Consolidation
t = 19 years
80
p=~120mm
100 PLAXIS
Monitoring Base of fill
120
End of fill Start of arch End of arch lift Current time
PLAXIS 03 Aug '03 lift 21 May 04 26 June 04 28 Mar 07
140
10 100 1000 10000
Time, days
Back analysis-Ground settlement with depth
50
Base of fill
40
Elevation, mOD
30
PLAXIS
20
10
Monitoring Monitoring
0
PLAXIS
-10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Settlement, mm
Back analysis-Pile Group settlement with time
10 20
End of arch lift
26 June 04 Monitoring
Start of arch lift Rezeroed monitoring 0
5 21 May 04
PLAXIS
Settlement, mm
Load on arch -20
Load, MN
0
-40
-5
-60
-10 PLAXIS -80
Last monitoring point
14 March 06
-15 -100
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Time, days
Back analysis Neutral plane
10 20
June 04
Assumption: Neutral Plane
End of arch lift 26
Monitoring
Start of arch lift
Ground settlement = pile Rezeroed
group monitoring
settlement 0
5 21 May 04
PLAXIS
Settlement, mm
-20
Load on arch
Load, MN
0
-40
10m bbf
-5
-60
-10 PLAXIS Pile PLAXIS
6m bbf
-80
Group Ground Last monitoring point
14 March 06
Settlement Settlement
-15 -100
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Time, days
Neutral plane about 8m bbf
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
An Introduction NSF
Back analysis from monitoring
Design Implications
Conclusion
Day to day design
Ground settlement with depth Crucial
Allowable pile/pile group settlement
Identify Neutral Plane
Negative Skin Friction/ Drag Force
No Yes Job
Check Acceptable FoS and Settlement
done!
Ground settlement with time
0
Start of monitoring
20 26 April '03 12m bbf
Settlement, mm
40
=35mm Neutral Plane 8m bbf 6m bbf
60
Primary Consolidation
t = 19 years
80
p=~120mm
100 PLAXIS
Monitoring Base of fill
120
End of fill Start of arch End of arch lift Current time
PLAXIS 03 Aug '03 lift 21 May 04 26 June 04 28 Mar 07
140
10 100 1000 10000
Time, days
Ground settlement with depth
50
45 Pile head level = 43.5mOD
40
Elevation, mOD
35
10m PLAXIS
30 Non-Linear
28m
25 Elastic
20
Pile toe level = 16.5mOD
15
PLAXIS
10 Linear
Linear Elastic
5 Elastic Non Linear Elastic
0
0 = 35mm
50 100 150 200 250
Settlement, mm
Non Linear Elastic better solution
Analysis type Depth of
Neutral
Plane (m)
Backanalysis (PLAXIS) ~8
Non Linear Elastic ~10
Linear Elastic ~28
Varying Depth of Neutral Plane
0 PLAXIS 7000
Drag Non-Linear 6000
50 down Elastic
5000
Drag down, mm
Drag force, kN
Drag
100 force Linear 4000
Total Elastic
Stress
150 Method 3000
Ko varying
Effective with depth 2000
200 Stress Ko constant
Method 1000
250 0
0 5 10 15 20
Depth of Neutral Plane, m
Conclusion
NSF Large pile group back analysis
Depth of Neutral Plane CRITICAL for NSF
Non linear elastic comparable to back analysis
Linear elastic grossly overestimate Neutral Plane
w w w .m ottm ac.com
PLAXIS Model
19.5m
52.5
Fill
43.5 41mOD
Upper Weathered
Elevation, mOD
37.5 London Clay
Lower Weathered
32.5
London Clay
Upper Unweathered
London Clay
21.0
Lower Unweathered
London Clay
13.0
Lambeth
5.0 Group
PLAXIS Input Parameters
Soil Layer Layer Unit Horizontal & Poissons Youngs Cohesion, Friction Interface
thickn weig Vertical Ratio, Modulus, c (kPa) angle, Param
ess ht, Permeab E eter R
(m) sat ility, k (MN/m2) (degre
(kN/ (m/s) z=depth from es)
m 3) top of
London
Clay
Clay Fill 9 19 10-9 0.25 10+0.6z 1 20 1
Upper Weathered 6 20 10-8 0.15 5+3z 6+0.2z 20 0.85
London Clay
Lower Weathered 5 20 10-9 0.15 25+5z 7+0.6z 20 0.85
London Clay
Upper 11.5 20 10-10 0.15 50+13.6z 10+0.4z 22 0.9
Unweathered
London Clay
Lower 8 20 10-9 0.15 220+26z 15+0.4z 22 0.8
Unweathered
London Clay
Lambeth Group 8 20.5 10-8 0.2 400+80z 26+0.4z 22 1
NLS input parameters
Elevation, Depth, Initial Youngs E/E0.1 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.5 2.7
mOD m Mean Modulus, E
Effect at 0.1% strain Strain 1.0 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.02
ive (MPa)
Stres
s, p
(kPa)
43.5 0 80 23
38.5 5 130 38
33.5 10 185 54
23.5 20 305 88
13.5 30 460 133
-3.0 40.5 710 206
VDisp Input
Elevation, Thickness, Undrained shear strength U100, su Youngs Modulus, E=200su,
(mOD) (m) (kPa) (MPa)
0-4m, su=60+17z
>4m, su=115+3.3z
z = depth from top of London Clay
43.5 0 60 12
39.5 4 129 26
16.5 27 204 41
5 38.5 242 48
Soil Structure Interaction
50
40
Elevation, mOD
30
20
10
Extensometer [ME4R] at Point A
0 Plaxis Clay Fill at Point A
PLAXIS Single Pile
PLAXIS Pile Group
-10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Settlement, mm
A better solution!
0
20
40 PLAXIS
Down drag, mm
60 Non
80 Linear
Linear Elastic
100
Elastic
120
Non Linear Elastic
140
Linear
160 PLAXIS
Elastic
180
0 5 10 15 20
Depth of neutral plane, m
Sensitivity test
5000
Total Stress
4000 Effective Stress
Drag force, kN
3000 Total
stress
2000
Effective
1000
stress
0
0 5 10 15 20
Thickness of NSF zone, m
