Phys 3327 Fall 11 Solutions 9
Solutions: Homework 9
Ex. 9.1: TM Modes in a Rectangular Waveguide
(a) Components of the electric field tangential to the conducting surface must be zero, so Ez (x, y) must
satisfy
Ez (0, y) = Ez (a, y) = Ez (x, 0) = Ez (x, b) = 0 . (1)
(b) In general the z component of the electric field has form Ez (x, t) = Ez (x, y)ei(kzt), so that Ez (x, y)
is a solution of the Helmholtz equation
2
2 2
+ + kc Ez = 0 , (2)
x2 y2
where kc2 = k2 + 2 /c2 . Applying the boundary conditions (1), the solution is simply
0 mx ny
Ez (x, y) = Ez sin sin , (3)
a b
for m, n integers, provided that
kc2 = 2 m2 /a2 + n2 /b2 . (4)
We must have Ez > 0 for TM modes, and hence m, n Z+ .
(c) The dispersion relation is then
s 2
p 2 m n2
k() = 2 /c2 kc2 = 2 + . (5)
c2 a2 b2
The cutoff frequency c is defined by k(c) = 0, so that for the TMmn mode
r
m2 n2
c = c 2
+ 2 . (6)
a b
(d) Applying Maxwells equations and Bz = 0, the transverse electric field components are
ik
Ex = Ez
kc2 x
ikEz0 m
= cos(mx/a) sin(ny/b) (7)
kc2 a
ik
Ey = 2 Ez
kc y
ikEz0 n
= sin(mx/a) cos(ny/b) . (8)
kc2 b
Further, the transverse magnetic field components are
i
Bx = Ez
ckc2 y
iEz0 n
= sin(mx/a) cos(ny/b) (9)
ckc2 b
i
By = 2 Ez
ckc x
iEz0 m
= cos(mx/a) sin(ny/b) . (10)
ckc2 a
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Phys 3327 Fall 11 Solutions 9
(e) The time-averaged Poynting vector for the TMmn mode
c
hSi = Re E B
8 h i
c
= Re Ex By Ey Bx ez + Ez Bx ey Ez By ex
8 h i
c
= Re Ex By Ey Bx ez , (11)
8
since the other terms are purely imaginary, due to the factors of i in the transverse field components.
Hence
2
kEz0 m
hSi = cos2(mx/a) sin2 (ny/b)
8kc2 a
2
n 2 2
+ sin (mx/a) cos (ny/b) ez . (12)
b
Averaging over the cross-section, note
Z Z
1 a mx 1 b ny 1
cos2 dx = cos2 dy = , (13)
a 0 a b 0 b 2
so that the cross-section-and-time-averaged Poynting vector is
D E Z
1
hSi = dxdyhSi
ab A
2 2
kEz0 m n
= + ez
32kc2 a b
kEz0
= ez . (14)
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Ex. 9.2: Waveguide with Circular Cross Section
Consider a waveguide with circular cross section, radius a. For a TE mode, in cylindrical coordinates (r, , z)
we expect E = E0(r, )ei(kzt), and so the wave equation becomes the Helmholtz equation
2
r r + 2 + kc2r2 Bz0 (r, ) = 0 , (15)
r r
where kc2 = 2 /c2 k2, and the boundary condition is
Bz0
=0. (16)
r r=a
Applying separation of variables as usual, Bz0 (r, ) = Bz0 (r)ein and (15) becomes Bessels equation
r r + kc r n Bz0 (r, ) = 0 .
2 2 2
(17)
r r
P
As we saw previously, the general solution is Bz0 (r) = m,n [Amn Jn(kcm r) + Cmn Nn (kcm r)], but since Bz0
must be regular at r = 0 then Cmn = 0. The general solution is then
X
Bz0 (r, ) = Amn Jn (kcm r)ei(n) , (18)
m,n
and the TEmn mode, after taking real parts, is
Bz0 (r, ) = Amn Jn(kcm r) cos(n) . (19)
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Phys 3327 Fall 11 Solutions 9
Note the mode is doubly degenerate, since we may pick the sign of the exponential to be positive or negative,
but the real part of Bz0 is the same in either case. We also have the boundary condition for the TEmn mode
d
Jn(kcm a) = 0 . (20)
dr
By convention kcm+1 > kcm , and hence kcm a is the mth local extremum (maximum or minimum) of Jn.
By definition, the lowest TE mode is that mode which has smallest kc . It follows that the lowest mode must
be a TE1n mode which has the smallest kc1 satisfying (20). Or in other words, the lowest mode corresponds
to the Bessel function Jn(u) whose first local extremum occurs at the smallest possible u. The first local
extremum of J1(u) occurs at u = 1.841, which is smaller than the first local extrema of any other Bessel-J
function. This can easily be seen from a plot of the first few Bessel functions. Hence, the lowest TE mode
is the TE11 mode (n = 1),
Bz0 (r, ) = B 0 J1 (kcr) cos , (21)
such that kca = 1.841 and B 0 = A11.
Now, to find the transverse field components of TE11, it is convenient to restore the imaginary part of Bz0 .
The mode is doubly denegerate, i.e. Bz0 = B 0 J1 (kc r)ei , so choosing the sign in the exponential to be
positive, for the magnetic field components we have
k
Bt = Bz0
ikc2
k Bz0 1 Bz0
= 2 er + e
ikc r r
0
kB 1 1
= 2 J1 (kc r) kc J2(kc r) sin er + J1 (kcr) cos e
kc r r
Br er + B e , (22)
where we have taken the real parts. Further, the transverse electric field satisfies ez Et = (/ck)Bt.
Writing Et = Er er + E e and taking the cross product with ez , it follows that
Er e E er = Br er + B e , (23)
ck
so Er = (/ck)B and E = (/ck)Br . That is,
B 0 1 1
Et = J (k
1 c r) cos e r J (k
1 c r) k J (k
c 2 c r) sin e . (24)
ckc2 r r
Note that the transverse components for the other degenerate TE11 mode are the same up to a change of
sign for the cos terms.
A colour plot of the electric field for one of the denegerate TE11 modes is below, with red indictating longer
vectors, and blue shorter. Note the electric field is normal to the waveguide surface, indicated by the black
circle.
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Phys 3327 Fall 11 Solutions 9
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