ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to Her Majesty’s Stationery Office for permission to reproduce the nomograms from the Memorandum on Chimney Heights, published in 1967. ‘The metric annotations to these nomograms, which have been added to assist designers, are our own and do not form part of the official Memorandum. Our thanks also to those chimney manufacturers who supplied technical information and photographs, to British Gas Corporation who allowed us to use material from their publication Technical Notes on the Design of Flues for Non-Domestic Gas Boilers (1976), and to Shell UK Oil for data on which the solution for inner filmy resistance is based. We would like to take this opportunity of acknowledging the pioneer work of the original Brightside production team responsible for the first and second editions of the Manual — R S Brixton, D J Croome, A A Field and D MacDonald. This edition was prepared by A A Field and D MacDonald. Publishing history: ‘The Brightside Chimney Design Manual was first issued privately by Brightside Heating and Engineering Co Ltd in ‘August 1965, mainly as an in-company reference work. ‘The second edition was published on behalf of the company by Technitrade Journals Ltd in 1970. ‘This third edition has been brought up to date and entirely re-cast into SI units by Technitrade Journals. ISBN No. 0 90306403 0 Copyright © 1979 Technitrade Journals Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photo-copying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.PREFACE This third edition of the Chimney Design Manual is a complete revision, taking into account the changes in ‘chimney design practice since 1970. The basis of each nomogram was verified before reconstructing in SI units, and no significant changes were found to be necessary. We thought it desirable, however, to introduce correction factors for gas temperature in the nomograms for pressure drop in circular flues, and to refine the formulae for equivalent diameters of non-circular cross sections. For the con- venience of the designer we now give a nomographic solution for the equivalent diameter of rectangular flues for equal flow rate and velocity, as well as for ‘equal flow rate and pressure drop. We have also added a section on the special requirements of flues for gas fired boilers, and appended a buyers’ guide to the principal UK chimney manufacturers. We hope that with these revisions and improvements the Manual will continue to fill the role it has established over the last 12 years or so as a reliable and prattical desk-side reference work. We are always interested in receiving comments from engineers and manufacturers ‘on any shortcomings in i the Manual, and any ideas which might improve the usefulness of future editions. Technitrade Journals Ltd ‘Cover itustration: York University chimney erected by F.E. Beaumont Ltd. Height 62m supported by a concrete structure Sim high. The frst ‘ltform i 1.5m high after which they occur at 7.6m intervals. The ‘Structure supports thee stel chimneys, wo 1.65m in diameter and the ‘other 0.75m. Some dm above the round the two larger chimneys turn ‘through 90° end bifurcateinto two each with adiemeter of Im. While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy ofthe information given inthis publication, neither the authors nor publishers accept any liability resulting from the use made by any person of the informationCONTENTS Parr 1: PRINCIPLES OF CHIMNEY DESIGN... ‘Chimneys and the environment ‘Chimneys and boiler plant Corrosion and chimney insulation Chimney structures Part 2: CHIMNEY DESIGN NOMOGRAMS Design basis Procedure ‘The nomograms Appendix 1 Flues for gas-fired boilers Part 3: CLEAN AIR ACT MEMORANDUM ON CHIMNEY HEIGHTS SO; emission Type of district Using the Memorandum nomograms Example Part 4: CORROSION AND CHIMNEY INSULATION 0... Chimney heat transfer U-value of chimney structure Gas temperature drop nner wall temperature Full and part-toad conditions Part 5: ADDENDUM Basis of the nomograms ‘Symbols used in the Manual References PART 6: BUYERS’ GUIDE. 2 39 50 55 37PARTI. PRINCIPLES OF CHIMNEY DESIGN CHIMNEYS AND THE ENVIRONMENT Clean Air Act Memorandum Nearly all boiler plant in the commercial and industrial sectors comes under the regulations of the Clean Air Act Memorandum’. The object of the Memorandum is to limit the ground level concentrations of SO, resulting from the combustion of fuel in the plant, and the height of the chimney is therefore related to the amount of sulphur contained in the fuel, the combustion rate, and the nature of the surroundings. ‘The procedure in arriving at this basic height is explained in Part 3. ‘The Memorandum does not apply to boiler plant with an SO, emission of less than 3 Ib/n (0.38 B/s) — ‘corresponding to a boiler rating of about 0.2 MW on ‘medium fuel oil — nor to plant with an emission of over 1800 Ib/a (227 8/3). The very low sulphur content of natural gas means that effectively all gas fired installations are free from the Memorandum requirements. Nevertheless it is important to limit the concentration of certain other components of the waste gases, notably CO; and oxides, Of nitrogen. A method of arriving at chimney height is given in the Appendix to Part 2. Special cases Sometimes it may be necessary to evaluate the per- formance ofa chimney with model tests in a wind tunnel. Generally this arises when the chimney is large and subject to unusual wind conditions, or unpredictable effects from the terrain or neighbouring buildings. Facilities are offered by the National Physical Laboratory, Building Research Establishment, and the British Hydrodynamics Research Association, and may also be available at some universities and colleges of technology. ‘A rough guide to planning chimney position in relation to surrounding buildings is to treat the zone of potential interference of a building as approximating to a vertical cylinder with its axis centred on the building, having a height 214 times the width or height of the building (whichever is greater), and a radius equal to 34% times the building width?. ‘Where a chimney is attached to a building it should clear the highest part of the roof by about 3m. Exit velocity ‘An important factor in the performance of the chimney as a means of diluting and diffusing SO. is the exit velocity of the combustion gases from the top of the chimney. If the velocity is too low, the induction effect of the wind on the lee side of the chimney will trap the ‘gases and draw them downwards — sometimes as far as roof level. An approximate rule for avoiding such downwash is to keep the gas velocity at about 1% times that of the wind. The Memorandum specifies a minimum gas velocity of 20 ft/s (6.1 m/s) for boilers without induced draught fans, and 25 ft/s (7.6 m/s) for induced draught installations up to a rating of 30 000 Ib of steam pet hour (the equivalent of about 9 MW of heat). Above 30 000 Ib per hour, and up to 450 000 Ib per hour (about 132 MW), velocity must increase from 25 ft/s (7.6 m/s), to 50 ft/s (15.2 m/s). Inversion is another effect dependent on gas velocity. When the velocity falls below about 4 m/s, natural convection forces can take over causing two-way circulation within the chimney itself, cold outside air descending on one side, and hot gas rising on the other. ‘The cold air can penetrate to depths of $ to 10m and the subsequent cooling of the chimney wall can cause corrosion and smut emission. Chimney arehitecture Chimneys can be made into dramatic architectural features, as some of the installation pictures in these pages show. The guiding principle in chimney design, however, is that the engineering requirements come first. Performance of the boiler plant and the effectiveness of the chimney in keeping down SO; pollution depend piimarily on the gas dynamics within the chimney and at the exit to the atmosphere. Anything which interferes with the basic design must be avoided. CHIMNEYS AND BOILER PLANT Where the Clean Air Act Memorandum applies, the basic minimum height required will generally be found to be more than sufficient to meet the draught require- ments of the chimney system. Draught ‘The amount of draught needed at the flue outlet from the boiler depends on the kind of fuel and the type of burner. This information, available from the boiler/ burner manufacturers, is an essential starting point for chimney design calculations. Table 1 (Part 2) gives an indication of draught ranges in practice. Sometimes ‘only information on the over-fire or combustion chamber draught is available: to this must be added the resistance of the boiler flueways and other shock losses before arriving at the flue outlet draught — which is the basis for designing the chimney. Pressurised combustion chamber boilers generally need no assistance from the chimney, and the chimney draught need only be sufficient to overcome the pressure drop in the chimney itself and the exit velocity pressure loss. Often the burner fan has enough residual Pressure to provide part of the driving force for the chimney. ‘An induced draught fan may be part of the boiler package, or may become necessary where natural draught is insufficient to overcome the resistance of the boiler/chimney system. Unless the chimney is particularly tall, induced draught is generally needed with exit gas velocities of 10 m/s and over, and whenever the plant has grit and dust separation equipment. Induced ‘draught can be added to an existing chimney to improveits performance, to accommodate increased boiler ‘output or a change in the firing system, or to drive a chimney exit nozzle which may have been fitted to Prevent downwash. Alll pressurised combustion chamber boilers fired by ‘il or gas are essentially forced draught installations. Most coal fired equipment works under forced draught, but there is an essential difference compared with pressurised boilers since all the pressure is absorbed in the firebed, and the over-fire zone (combustion chamber) needs to be kept under depression either from the stack action of the chimney, or from an induced draught fan. With balanced draught, using both forced and induced draught fans, the boiler /burner /chimney system driving, pressure is divided between the two fans. In the case of coal firing, and non-pressurised oil-fired boilers, the induced draught fan handles the combustion chamber/ boiler/chimney pressure drop. With pressurised boiler firing, the induced draught fan handles all, or part, of the chimney pressure drop — depending on the surplus pressure available. Draught control Some form of draught control is essential to the efficient operation of boilers under part load. The simple draught stabiliser, which works by diluting flue gases, with cold air and therefore reducing the pull of the chimney, can have disastrous side effects in producing acid condensation and smutting, and is not to be recommended, Aamuch more effective means of draught control is the direct variation of the gas flow rate either by vatiable speed fan (in the case of induced draught), or by automatic throttling dampers on the burner or in the boiler flue connection. The dampers can be controlled by a pressure sensor in the flueway, or the combustion, chamber, so that the draught is matched to the boiler load. With flue’dampers a safety interlock is essential to prevent the:buiner from starting up against a closed damper, and a'manual over-ride facility is desirable so that the damper can be operated by hand in case of failure of the control system. Malti-flue: In insalltions with several boilers, it is now the ‘accepted practice for each boiler to have its own flue. Normally each flue will be contained in the common windshield, and to outside appearances will look like ‘one chimney. The main reason is to keep the gas velocity hhigh enough to prevent inveision and downwash when the load on the plant is reduced. In an installation with four boilérs and only one ‘common flue, for example, if three boilers close down, the gas velocity in the flue will be reduced to one quarter of the full load figure, and will be subject to a much greater temperature drop with the consequent risk of condensation and corrosion. Modulation of the remaining boiler on line will make the problem worse. Nozzles The principle of ‘one boiler — one chimney’ does not rely solve the problem. Boilers with high turn-down ratios on the burner can cause equally drastic reductions in the gas flow rate. The effects can be allowed for to a limited extent by designing the chimney for a much higher exit gas velocity than is needed on full load, so that at minimum turn-down, the exit velocity is still high enough to prevent downwash and inversion, The higher exit velocity can be achieved by fitting a nozzle or conical reducing piece (sometimes erroneously described as a venturi) 10 the top of the chimney, rather than increasing the gas velocity throughout the chimney system. Even so, the pressure drop through the nozzle will add an appreciable resistance, and normally nozzles will only be possible with induced draught or pressurised boilers. Table 4 (Part 2) gives data on nozzle pressure drop. The nozzle will not, of course, compensate for the additional cooling effect of the flue when the boiler is run at low load, although in a fully-insulated flue this may not be so important. The actual temperature drop must nevertheless be calculated to assess the risk with sulphur-bearing fuels (the procedure is described in Part 4), The practical limit of turn-down will generally be found to be about Single-flue installations An exception to the multi-flue principle is the case of constant load boilers working on process plant. Here the only risk is in temporary shut down of some of the boilers on line. The probability can be worked out and a check can then be made on the operating conditions with the minimum anticipated number of boilers. ‘Sometimes it may be possible to design a two-boiler installation with only one flue, providing the turn-down ratios are not too high. The PSA, for example, have standardised on a maximum turn-down of 2:1 for all high/low burners*. ‘Where several boilers are connected to one flue, each boiler must have a gas-tight damper for isolating the boiler from the flue when itis taken off line. Air supply openings A great many failures attributed to poor chimney performance have been traced to the lack of sufficient air supply to the plant room. Fixed openings should be provided and reliance should not be placed on having to leave doors open, as is often the case. ‘The area of the opening should be worked out from the derived gas flow rate (Part 2), or can be based on the approximation of 1.0 m* per MW of boiler rating. Addi- tional open arca may be needed if the air flow rate is insufficient to keep the plant room temperature down to a reasonable level. A check should be made using the standing losses of boilers and pipework. Fan dilution flues, With natural gas firing it is possible to dispense with the ‘conventional chimney and discharge the products of ‘combustion through a wall opening. The technique is to dilute the gases with a substantial volume of air before they are released. A method of calculation is given in ‘Appendix | to Part 2CORROSION AND CHIMNEY INSULATION When burning coal or oil, some of the SO, in the gases — not more than about 5 percent — will be further oxidised during combustion to produce SO;. The reaction of SO; with water vapour produces sulphuric ‘acid which can be condensed out if the temperature is low enough. This will attack all common chimney construction materials from brick to stainless steel. With severe acid corrosion a steel stack can be completely perforated in a year or so, and in masonry stacks the acid will saturate the bricks and destroy the mortar. Acid dew poit Acid precipitation can be avoided altogether during normal operation if the chimney wall temperature is kept above the acid dew point. With fuels having more than about 0.5 per cent sulphur — and this means coal and all ‘oils except kerosene — the dew point is only marginally related to the sulphur content. A 1.0 percent sulphur fuel has a dew point only a few degrees lower than one with 3 percent sulphur. Although the main factors in the SO./SO; process are known — they include for example the flame temperature, the excess air ratio, and the residence time — there is no reliable theoretical method of calculating the acid dew point, and the designer must, rely on values which have been measured in practice. A commonly-accepted design figure is 135°C, although the total range reported in the literature is 115 to 150°C. Design values? related to the type of boiler plant and fuel are given in Table 6. Shell? suggest 140°C as the upper limit for oil fired plant. The highest rate of corrosion occurs when the flue wall temperature is about 30 K below the dew point. Smutting ‘Acid condensation can also cause smut emission with oil firing. Smut§ are produced by a combination of solid particles in the flue gas (ash and partially-burned fuel), with the acid film on the flue wall. The layer continues to build up until eventually portions break off and are carried into the flue by the gasstream. ‘Water dew point Another danger point, which rarely has to be considered in normal operation, is where water vapour begins to ‘condense from the flue gases. Since the water dew point telativety low — in the region of 50 to 60°C — the risk is limited only to cold starts, and then the condensation period will be brief. ‘The problem of acid corrosion does not arise with natural gas firing, since the sulphur content of the Fuel is extremely low — about one part in 200000. The Possibility of water vapour condensation, however, still needs to be assessed. Insulation By insulating the flue, the wall temperature can be kept’ 9 high enough to avoid acid condensation during continuous operation of the boiler plant. The most critical period is when the boiler may be running at one half, or one third, of its rated output. The flue will still produce almost the same cooling effect, but with a Teduced gas flow rate. Gas temperature drop will be almost in inverse proportion to load with insulated flues. —for example, doubling at half load with a corres- ponding fall in wall temperature near the top of the flue. The calculation procedures for wall temperature and insulation thickness are given in Part 4, ‘The highest standard of insulation will not prevent condensation during start up from cold. This is inevitable, but if the boiler plant is run sensibly, the number of cold starts can be kept to a minimum. The period during which condensation takes place depends on the mass of the chimney. A steel chimney (or a steel liner in an insulated windshield) will pass through the condensation phase in a very short time — probably not more than 20 minutes, whereas a masonry or concrete chimney will take over one hour. Boiler isolating dampers have an important role here since they prevent the chilling of the chimney by natural updraft when the boiler shuts down, ‘Operating routines Rational load sharing for multi boiler installations important. Several boilers should not be run at low load, when one boiler only could be run at full load. Automatic load sequencing can be used, or..in large supervised boiler houses standard procedures can be worked out. Boilers should never be allowed to idle or run on low fire. Frequent on/off cycling of an oil burner can also lead to chimney cooling because of the increased time that the chimney is subject to the pre-ignition cold air purge. Care should be taken that structural and other defects, do not offset the benefits of the insulation. All air leaks into the chimney system must be prevented. Weak Points such as seals on access and explosion doors, and flanged joints in horizontal flue ways should be regularly inspected. Where several boilers are connected to one chimney, isolating dampers on off-line boilers should give a tight shut off. Pressurised boilers may cause part of the flue system. to leak outwards on full load, and inwards on light load where the stack action of the chimney takes over. Inhibitors Some success in reducing acid corrosion with oil firing has been achieved by injecting inhibitors such as Dolomite powder or ammonia directly into the com- bustion chamber. Whilst these may well be effective in prolonging chimney life, the chimney should still be designed on the assumption that gas conditions will be unchanged. (CHIMNEY STRUCTURES. ‘The most widely used structural materials for chimneys are steel, concrete and brick. In general, steel is the choice for industrial chimneys, steel or pre-cast concrete for boiler plant in the commercial sector, and site-cast, concrete for very large chimneys. Brick is mainly used in10 the commercial sector, where generally the chimney is integral with the building. It is rarely used now to construct a free-standing chimney. Glass-fibre reinforced plastics (GRP) and asbestos ‘cement are limited to low temperatures. In deciding on the kind of chimney, the main considerations are structural, technical (suitability to the plant), first cost, life and appearance. Steet Steel self-supporting chimneys can be built to consider- able heights; 100 m is not uncommon, and some have been built to 170 m. (Helical strakes may be needed on some tall narrow chimneys to prevent structural damage through wind-excited oscillations.) Fully-insulated chimneys are the accepted standard for oil and coal fired boiler plant, and for any furnace burning fuel containing an appreciable amount of sulphur. For boilers fired by natural gas (where the critical dew point is much lower) there may be some argument for the use of a partially-insulated flue, for example, one having a cladding of aluminium over an air space. In the single flue chimney, the structural strength can either be in the outer shell (windshield) or in the flue itself with a lightweight cladding to protect the insulation. ‘An early form of steel multi-flue chimney consisted of a straight circular section with diametrical splitters or segments. Generally this has now given way to the principle of a windshield containing separate circular flues, since splitter flues can give trouble from differential expansion stresses when only one flueis heated. In multi flue chimneys built within a windshield, the inner flues (or liners) need only carry their own weight, and consequently can be in a comparatively light gauge ‘material. Normally liners are made up as seam-welded Jengths with’ flanged joints, and are carried from just below the boiler flue connections: this may involve a secondary support grid across the chimney if the flue ‘connections are-at high level. Since they ‘are not subject to corrosion from the outside, the liters need only one initial coat of paint. If for some reason they fail, or need to be enlarged, they can be removed in sections through the chimney top. Thermal expansion of liners can be considerable compared with the windshield which runs at almost atmospheric temperature. In a 50 m tall chimney, for ‘example, the liners will expand about 150 mm with a ‘gas temperature of 300°C. To accommodate this move- ‘ment without stressing the chimney structure, the liners are generally.guided through roller supports. Mild stee! is invariably used for liners on oil and coal fired boilers: stainless steel is not significantly better in conditions of acid attack. With gas-firing, however, stainless steel can show advantages in’ corrosion resistance since the risk is almost entirely in water vapour condensation. Both mild steel and stainless steel have an upper temperature limit of about 500°C, and above this a refractory linirig becomes necessary. ‘Steel windshields are generally circular, although elliptical sections have been used on some installations. Various external finishes can be used from paint to bonded GRP: alternatively the surface can be covered with aluminium or stainless steel sheet. ‘Sometimes for structural reasons it may be necessary to use a concrete windshield, or concrete may be Preferred for its appearance. Insulation for multi flue chimneys can take the form of an infill of mineral granules like Perlite; or each flue can be separately wrapped with mineral wool. Perlite is generally used at an average thickness of about 150mm, and mineral wool in the range 25 mm to 100 mm depending on gas temperature and chimney design. Petlite is added after the windshield and liners have ‘been completed: some topping up is needed after about three months when the Perlite has settled. A tight construction is essential.in both the windshield and the liners, otherwise some of the Perlite will be lost. Steel chimneys in heights up to about 100 m cost appreciably less than concrete sectional chimneys, and considerably less than brick or in-situ concrete con- struction ‘Compared with concrete and brick, steel has about half the life. Nevertheless the minimum life of an insulated steel chimney is around 15 years, with a possible maximum of 25 years depending on the gas conditions, wall thickness, and the effectiveness of the maintenance. Alternative materials such as Cor-Ten, which is a low alloy steel, may offer better corrosion resistance but, practical experience is not sufficiently advanced to confirm this. 40 percent nickel alloys give the best improvement but cost is too high for normal use. Conerete In-situ cast concrete is used only for very large chimneys, where it has replaced brick construction. There are hardly any size limitations: the chimney at Drax power station in the UK, for example, has a windshield 26 m diameter rising to over 240 m high and contains three flues which project a further 9 m above the windshield. Pre-cast concrete sectional chimneys can be built in heights up to about 80 m, and manufacturers offer a wide choice of windshield shapes — circular, rectangular, triangular, elliptical — and the options of cast-in liners, of insulating concrete, or separate steel liners. The temperature limit for refractory liners is about 800°C. The windshield sections are generally made as complete ring units, although some designs use separate segments. Special sections are cast for the base support, boiler flue entry points, and the cap — which may be in high-alumina cement. Vertical reinforcement ties the chimney together. ©0090) Sections through some typical multiflue, pre-cast ‘concrete sectional chimneys. (Diagram courtesy of Dean Jesmond and Co Lid)Elevation and vertical section Vertical and horizontal cross sections through a pre-cast concrete sectional chimney showing connection and ‘soot door positions. (Diagram courtesy of Dean Jesmond and Co Ltd) A variety of finishes can be used for the external surface of ‘the windshield, taking advantage of the natural colours and textures of different aggregates; ot the concrete may be profiled with ribs or other striations. Although sectional concrete chimneys cost more than steel chimneys, the life is considerably longer, most concrete chimneys lasting a minimum of 30 years. This is important when assessing cost in use for long-term projects. Brick Brick has a limited application in chimney construction ‘mostly being used in small to medium sized installations, and gerterally when the chimney is integral with the building, or when there are architectural reasons for choosing brick. Brick flues need to be lined with insulating material, since the same problems of acid condensation occur with oil and coal firing. Liners can be made up of insulating bricks, or separate stee! liners can be used. In gas-fired installations where the problem is mostly water vapour condensation, liners can also be in asbestos ‘cement, aluminium, glazed clay sections, and GRP. Brick liners are not advisable when using pressurised combustion chamber boilers: the overpressure produced jin the flue can cause the gases to diffuse through the Hiner and set up interstitial condensation which can GRP ‘The advantages of GRP materials are their high corrosion resistance and light weight. However, strength is critically dependent on temperature, and in practice GRP liners have to be limited to about 250°C — the actual safe design value depending on the particular type of plastics. GRP is also flammable,’ and this risk has to be provided for with automatic protection against faults developing in the firing equipment. When used for liners, the much greater thermal expansion of GRP compared to steel must be allowed for in the windshield. The comparatively low stuctural strength of GRP means that it must be supported at frequent intervals. Asbestos cement and aluminium Asbestos cement is used widely for gas-fired installations, but size is limited to about 600 mm diameter, and temperature to about 250°C. High purity aluminium is suitable under low corrosion conditions, and up to temperatures of about 300°C.2 PART? (CHIMNEY DESIGN NOMOGRAMS ‘The design nomograms in this part of the Manual simplify all the important steps in deriving chimney height and diameter. The only calculations needed are for pressure drop in the chimney system fittings, such as, bends and connections. ‘Since most oil and coal fired boiler plant of any size comes under the Clean Air Act Memorandum (SO; emission greater than 3 Ib/h — 0.38 g/s), a basic minimum chimney height is required. This can be read from the nomograms in Part 3. The risk of acid condensation in the chimney, and the necessary insulation thickness, can be evaluated from the semi-graphical procedure in Part: ‘Appendix I describes the variation in chimney design for natural gas firing. DESIGN BASIS To use the nomograms, the following basic information is needed: © Boiler rating, MW Combustion efficiency, percent Excess air, percent ‘© Exit gas temperature from the boiler, °C © Draught required at the boiler flue connection, or the available fan surplus pressure (induced draught or pressurised combustion), Pa © Gas velocity required in the chimney, m/s © Exit gas velocity required at the top of the chimney, m/s © Fiue material (steel, concrete, brick) © Flue section (circular, rectangular, etc.) ‘@ Layout of boiler-to-chimney flue system. ‘Combustion data, such as excess air, draught, and so on, should always be obtained from the boiler/burner manufacturer. Chimneys should not be designed on assumptions or ‘average’ values, since even similar types of boiler by different manufacturers do not have the same performance. Table 1 gives some idea of the ranges of values to be expected in practice. 7 ‘The minimum gas velocities at the exit from the chimney required by the Clean Air Act Memorandum can be summarised as: © Naturaldraught plant 6.1 m/s Induced draught plant: up to about 9 MW 7.6m/s Sto about 132MW 7.6 m/s rising to 15.2 m/s The additional pressure drop due to nozzles can be read from Table 4, The pressure drop in the various fittings of the flue system can be calculated from the K-factors in Table 3, and the velocity pressure corresponding to the gas velocity at the fitting read from Fig 10. ‘An example is given on page 13. ‘The circular equivalents of rectangular flues are given in the nomograms (Figs 3 and 4), and the equivalents for ther typical flue cross sections in Table 2. It should be noted particularly that there are two diameter values — ‘one for calculating the gas velocity, and the other for use in the pressure drop nomograms. PROCEDURE. ‘The nomograms give a step by step solution. The sequence, and the data necessary to solve the nomo- ‘grams are summarised in the table. Because of the number of variables involved, a successive approximation technique is the only way of determining diameter and height. For natural draught chimneys, one method is to work cout the chimney height based solely on the combustion requirements (using Figs 1 to 11), and the minimum gas velocity prescribed in the Memorandum. The minimum chimney height to meet the demands on the Memorandum Gigs 14 to 19) is then derived and if this is greater than the first figure, the chimney is recalculated using either 1) higher gas velocity in the chimney, or 2) keeping the same gas velocity and using a high velocity nozzle at the chimney top. If the recalculated height is within 10 percent of the Memorandum the derived diameter can be considered satisfactory. If not, the calculation should be repeated with different assumptions of gas velocity. The minimum height of the chimney is always determined by the Memorandum. ‘When the system uses induced draught, or where surplus fan pressure is available such as in the pressurised ‘combustion chamber boiler, the chimney can be worked. ‘out from an initial assumption of gas velocity starting with the minimum height determined by the Memorandum.13 STEP BY STEP SEQUENCE IN SOLVING THE DESIGN NOMOGRAMS (Figs 1 o 11) ‘Nomogram Fig. N Tapa data ee eens! Outpat data Percent excess air Boiler rating, MW Eificeney, percent ‘Flue gas volume flow rate, m’/s ue ga velocity, m/s Flue gas temperature, °C Dimensions of rectangular Me, 8 x b am) Dimensions of rectangular Ae, 3 x b (ex) Mean gas temperaturein the height ofthe chimney, °C ‘lve diameter, mum Flue gas velocity, m/s Flue diameter, mn Flue gas velocity, m/s Flue diameter, mm Fine gas velocity, m/s Flue gas velocity, m/s Flue diameter, aim aller fle connection size (or other secondary five), mm Flue gas velocity, m/s Flue gas temperature, °C Buoyancy force, Pam Pressure drop in the straight of the chimney, Pa/m ‘Sum ofthe pressure losses inthe flue ‘system, Pa (boiler draught tings, etc) Flue gas volume flow rate corrected toa temperature of 15°C, m/s Flue diameter, mim Equivalent diameter for equal volumetric flow rate and velocity, mim Equivalent diameter for equal volumetric flow rateand pressare drop, mm Buoyancy force, Pa/i height Pressure drop of the gases inthe straight ofthe flue, Pa/m, fr sted, asbestos- ‘cement and plastics Pressure drop of the gases inthe straight ‘ofthe flue, Pa/m, for fic faced brick or concrete ‘Pressure drop of the gases inthe straight of the fue, Pa/m, for rough brickwork Flue gas velocity (m/s) in the boiler flue connection, ori other secondary fue Velocity pressure, Pa Height of the chimney, EXAMPLE illustrating the use of the nomograms ‘The dotted guide lines on the design nomograms (Figs 1 to 11), Fig 13, and Memorandum nomograms (Figs 15 and 19) refer to the following example. ‘Combustion data Boiler rating LoMW Efficiency 78 percent Excess air 30 percent Boiler exit gas temperature 260°C Draught required at boiler flue outlet 35Pa Boiler flue connection size 475mm. Geean Air Act Memorandum data Fuel Medium fuel oil Calorific value 43 MI /kg, Sulphur content 3.5 percent Type of dist B Building dimensions 90m x 45 mx 9m high (Use of these data are explained in Part 3) Multifiue windshield? (fill insulation) 4 Circular steel flue: Reducing piece: T ‘Smooth bends (/d = 1.0) The working is given at each stage alongside the nomograms, and the calculations for pressure drop in the flue system fittings on page4 TABLE1 TYPICAL BOILER/BURNER COMBUSTION DATA ‘The table gives average values to be expected in practice. Actual performance figures should be checked with manufacturer before proceeding with a chimney design, ‘Type of boiler Efficiency | Exit gas percent temperature at boiler °C Excess air, ereent Gas on ‘Draught requirements, Pa OiV/gas Solid tuet Packaged shell boiler natural draught 78-86 induced draught pressurised combustion Cast iron sectional ‘natural draught 16-78 Summary Starting with assumption of a gas velocity of 6 m/s Giving a flue diameter of 430 mm), chimney height is, found to be 10 m to meet the combustion requirements alone. ‘The minimum to satisfy the Memorandum require- ‘ments is 18.6 m : ‘The procedure is now repeated for a higher gas velocity, starting with Fig 2 and using Figs 6, 10 and 11. ‘Quantities remaining constant will be the gas flow rate, ‘buoyancy force, and gas velocity in the boiler flue connection. A gas velocity of 10 m/s gives a flue diameter of 330 mm and a chimney height of 20 m. This can be considered a satisfactory agreement, although in practice flue diameter would probably be taken as 350 mm, giving a gas velocity of about 9 m/s thus leaving some draught in reserve. 15-50 15.20 overfire draught for vunderfeed and chaingrate stokers. 25-250 coking stokers Boller draught met by fan ‘Surplus pressure available ‘depends on fan specification zero (surplus fan pressure available up toabout 100) 15.50 15.20 overfice draught for underfeed stokers and gravity feed15 TABLE2 EQUIVALENT DIAMETERS OF NON-CIRCULAR FLUES Note the two values of equivalent diameter: those in the first column are for calculating gas velocity, and those in the second column for reading pressure drop from the nomograms (Figs 6 to 8). Annomographic solution for rectangular flues is given in Figs 3 and.4. ‘Equivalent diameter for Seetion Equal gas flow Equal gas flow rate and rate and velocity pressure drop ond 0.694 Circular flue with central splitter (Thickness of splitter less than 0.14) La(aby’ Elliptical flue Rectangular flue cS Rectangular flue with diagonal splitter ®. « eed ‘Square flue with diagonal splitter I a L Equilateral triangular flue vie Very 113.Jab Lar SY @+h @uy tae aoyl = — +55 08a 0.65a 0.74a O.7la16 TABLE3 PRESSURE LOSS FACTORS Pressure loss in bends, connections, reducers, and other fittings in the flue system can be found by multiplying the appropriate K-factor listed below, by the velocity Pressure at the fitting. ‘Velocity pressure can be found from the nomogram, Fig 10. With the exception of the velocity pressure loss at the top of chimney'corresponding to the required gas exit velocity, most of the flue system pressure drop will take EXAMPLE 1 Four-segment, welded 90° bend in a 900 mm diameter flue system. Centre-line radius 1800 mim. Gas velocity 4.5 m/s, Gas temperature 280°C. Ratio of radius to diameter (r/d) K factor —0.30 Velocity pressure at 4.5 m/s and 280°C — 6.6 Pa Pressure loss in the bend = 0.30 x 6.6 = 1.98 Pa re 20 a v= 45ave = 280°C place near the boiler and at the connection to the chimney, where the gas temperature can be assumed to be constant and equal to the boiler exit gas temperature. Sharp bends and sudden changes of shape should be avoided, but where these are unavoidable because of limitation of space, pressure drop can be kept reasonably low by using larger flues and thereby reducing the gas velocity. The effect of any design changes can be easily checked by using the K-factors and the velocity pressure nomogram. EXAMPLE2 ‘A square bend has to be used at the end of a horizontal run of rectangular concrete flue. Determine the gas Velocity to keep the pressure drop in the bend down to 15.0 Pa. Gas temperature is 300°C. Fora square bend, K = 1.2. Velocity pressure for a pressure drop of 15.0 Pa must detherefore: 15/1.2 = 12.5 Pa. From Fig 10, line up 300°C on the left-hand scale with 12.5 Pa on the right-hand scale to read 6.2 m/s on the velocity scale. For bends of less than 90° multiply the K-factor by 2/9, where isthe angle oftum"7 TABLE3 PRESSURE LOSS FACTORS CONTINUED df 25 “Two mize or sharp radinied tenasin sens Area wiv (= AVA) k ‘res As Maltiply the “ Ne 03 os Kefacor bythe + Me o4 velocity resi 06 02 wd : Bn | aaa cone Ane 14m areas, Gradual expansion £@0°t0 30" cone angle) Cone Angle Gradual taper K Multiply the K-factor by the 03 03 velocity pressure Os 02 atv: 07 on wv i (=AV/A,) | Circular | Rectangular | flue flue Multiply the K-factor by the ov 03 o4 velocity pressure os 02 02 an 07 on on a e Multiply the K-factor by the 30° ° velocity pressure 45° 0.1 av, 6" a ~+ (multiplied by the velocity pressure at v,) Square junction nto mai fue = 03 Naw or less ‘amultiplied by the velocity . Pressure at v,) ‘Angled junction into main ue Exit velocity 10 (multiplied by the velocity pressure at the exit velocity) Discharge from topo! chimney18 TABLE4 PRESSURE LOSS THROUGH CHIMNEY NOZZLES Valid for nozzles with a cone angle of 30° or less, and gas temperature 250°C (Corrections for gas temperature are given in the supplementary table) Gas velocity Gas velocity at the exit from the nozzle (m/s) in chimney pressure loss (Pa) m/s 6 8 10 12 14 16 1B 20 2 2% 2 11 20 33 47 65 85 108 134 162 194 4 7 16 28 43 61 81 104 130 158 190 6 10 22 37 54 75 98 123 152 183 8 12 27 45 65 88 114 142 173 10 1S 33 53 76 102 130 161 2 18 38 61 87 115 146 4 20 43 69 98 129 16 23° 49-77 108 CORRECTION FACTORS FOR OTHER GAS TEMPERATURES 150 200 250 300 350 Gas temperature °C 1.24 1.11 1.00 0.91 0.84 NOZZLE DIAMETER Nozzle diameter is given by dV (v/v,), where dis the diameter of the straight of the chiraney up-stream of the nozzle, v is the gas velocity in the chimney, and v, the velocity at the exit from the nozzle. Example: An existing chimney, 600 mm diameter, in which the gas velocity is 4 m/s, is fitted with a nozzle to boost ihe exit velocity to 10.m/s. Gas temperature at the top of the chimney is 200°C. From the table, read the nozzle pressure lass at 28 Pa at 250°C. Correct for gas temperature: 28 x 1.1 = 31.1 Pa Nozzle diameter = 600¥ (4/10) = 380mm : Ss DESIGN EXAMPLE (See page 13) Draw a line from 30 percent excess air, through 1.0 MW boiler rating to intersect the reference ordinate. From here line up a boiler efficiency of 78 percent to intersect flue gas volume flow rate at 0.46 m?/s. Go on to Fig 2.19 og oo queoied *Rousio1j}0 4 o8 OB: on IL Ha oo 'S: on bi oe 09 ocd os on oz * 9 oft ‘ oz seg ° B05 Pee £0: OT 905 or 80 90, — Feo Sea Lo ee 703 90 ea ZL g0 £0: v0 en BENET + ZO th £0 ‘GL- zo ‘OL: vod yy al- 10 sood 8h {0.81 03 perseds09) 57 us 02: 300 ‘aes moly owinjon seB ony — “A, aury eauaigjey mw “Bunes soyoq ~ D oO oz 0g 09 OL og 06 ool Olt zk oet ot ost gt oct o8t- 8 002: Aye sse0x9 usd. — 4 Fig1 FLUE GAS VOLUME FLOW RATEDESIGN EXAMPLE (See page 13) Make a preliminary assumption of 6 m/s gas velocity (this is near to the minimum required by the Memorandum). ‘Draw a line from 260°C gas temperature, through the flow rate scale at 0.46 m/s, to intersect the reference ordinate. From here line up a gas velocity of 6 m/s to intersect with chimney diameter at 430 mm, Go onto Fig 5.2 on 4 zh eb gL 9 a sh Oz zz ve 4 az of ost a m aaaoce 008 Pa 002 ™ 008 00g 00% oe 002 vn “wu “eyewerp any — p. 7 ob 001 a gL $/us ‘ha}o0I04 S06 ony — A 6 oz uy souaraoy “5 /dut ‘0121 Moy ouunjon seB any — "A, ‘Do ‘esnpesadwiey seB ony — *) oy oot-| oLt4 ost 0614 oz oz oz oz] Ore >] os 09% oz J o8z 5 oe J oo 5 oles oze oe J ovey ose J ove 4 oxe + oge J o6e 4 Fig? FLUE DIAMETER oor ~100 200 1500 1600. 1700. 18 dd, — equivalent diameter, mm a — side of rectangular flue, mm. {For the circular equivalents of flues of other cross sections, see Table 2) 1500 1400 1300 1200 b—side of rectangular flue, mm 100 Fig 3. CIRCULAR EQUIVALENTS OF RECTANGULAR SECTION FLUE FOR EQUAL VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE AND VELOCITY 1500 1400 4 1300 4 1200 ~| 1100 4 1000 900 +23 2000-- 2000 sooenelt lee flue, mm “E a—side of ¥ rectangular flue, mm 4000-4 900: 1000 300: 900 700. ‘800 600 700 600 500: 500 400: 400 300 300 ‘300 200 aH 200 ‘ 100 100 d,—equivalent diameter, mm Fig 4 CIRCULAR EQUIVALENTS OF RECTANGULAR SECTION FLUE FOR EQUAL VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE AND PRESSURE DROP (For the equivalents of flues of other cross sections, see Table 2)DESIGN EXAMPLE (See page 13) ‘The buoyancy force should strictly be related to the mean gas temperature in the chimney, although the error in the case of a fully-insulated chimney of assuming a mean temperature equal to that at the boiler, is small. (In the case of partially-insulated or ‘uninsulated construction, a successive approximation technique must be used following the procedure of Part 4) In this example, where the flue is fully insulated, a gas temperature drop of 20K can be assumed (see Table 7), making a mean gas temperature of 250°C. Buoyancy is read directly against gas temperature as 5.42 Pa/m. Goonto Fig 6.{, — mean flue temperature, ‘over height of chimney, °C 25 400-69 390. 380 370: D— buoyancy force per metre of chimney height, Pa. The nomogram is based on an extemal temperature of 15°C ‘but can be used for other air temperatures with only slight ‘error by reading gas temiperature as t, — t, + 1S where fis the ‘mean gas temperature in the chimney, and t, the external air ‘temperature, ‘To derive the total buoyancy force produced by a chimney, ‘multiply the height (m) by the value of the buoyancy per unit height (Pa/m) read from the nomogram. EXAMPLE, A.50 m high chimney, with a mean gas temperature of 250°C, would exer total buoyancy force of $0 x 5.42 = 271 Pa. Fig BUOYANCY FORCE26 DESIGN EXAMPLE (See page 13) Draw a line from 430 mm diameter, through a gas velocity of 6 m/s, to intersect pressure drop at 0.66 Pa/m. Interpolate the temperature correction factor from the table as 0.85 Actual pressure drop = 0.85 x 0.66 = 0.56 Pa/m. Go on to Fig 9.2 TT wed ‘doup aunsseid ~ 6 S/uu ‘A1oojan se6 any — A 6 20 Sy "hapoj@n 825) samosodwisy 10084 uonoeii09 amaesedwina sa, ww ‘ueyewelp any — p ost 5 oor 4 002 4 008 4 006 4 001 ool J o0zt 4 over -| oor oogi ~ Fig6 PRESSURE DROP IN CIRCULAR FLUES: STEEL, ASBESTOS CEMENT, PLASTICS> yeg ‘doup aunssoud — o Seane wo x oz 2) uoNDeLz09 aumerecuser sa S/uu ‘Ay100[0A 886 anyy — A wu ‘“deyawelp any —p 002 oe oor 00g 009 004 008 006 00s! Fig7 PRESSURE DROP IN CIRCULAR FLUES: FAIR FACED BRICK OR CONCRETE’ 8 9 ‘ 8 6 0 oz oe ov os o% 08 ‘weg ‘doup ainssasd — d oz oe s/t ‘Kujpojan seb any — A 08 zl 6 5/u‘Ayoojen seQ) “Ui ‘seyeweIp eny — p S 8 & L oor g $ g bctreeebe dtd ta 009 o0L Fig8_ PRESSURE DROP IN CIRCULAR FLUES: ROUGH BRICKWORK30 DESIGN EXAMPLE (See page 13) Draw a line from a gas velocity of 6 m/s, through the flue diameter of 430 mm, to intersect the reference ordinate. From here draw a line through a boiler flue connection size of 475 mm to intersect gas velocity at 5 m/s. Goonto Fig 10.31 491}0q 01 us goone oz of 09 5/tu (aniy Aepuodas 1040 40} 2UUOD Ut AiJ90[8A S86 any, — A S/W — AeuU|YD JO aseq 1B AY1D0}9A se6 anyy — A "ww — AeuuyD Jo serewuelp — p 001 “WU “(an|y Adepuodas 18420 40) 49]10q 02 UO!0BUUOD an|} Jo 1eyeWEIP — *p oa: coe 008 0001- O0L 08: ‘009 —_ 002: a baa 003 —— —_ — 08: —~ oor oor coe oof rd 002 OS) 001. 2uyT aous19,0y e OL aL 02 I Fig9 GAS VELOCITY IN THE BOILER FLUE SYSTEM32 DESIGN EXAMPLE (See page 13) Two values of velocity pressure are required, corresponding to gas velocities of 6 m/s in the main flue, and 5.1 m/s in the boiler flue connection, Draw a line from a flue gas temperature of 260°C, through a gas velocity of 6 m/s to intersect velocity pressure at 12.1 Pa. Velocity pressure for 5 m/s can be read as 8.8 Pa. Go onto Fig 11.33 “eq “aunssaid ALjpojan — %% 8 3288 3 8 8/1 ‘Axj90}an se any — A 2p ‘eumpesedusey se6 any — 4 e Mott & 8 Lit 8 \ g I 1 Fig10 VELOCITY PRESSURE4 DESIGN EXAMPLE (See page 13) To use this nomogram it is first necessary to work out the additional pressure losses in the chimney system such as bends, changes of section, the velocity pressure loss at the exit from the chimney, and add the draught requirement of the boiler. Item Gas Velocity K Total velocity pressure {K x velocity m/s Pa pressure), Pa Twoas*bends 5.1 88 0.32.6 Flue pipe Negligible Taperpiece 60 121 0 0 Chimneyexit 6.0 12.1 10 121 Boiler draught 35.0 49.7Pa From a buoyancy of 5.42 Pa/m, draw a line through 0.56 Pa/m on the chimney pressure drop scale t0 intersect the reference ordinate. From here draw a line to 49.7 Pa on the flue system pressure drop (right hand) scale, and read a chimney height of /0m on the sloping This height will satisfy the combustion requirements at a gas velocity of 6 m/s, but may not be sufficient to ‘meet the Memorandum. Go now Fig 13 in Part 3.Reference Line 400: H — chimney height, m ER — Sum of pressure losses in the flue system, Pa, \e 3\ 3 \ £ 2 i : \ 2 3 ; a i eeeeaeea j ‘ \ ° + o o Pa ry © 5 © Lonettirectissiterriterritertitireiteriitiriitesitii bites ditt i iid Fig 11 CHIMNEY HEIGHTCONT. AR CE rH PCO ; c ! 3 3 LIL Wh PCM CT EH ECREH EA Y \ Pee See eta LT AN 0108-9) ayBr9y Aouusiyo peroewi0oUn (40190)-9) syBiay A@uLUIYD paloasiooU (0108}-5) 1yBiey AauLuIyD poroox400un 130 110 Boiler gross heat input (1000/n), MW boiler rating, MW. n = efficiency, percent ‘Symbols: Q Fig 12 MINIMUM HEIGHTS OF CHIMNEYS FOR GAS FIRED BOILERS. (Source: British Gas Corporation)Appendix 1 FLUES FOR GAS FIRED BOILERS The design nomograms are equally valid for installations fired by natural gas, but there are certain differences, notably on atmospheric pollution related to chimney height. Natural gas also makes it possible to use the fan dilution flue technique of discharging the products of combustion, which dispenses with a conventional chimney. (Chimney height ‘Since the sulphur content of natural gas is negligible, the height of chimneys from gas fired boilers must be based on other criteria, such as the emission of CO,, Fig 12, reproduced from the British Gas publication on flue design* gives a two part solution similar to that adopted in the Clean Air Act Memorandum. — From the boiler gross heat input and the height factor (G) curve, read the uncorrected chimney height on the left-hand ordinate. If the chimney is free-standing and not near buildings, this becomes the final height—with a basic minimum of 3m, If the chimney is attached to a building, go on to the next step: — From the boiler gross heat input, and ‘additional height required’ curve, read the height supple- ment AH, on the right hand ordinate. — Add this to the height of the building. — The ‘final’ height is the larger of the two derived figures. Chimney height may of course need to be higher than the “final” height to give the required draught at the boiler. Where two or more chimneys are to be sited so that the minimum distance which separates them is less than five times the uncorrected height (G), the height of each chimney must be increased: — Check the separation distance between a pair of chimneys. — Ifitis less than five times the uncorrected hei of the smaller chimney, derive the proximity height supplement as 0.3 times the uncorrected height of the taller chimney. — Increase the final height of both chimneys by the amount of the height supplement. An the special case where the separation distance is less than the uncorrected height (G) of the smaller chimney, the uncorrected height of each chimney should be derived on the assumption that it carries the total load of both boilers. ‘The final height is then arrived at as before. 37 Fan-diluted flues ‘The design basis recommended by British Gas for fan- diluted flues is to limit the CO, content at the exit from the flue to 1.0 percent. ‘The fan volume flow rate (m/s) at 15°C is given by: 270Q/n where Q is the boiler rating in MW, and n the efficiency, percent. In designing a fan diluted system, it is preferable to balance the wind pressures on the intake and discharge by locating them on the same wall, or failing this to use a short vertical discharge stack Principles of the fan dilution flue syste. (Diagram courtesy of British Gas Corporation) Where the discharge grille is on the wall, the base of the ‘opening should be kept at least 3 m above ground level, and sheltered areas where gases could accumulate should be avoided. ‘An air flow switch with burner interlock is essential for operational safety. Draught diverters ‘A waste gas dilution of about 100 percent is produced by the normal type of draught diverter fitted to natural draught boilers. The fiue design must therefore be based on about twice the gas flow rate derived from Fig 1 (taking the ‘normal excess air for the burner), and the temperature after dilution — which should be confirmed from the manufacturer who will also specify the minimum ‘draught at the flue connection to the chimney. Alternatively, use can be made of a simplified procedure for designing flues for boilers with draught diverters which has been developed by British Gas*38 ‘Modular boiler installations Boilers with natural draught (atmospheric) burners are often connected in banks to form a so-called modular boiler system. Although ideaily-each boiler should have a separate flue, in practice it may not always be possible. The common flue principle, where boilers are connected to a horizontal header leading to the main flue, is generally satisfactory on natural draught with up to six boilers, or up to eight boilers if the flue is split into ‘two equal limbs. Induced draught is essential for installations of over eight boilers, and wherever there are any restrictions in the flue system, or where for structural reasons the common flue header or main flue has to be restricted in size. ‘One of the defects of the common flue system used in conjunction with cascade switching of boilers is the strong possibility that flue gas temperatures will fall low enough to cause condensation within the flue. The risk ‘ean be assessed from the procedures described in Part 4, bearing in mind that off-line boilers—unless they are equipped with automatic flue dampers—will produce additional cooling through dilution. The very low draught produced by the common flue system means that the resistance of the flueways must be reduced to a minimum. British Gas suggest that the boiler flue connection should be sized so that it would be sufficient without any assistance from the common flue. A design procedure is also available for this*.39 PART3 CLEAN AIR ACT MEMORA| The Memorandum, which was published by the Ministry of Housing and Local Government, has not yet (1979) been revised into SI units, and the equivalents given here and in Figs 14 to 19 are to assist the designer and do not form part of the Memorandum and there- fore do not have any statutory force. ‘The Memorandum is concerned with limiting the amount of sulphur dioxide contamination produced by chimneys, the height being determined by the rate of emission of sulphur dioxide, the existing background level of pollution (characterised by the kind of district), and the interference effect from neighbouring buildings. Gas velocity from the top of the chimney under full load is also required to exceed 20 ft/s (6.1 mni/s), and to be higher with induced draught (see Part 1). ‘The information needed to solve the Memorandum nomograms is as follows: —_ the rate of SO, emission from the chimney —_ the type of district surrounding the chimney — the “height and length of the neighbouring buildings. ‘SO, EMISSION ‘The Memorandum applies only to chimneys emitting between 3 and 1800 Ib of SO, per hour (0.38 to 2278/3). The following formulae are approved for arriving at the SO; emission Coal firing: SO; emission (Ib/h) = 18WS. Oil firing: SO, emission (Ib/n) = 20WS Where W is the weight of fuel burned in 1000s of Ib per hour, and S the sulphur content in percent, Table 5 lists typical calorific values and sulphur contents of various fuels, and Fig 13 gives a nomographic solution to the SO, formula in SI units. TYPE OF DISTRICT ‘The Memorandum makes the following classifications: A An undeveloped arca where development is unlikely, where background pollution is low and where there is no development within half a mile of the new chimney. B A partially developed area with scattered houses, low background pollution, and no other com- parable industrial emissions within a quarter of a mile of the new chimney. C A built up residential area with only moderate background pollution and without other com- parable industrial emissions. 1UM ON CHIMNEY HEIGHTS (Second Edition) D An urban area of mixed industrial and resi dential development, with considerable back- gzound pollution and with other comparable industrial emissions within a quarter of a of the new chimney. E A large city, or an urban area of mixed heavy ustrial and dense residential development, with severe background pollution. ‘Where any doubt arises about the interpretation of the type of district the local authority should be consulted. USING THE NOMOGRAMS: ‘There are two stages in determining chimney height: — the uncorrected height is found from the SO, emission (Fig 13) and the type of district, using Figs 1410 17. — from the uncorrected height, the final height is read as a function of the building height, and the building length or height (whichever is the lower), using Figs 18 and 19. In the case of oil firing, where the sulphur content of the fuel exceeds 2 percent, the uncorrected chimney height (as read from the nomogram) must be increased by 10 percent. If the uncorrected chimney height exceeds 2.5 times the height of the building, or nearby buildings, no further corrections to height are necessary and this then ‘becomes the final height. EXAMPLE Continuing the previous example (page 13), the data relevant to determining the chimney height to satisfy the requirements of the Memorandum are as follows: Fuel Medium fuel oi Calorificvalue 43 Meg. Sulphur content 3.5 percent Typeof district B Building size 90m x 45m x 9mhigh ‘The solution, which can be followed from the guide lines on Figs 13, 14and 19, i: Uncorrected height 14,7 m ‘Add 10 percent (oil with over 2 percent sulphur) 16.2m Final height 18.6m40 TABLES TYPICAL CALORIFIC VALUES AND SULPHUR CONTENTS OF FUELS Actual figures for calorific value and sulphur content should always be confirmed with the fuel supplier. | Fuel [Calorific {Sulphur value content Mi/kg percent on Kerosene 46 0.2 i Gasoil (Class D, 35 5)° 45 los Light fuel oil (Class E, 2205) 43 3.2 iH Medium fuet'oil ’ (Class F, 9508) 3 35 Heavy fuel oil (Class G, 3500) a2 3.5 t * Approximate equivalent Redwood seconds. SOLID FUEL | Anthracite 30 10 Dry steam coal 31 1.0 | Coking steam coal 31 1.0 | Medium volatile coking coal |31 12 Low/medium volatilecoal {30 1.2 Very strongly caking coal |30 17 Strongly caking coal 29 17 Medium caking coal 29 17 ‘Weakly caking coal 27 17 Very weakly caking coal {25 47 i Non-caking coal 24 17 Gas de ! Natural gas” = 40MJ/m Negligible Manufactured gas 16-20 MJ/mn'| Neglis DESIGN EXAMPLE (See page 13) Draw a line from the point marked OIL, through the calorific value (43 MJ/kg), to intersect the reference ordinate. From here mark a second line to pass through 3.5 percent on the sulphur scale to intersect the second reference ordinate. From this point mark a third line to Pass through 78 percent on the boiler efficiency scale and intersect the third ordinate. Finally, join this point through 1.0 MW on the boiler rating scale to meet the sulphur dioxide scale at 2.1 g/s. Go on to Fig 14.i W Loa E — sulphur dioxide emission g/s 4 10 5 2 8 1 o OT Pr rTP TTT TTT TET TTP TTT] 2 ° © s © © ° n - ° / z 2 @ in © o ~ = ° Ve eee ta Ditties / cann gonauas3y aes ov “E5 gazes rae oad o © a ° Loti i 7 1 aNI 30Nau3d3u g | ft 20: 30, C,— gross calorific value ~fooat Fig 13 SULPHUR DIOXIDE EMISSION FROM COAL AND OIL FIRED BOILERS. of fuel, Mi/kg.DESIGN EXAMPLE (See page 13) From a sulphur dioxide emission of 2.1 g/s on the left hand ordinate, draw a line through the point B on the ‘Type of District scale to read an uncorrected chimney height of 14.7 m on the right hand ordinate. Add 10 percent (oil with over 2 percent sulphur): 1x 14,7 162m Go onto Fig 19.Uncorrected Chimney Height m ft $02 Emission Eta ib/h Ws 24 32 36 Type of District ‘The superimposed 1 scales on this nomogram have been ‘added for the convenience of the user and do nat form part of the Memorandum on Chimney Heights. 72 22. Fig 14 APPENDIX! UNCORRECTED CHIMNEY HEIGHTSIVERY SMALL INSTALLATIONSUncorrected ‘SO, Emission Chimney Height o/h als m ft 100. 40 15-150 55 12.0 60 90 20-65 11.0 70 Type of District 4 : 10.0 75 8 c 80 9.0 70 25. 80 7 85, 60- 7.0 90 80: 6.0 7 The superimposed Si scales on this nomogram have been ‘added forthe convenience of the user and do not form part of the Memorandum on Chimney Heights. 4075.0 95 2 q 40 30: Fig15 APPENDIX! UNCORRECTED CHIMNEY HEIGHTS/SMALL INSTALLATIONS4s S02 Emission Uncorrected Ibn gs Chimney Height 4007 6g tet ee 70 nats 80 25 90 Type of District 100 a 110 120 30 ao 10 200 140 45 150 ‘The superimposed SI scales on this nomogram have been 20 added for the convenience ofthe user and do not form part of the Memorandum on Chimney Heights. 160 49 15 100 Fig 16 APPENDIXII| UNCORRECTED CHIMNEY HEIGHTS/MEDIUM INSTALLATIONSS02 Emission bly gis 230 1800 220 1700 Uncorrected 210 Chimney Height m ft 1600 1 499 fod i 35 110 1500-190 120 40: 130 . 180 140 1400 ‘Type of District a5 150 : 160 1300 170 180 1200. 190 1100 200 3000 | a | 960 110 210 800 100 65. oof °° ‘The superimposed S| scales on this nomogram have been 80 ‘added for the convenience of the user and do not form part of on the Memorandum on Chimney Heights a (220 500. 60 400-1 50 Fig 17 APPENDIXIV UNCORRECTED CHIMNEY HEIGHTSILARGE INSTALLATIONSFinal Chimney Height m ft 80 Uncorrected sid Chimney Height ft om a 70 240 220 230 200 60 10 220 bis 210 Building Height 50 OR Building Length bat Ea whichever is lower 200 Building Height ee 190 140 200760 i f om or 0 30 180, 180 120 20T 19 404 ae 170 100 “180 He 160 140 80: 160. 150 180 20 a 140 60 130 40 10 120 ~ 110 o£ o 100 "e Superimposed SI scales on this nomogram have been ded for the convenience of the user and do not form part of e Memorandum on Chimney Heights. 90 100 Fig18 APPENDIXV FINAL CHIMNEY HEIGHTS ar48 DESIGN EXAMPLE (See page 13) From an uncorrected chimney height of 16.2 m on the left hand ordinate, draw a line to pass through the building height of 9 m to intersect the reference ordinate. From here draw a line through a building height of 9 m (this is less than the building length), to read a final chimney height of 18.6 m on the right hand ‘ordinate. ‘This is greater than the height for combustion alone. The calculations must now be repeated, starting with Fig 2, assuming a higher gas velocity, and deriving a second chimney height from Fig 11. The procedure is exactly the same as before and is therefore not shown on the nomograms. For the results of the re-calculation, see page 14.Final Chimney Height ms ft 80 Uncorrected Chimney Height 15 ft m Ot 70 20 Building Height OR Building Length whichever is lower ft om 70 19 60F ig 7 7 20 16 Building Height ft o \ 10 \ 20 30 sot”, 5 \ 14 13 ‘The superimposed SI scales on this nomogram have been added for the convenience of the user and do not form part of the Memorandum on 49, ‘Chimney Heights. 35 10: 25 Fig19 APPENDIX VI FINAL CHIMNEY HEIGHTS FOR SMALL FURNACES. 050 PART4 CORROSION AND CHIMNEY INSULATION ‘Acid condensation during the steady operation of boiler plant can be prevented by insulating the flue, the basic design criterion in arriving at the insulation thickness being the acid dew point of the gases. Typical values for coal and oil fired boilers have been suggested by the Property Services Agency? and are summarised in Table 6. For natural gas, which contains a negligible amount of sulphur, the critical temperature is the water dew point — normally in the region of 50 to 60°C. Insulation thickness is calculated so that the inner surface of the flue remains above dew point temperature ‘throughout its height, both at full load and at the lowest, turn-down of the burner. Insulation will not prevent condensation during a cold start, but the risk can be minimised by good desien (Gee Part (CHIMNEY HEAT TRANSFER ‘The inner surface temperature of a flue depends on the gas temperature and velocity, the thermal resistance of the flue and insulation, and the external temperature. Ina metal flue without insulation, the wall temperature is strongly influenced by the gas velocity, and external conditions such as the emissivity of the finish and the wind speed. In a fully-insulated flue the external condi- tions are relatively unimportant, most of the temperature drop taking place through the insulating layer. Table 7 compares gas temperature drop (from boiler to the top of the chimney), and inner flue wall temperatures for a steel chimney with two grades of insulation. The figures show the importance of insulation in limiting the temperature fall at reduced boiler load. The following information is a necessary starting point for calculations on insulation thickness and flue wall temperature: ‘Chimney construction and | As designed, or as existing dimensions Boiler efficiency and exit ‘gas temperature: 1) under full load Manufacturer 2)at maximum tura-down | Manufacturer ‘of the burner Gas velocity in the flue at full and reduced load Derived from Figs I and 2 Calculation procedure can be broken down into three basic steps: 1) Work out the U-value of the chimney structure. 2) Derive the gas temperature drop to the top of the chimney. 3) Calculate the temperature drop through the inner film and thus derive the inner wall temperature of the flue. TABLE 6 DESIGN VALUES FOR ACID DEW POINT WITH COAL AND OIL FIRED BOILERS ‘Type of plant ‘Acid dew point, °C ‘Small to medium oil 150 fired boilers Large oil fired boilers 132 ‘Small to medium coal fired 121 boilers TABLE 7 GAS TEMPERATURE DROP AND CHIMNEY WALL TEMPERATURES An example showing the effect of two stages of insula- tion on a single flue steel chimney. Boiler runs at full and half load. Insulation | Gas temperature Flue wall drop, K temperature, °C Fullload Half load |Full load Half load None 50 80 105 15 (unclad steel) 25mm 15 30 210-170 mineral wool 75mm 1 14 240-210 mineral wool Basis: 20m high chimney, 350 mm diameter. Boiler rating 1 MW. Gas velocity 9 m/s (full load). Gas temperature at the boiler: 260°C full load. 250°C half load. External air temperature 0°C. Where the chimney manufacturer offers a standard insulation thickness, or a standard form of insulated construction, the calculations will be aimed at assessing the value of the insulation in maintaining wall tempera- ture above the dew point. ‘Where the insulation is to be specified by the designer, an approximation technique must be used, making an initial assumption of insulation thickness. Generally the equivalent of 25 mm of mineral wool will be found to be the minimum. U-VALUE OF CHIMNEY STRUCTURE ‘The U-value is found from the sum of the resistances ofthe various components making up the heat flow path: U=TAR ARs +R.) Generally these components will consist of the inner and. ‘outer surface resistances, and the resistances of the flue wall, insulation, and windshield material — The inner surface resistance (r,) can be read from Fig 20 as 2 function of gas velocity and temperature. — The outer surface resistance can be taken as constant at 0.10 m* K/W for all fully insulated chimneys, and 0.08 m? K/W for uninsulated metal chimneys. — The resistance of any metals (such as steel liner or windshield) can be neglected. — The resistance of the insulation can be taken as: resistivity x thickness providing the thickness is not more than about 10 percent of the chimney diameter (or equivalent dimension of non-circular section). ‘Where insulation is thicker than this, it is more accurate to take into account the two-dimensional character of the heat flow. Fig 21 simplifies this for circular flues by giving an equivalent thickness which can then be used in the normal way. Heat flow in rectangular insulated chimneys is more complicated than in circular chimneys, and as a working approximation the chimney can be treated as an equi- valent circular section with the same internal area as the rectangular chimney (d= 2(a + b)/). Multiple flues in a windshield with infill insulation presents a difficult case, and an approximation is to bbase the calculations on the minimum insulation thick- ness between the liner and the windshield — treating the flue as an independent chimney and neglecting the two- dimensional flow in the rest of the windshield. ‘Wrapped flues in a windshield can be treated in the same way, making the additional assumption that the air space between the flue and the windshield offers a resistance of 0.2 m* K/W. For borderline cases, where the calculations show a risk of condensation and no improvement in chimney insulation is possible, a more refined approach to work- ing out chimney heat transfer may be justified. Solutions for conduction in solids of various geometries exist in the literature®, Table & gives typical resistivity values for a range of chimney insulating materials. Tt is normally accurate enough, for the purposes of reading this table, to take the insulation temperature as the mean of the gas temperature and external air temperature GAS TEMPERATURE DROP ‘The gas temperature drop is derived from the flow rate of the gas and the heat loss of the chimney, according to the heat balance: Heat lost from chimney = heat given up by flue gases ‘The heat lost from the chimney is found from the U- value, the total surface area, and the difference between the mean gas temperature and the external air temperature. 31 ‘Asa first approximation, the mean gas temperature for a fully-insulated chimney can be taken as 5 to 10 K lower than the boiler exit gas temperature. ‘Thus chimney heat loss is given by: ndHU (—t.) x 107 where d is the diameter of the flue (mm), H the height of the chimney (m), &, the mean gas temperature, °C, and t, the external air temperature, °C. ‘The heat given up by the flue gases (kW) can be found from flow rate, temperature drop, and specific heat: Vus0C, where Vis is the flow rate (m’/s) corrected t0 a temperature of 15°C (from fig 1), @ is the temperature drop of the gases from the base of the chimney to the top (K), and C, the volumetric specific heat of the gases (1.22 ki/m, INNER WALL TEMPERATURE Having now derived the gas temperature drop, the gas temperature at the top of the chimney — the worst position for condensation — can be found from: 8 where t, is the gas temperature at the boiler outlet. ‘The temperature difference between the gas and the inner wall of the flue can now be derived from the inner surface resistance (already found from Fig 20), the U-value of the structure, and the gas-to-air temperature difference: BU ‘The wall temperature is arrived at by simply subtracting this temperature difference from the gas temperature at the top of the chimney. o—t) FULL AND PART LOAD CONDITIONS Flue wall surface temperature should be checked for both full load and part load when the bumer is at ‘maximum turn-down. It is essential to work with the manufacturer's per- formance data on boiler efficiency and gas temperature.32 0.15: Gas temperature 200°C 0.10. nner surface resistance, r, (m'k/W) 0.05: 5 10 6 20 Gas velocity, m/s Fig20_ INNER SURFACE RESISTANCE FOR WASTE GAS FLOW IN CIRCULAR FLUES (Source: based on a graph by Shell (UK) Oit)33 400 300 7 ee +7 200 zs | tte Ly 150 - 150 LT 109] po — 100 Equivatent | 78 ; thickness, Insulation mm thickness, mm 15 10 100 200 300 400 500 1000 1500 2000 Flue diameter mm. Fig21 EQUIVALENT INSULATION THICKNESS FOR RADIAL HEAT FLOW IN CIRCULAR FLUES4 Table 8 RESISTIVITY VALUES FOR COMMON CHIMNEY INSULATING AND CONSTRUCTIONAL MAT- ERIALS Material Density kg/m? Mineral wool | 80t0 100 | 50 25 100 22 150 18 200 1s Perlite infill | 50 50 25 100 20 150 16 200 2 Moler concrete | 950 50 4.9 (Mix 1:4 by 100 47 volume) 150 46 200 45 Lytag concrete 50, 24 (concrete using 100 2.0 sintered 150 19 pulverised 200 18 ash ageregate) Moler brick 50. 6.5 100 6.3 150 6.2 200 6.1 Aerated cement} concrete or lightweight aggregate concrete }400/800 | 20 6t04 Dense cement concrete 1600 20 14 2000 20 0.8 2400 2 0.5 Brick 1200 20 2.4 1500 20 1s . 2000 20, 08 Data on Moler and Lytag coneretes, and Moler brick from K R Jackson's ‘Guide to Chimney Design’ (PC Science and Technology Press, 1978). Other data from manufacturers, and from the CIBS Guide, 1970.55 PARTS ADDENDUM BASIS OF THE NOMOGRAMS Fig}1 Chimney height Fig! Flue gas volume flow rate H = 3P(D-p) Fig? Fig 3 Fig 4 Figs Fig6 Fig 7 Fig 8 Fig9 Fig 10 Vos = 0.265Qy + 107)/n This is valid without significant error in practice for coal, oil and natural gas. Flue diameter d= 66.0)/Vis, + 273) Circular equivalents of rectangular section flue for equal volumetric flow rate and velocity d= 13 fab Circular equivalents of rectangular section flue for equal volumetric flow rate and Pressure drop sfeaby 7 atb 1.27 Buoyancy force D = 12.1 [1 —288/@, + 273)] Pressure drop in circular flues: steel, asbestos cement, plastics p= 44.3v%/a Pressure drop in circular flues: fair-faced brick or concrete p= 75.9v/dr Pressure drop in circular flues: rough brick- work p= 1igyyae These approximate formulae were evolved to meet the needs of nomogram construction, and were based on the rational formula and Colebrook-White function. Corrections for gas tempera- velocity) are given in the text. Gas velocity in the boiler flue system vidi? Velocity pressure ITTV4/(4, + 273) The following physical and other constants were assumed: Air and combustion gas density, 1.23 kg/m? at 15°C, 1013 mb ‘Volumetric specific heat of flue gases, 1220 J/m? at 15°C, 1013 mb Absolute roughness (mm): ‘Steel, asbestos cement and plastics, 0.05 Fair-faced brick or concrete 1.3 Rough brickwork 5.0 Gas flow rate (Fig 1) is expressed in terms of a standard temperature of 15°C, and the buoyancy nomogram (Fig 5) is based on an external air temperature of 15°C. ‘SYMBOLS USED IN THE MANUAL. angle of turn, bends side of rectangular flue, major axis of elliptical flue side of rectangular flue, minor axis of elliptical flue = volumetric specific heat of flue gases, J/m K calorific value of fuel, MJ/kg buoyancy force, Pa/m height of chimney iameter of main flue (chimney), mm. |. = diameter of boiler flue connection, or other secondary flue, mm d, = equivalent diameter of non-circular flues E = sulphur dioxide emission, g/s G = uncorrected chimney height (gas-fired installa- tions), m H = chimney height, m AH, = building height supplement (gas-fired installa- kK P tions), m = velocity pressure loss factor boiler efficiency, percent = pressure drop in the flue system (excluding the chimney), Pa pressure drop in the straight of the chimney, Pa/m boiler rating, MW thermal resistance of chimney structural com- ponents, m? K/W + = thermal resistivity, m K/W ner surface resistance, m? K/W Ta = outer surface resistance, m? K/W S- = sulphur content of the fuel, percent t. = external air temperature,°C t= gas temperature, °C @ = mean gas temperature in the chimney, °C X.= logarithmic mean temperature difference, K @ "= temperature drop of the gases up the chimney, K U = heat transmission through the chimney structure, W/m? K Vie= gas flow rate, corrected to standard temperature 15°C, m'/s v= gasvelocity, m/sgas velocity in boiler flue connection, or in other secondary flue, m/s Ve = gas velocity at the exit from chimney nozzle, m/s, ¥, = velocity pressure, Pa Y" = excess air ratio, percent REFERENCES 1 Chimney Heights. Second edition of the 1956 Clean Air Act Memorandum, Ministry of Housing and Local Government, published by HMSO, 1967 2 Multi Flue Chimneys: A Design Guide. Directorate of Civil Engineering Development, Department of the Environment, Property Services Agency, published by HMSO, 1976 3° Chimneys for Industrial Oil Fired Plant, published by Shell UK Oil, 1976 4 Technical Notes on the Design of Flues for Non-Domestic Gas Boilers, published by Br Gas Corporation, 1976 45° Handbook of Essential Formulae and Data on Heat Transfer for Engineers, by HY Wong, Longmans, 1977 ADDITIONAL READING Chimney Design, by D J Croome, Journal [HVE, 165-175, September 1971 ‘Steel Chimneys by Sven Hadvig, Polyteknisk Forlag (Copenhagen), 1971 A Guide to Chimney Design by KR Jackson, IPCScience and Technology Press, 19787 PARTO BUYERS’ GUIDE ‘The following list covers manufacturers of chimneys for the industrial and commercial sectors. Domestic and ‘other small chimneys (those less than about 300 mm diameter) have been excluded. There may be an overlap in some cases where manufacturers produce a wider range which includes domestic. With few exceptions, manufacturers offer fully- insulated chimneys as standard. Most flue systems can, also be used as liners to existing chimneys when they are ‘generally pre-insulated with mineral wool mattress. Nearly all manufacturers of steel chimneys make flues suitable for either a steel or concrete windshield. Where a particular chimney is listed as a single flue, the windshield is normally a lightweight cladding over the insulation and the structural strength is in the flue. For multiple flues, the liners are generally in lightweight ‘material and the strength is in the windshield. Single B. E, BEAUMONTLTD . . Rathgar Road, London SW97ER Tel: 01 274 4066 Tix: 25837 Woodlands Road, Mere, Nr. Warmister, Wilts. BA12 6BT Tel: 074 786481 ‘Thx: 41129 28 Birmingham Street, Oldbury, Warley, West Midlands B69 4DS Tel: 021 552.2039 BRITISH URALITE LTD o Higham, Rochester, Kent ME37JA, Tel: 0474 82 3451 ‘Thx: 27837 CLARKECHAPMANLTD | @ ele (THOMPSON HORSELEY, DUDLEY) - PO Box 11, Windmill Works, Dudley, West Midlands DY20X5 Tel: Dudley $4741 ‘Thx: 339858 ENVIROMARK LTD . . Kraemar Division, Evingar Road, Whitchurch, Hampshire Tel: Whitchurch 2162 DEAN JESMOND & CO LTD . . Bedfont Road, Feltham, Middlesex TW14 8EB Tel: 01 890 8282 Lt © | Matupte . ‘Twin-wall sections with air space (1) = Asbestos cement‘Above: Stee! finer 1.2m dlameter, insviated Simm mineral wool, being lowered nto a busing shaft, (Photograph courtesy FE Beaumont Lid) Left: 107m high self-supporting steel chimney with singie 115m ciameter insulated steel ines (Photograph courtesy F € Beaumont Ltd) Below: Insulate steal iners inside @ concrete wincshieid at Denitord District Genoral Hospital (South Western Region Health Authority. View shows the base of the windshield witn liners ready tor connection 1o the boiler tes. Total height of the windshald is 70.1, (Photograph courtesy Rodel Chimneys Lid)59) —. SS MAKER i Other Steel Camera Steet Conerete Single Multiple Tsulating| Concrete an FEATURES 1VO ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION CO LTD Scrubs Lane, London NW10 6RH Tel: 01 969 7515 METCRAFT LTD Harwood Industrial Estate, Littlehampton, West Sussex BNI7 7BB Tel: Littlehampton 4226 Tix: 87323, E. G. REEVE AND SONS LTD Burton Road, St. Faith's Industrial Estate, Norwich, Norfolk NR6 6AT Tel: 0603 47228 RODELL CHIMNEYS LTD Brecon, Powys LD3 8LA Tel: Brecon 3723 Thx: 497369 SELKIRK METALBESTOS, 7.Chesham Place, London SWIX SHN Tel: 01 235.0061 ‘The: 918931 ‘SHELL CAST CHIMNEYS LTD Victoria Works, Leabrook Road, Wednesbury, West Midlands WS10 7LW Tel: 021 5566616 ‘STRANKS MONODRAUGHT| FLUESLTD Loudwater House, Loudwater, High Wycombe, Bucks. Tel: High Wycombe 33128 ‘TRUE FLUE LTD 799 London Road, ‘West Thurrock, Grays, Essex RM16ILR Tel: 04026 3311 DAVID WATKINSON &COLTD Botany Brow Works, Chorley, Lancs PR605W Tel: Chorley 76144 ‘Thx: 677278 Watfab @ a © | wrapped Pre-fabricated chimney system, up to 914mm diameter 1) = stainless ste! Q) stainless steel or aluminium Sectional balanced flue system up to 300 mm diameter. (2) = reconstituted stone blocksGe BRR (7)