Assignment No.
Nust College Of Electrical And Mechanical
Engineering
Submitted To: Respected Sir Azmat Saeed
Submitted By: NS Saima Rehman BE-34-12-834
NS Tabinda Ashraf BE-34-12-801
NS Humaira Tariq BE-34-12-840
Degree-34 Electrical; Syndicate: B
Subject: Linear Circuit Analysis
Date: February 25, 2013
Semester: 2nd
0
Objectives:
1. To study the use of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope and Function Generator.
2. To design a circuit on breadboard using different components.
3. Making use of a CRO:
To examine output signal of voltage drops.
To find the peak value of voltage drop across resistors, amplitude,
frequency and time period.
4. Making use of a CRO:
To generate different signals of certain features.
Theory:
Function Generator:
A function generator is usually a piece of electronic test equipment or software used
to generate different types of electrical waveforms over a wide range of frequencies.
Some of the most common waveforms produced by the function generator are the
sine, square, triangular and saw tooth shapes.
Important Features:
1. Produces sine, square, triangular, saw tooth (ramp), and pulse output.
2. It can generate a wide range of frequencies.
3. Frequency stability of 0.1 percent per hour for analog generators or 500 ppm
for a digital generator.
4. Output amplitude up to 10 V peak-to-peak.
5. An output impedance of 50 .
6. Some generators provide a DC offset voltage, e.g. adjustable between -5V to
+5V.
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope:
An oscilloscope is a type of electronic test instrument that allows
observation of constantly varying signal voltages, usually as a two-dimensional
graph of one or more electrical potential differences using the vertical or y-axis,
plotted as a function of time (horizontal or x-axis). Many signals can be converted to
voltages and displayed this way. Signals are often periodic and repeat constantly, so
that multiple samples of a signal which is actually varying with time are displayed as
a steady picture. Many oscilloscopes (storage oscilloscopes) can also capture non-
repeating waveforms for a specified time, and show a steady display of the captured
segment.
Oscilloscopes are commonly used to observe the exact wave shape of an
electrical signal. Oscilloscopes are usually calibrated so that voltage and time can be
read as well as possible by the eye. This allows the measurement of peak-to-peak
voltage of a waveform, the frequency of periodic signals, the time between pulses,
the time taken for a signal to rise to full amplitude (rise time), and relative timing of
several related signals
Important Features:
1. Most modern oscilloscopes are lightweight, portable instruments that are
compact enough to be easily carried by a single person.
2. The basic oscilloscope is typically divided into four sections: the display,
vertical controls, horizontal controls and trigger controls.
3. The display is usually a CRT or LCD panel which is laid out with both
horizontal and vertical reference lines referred to as the graticule.
4.
5. The signal to be measured is fed to one of the input connectors.
6. To accommodate a wide range of input amplitudes, a switch selects calibrated
sensitivity of the vertical deflection
7. Horizontal sensitivity control is found only on more elaborate oscilloscopes; it
offers adjustable sensitivity for external horizontal inputs.
8. The vertical position control moves the whole displayed trace up and down
9. The horizontal position control moves the display sidewise.
TASK:
Measure potential drop, frequency and peak value of potential drop across
each resistor.
Circuit:
Case 1:
Features of input signal:
Frequency=2kHz
Peak voltage=3V
Input Signal= Sine Wave
Case 2:
Features of input signal:
Frequency=4kHz
Peak voltage=6V
Input Signal= Sine Wave
Case 3:
Features of input signal:
Frequency=6kHz
Peak voltage=5V
Input Signal= Square Wave
Procedure:
1. By using test signal, calibrate CRO.
2. Connect the function generator with cathode ray oscilloscope, vary the
amplitude of signal from function generator to get desired Vp.
3. Use function generator to provide required input signal.
4. Draw the given circuit on bread board.
5. Now connect the terminals of resistor 1 with CRO and find out potential
drop, frequency and time period.
6. Repeat the same procedure for resistor 2.
7. Now again set the function generator according to the conditions given in
Case 2 and repeat above procedure.
8. Do same for case 3.
Results:
Case 1:
R1:
Vp =2.6volts
T=0.5ms
R2:
Vp =0.44volts
T=0.5ms
Case 2:
R1:
Vp =1.5volts
T=0.2ms
R2:
Vp =4.5volts
T=0.2ms
Case 3:
R1:
Vp =1.32volts
T=1.5ms
R2:
Vp =3.7volts
T=1.5ms
Conclusion:
When resistors are connected in series, time period and frequency of voltage
drop across each resistor is same, irrespective of their value. While voltage drops
depend on value of resistance.
