4.
2 Example of [ZBus] matrix building algorithm
The single line diagram of a power system is shown in the Fig. 4.16. The line impedances in pu are
also given. The step-by-step procedure for [ZBus ] matrix formulation is explained as given below:
Figure 4.16: Single Line Diagram of the Power System for the example
Preliminary Step: The graph of the network and a tree is shown in Fig. 4.17. Elements 1,2,4
and 5 are the tree branches while 3, 6 and 7 are the links.
Figure 4.17: Graph and a tree of the network of Fig. 4.17
Step 1: The step-by-step [ZBus ] matrix building algorithm starts with element 1, which is
a tree branch connected between nodes 1 and the reference node 0 and has an impedance of
z10 = j0.10 pu. This is shown in the accompanying figure ,Fig. 4.18.
118
Figure 4.18: Partial network of Step 1
The resulting [ZBus ] matrix is
(1) (1)
ZBus = (1) [ z10 ] = (1) [ j0.10 ]
Step 2: Next, the element 2 connected between node 2 (q = 2) and the reference node 0 is
selected. This element has an impedance of z20 = j0.10 p.u. As this is the addition of a tree branch
it will add a new node 2 to the existing [ZBus ] matrix. This addition is illustrated in Fig. 4.19.
Figure 4.19: Partial network of Step 2
The new bus impedance matrix is given by :
(1) (2) (1) (2)
(1) j0.10 0 (1) j0.1 0
ZBus = [ ]= [ ]
(2) 0 z20 (2) 0 j0.10
Step 3: Element 3 connected between existing nodes, node 1 (p = 1) and node 2 (q = 2),
having an impedance of z12 = j0.20 p.u. is added to the partial network, as shown in Fig. 4.20.
Since this is an addition of a link to the network a two step procedure is to be followed. In the
119
Figure 4.20: Partial network of Step 3
first step a new row and column is added to the matrix as given below :
(1) (2) (`) (1) (2) (`)
(Z12 Z11 ) (1) j0.10 0.0 j0.10
(1) j0.10 0.0
(temp)
= (2) (Z22 Z21 ) = (2) 0.0 j0.10 j0.10
Z 0.0 j0.10
Bus
(`) (Z21 Z11 ) (Z22 Z12 ) Z`` (`) j0.10 j0.10 j0.40
where,
Z`` = Z11 + Z22 2Z12 + z20 = j0.10 + j0.10 0.0 + j0.20 = j0.40 p.u.
Next this new row and column is eliminated to restore the size of [ZBus ] matrix as given below:
j0.10
[ ] [j0.10 j0.10]
j0.10 0.0 j0.10
[ZBus ] = [ ]
0.0 j0.10 j0.40
Hence, the impedance matrix after the addition of element 3 is found out to be :
(1) (2)
(1) j0.075 j0.025
[ZBus ] = [ ]
(2) j0.025 j0.075
Step 4: The element 4 , which is added next, is connected between an existing node, node 2
(p = 2) and a new node, node 3 (q = 3). The impedance of this element is z23 = j0.30 p.u. and
it is a tree branch hence, a new node, node 3 is added to the partial network. This addition, shown
in Fig. 4.21, thus increases the size of [ZBus ] to (3 3).
120
Figure 4.21: Partial network of Step 4
The new impedance matrix can be calculated as:
(1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3)
j0.075 j0.025 (1) j0.075 j0.025 j0.025
(1) Z12
ZBus = (2) j0.025 j0.0.075 = (2) j0.025 j0.0.075 j0.075
Z22
(3) Z21 Z22 Z22 + z23 (3) j0.025 j0.075 j0.375
Step 5: Element 5 is added next to the existing partial network. This is a tree branch connected
between an existing node, node 3 (p = 3) and a new node, node 4 (q = 4). This is illustrated
in Fig. 4.22.
Since a new node is added to the partial network, the size of [ZBus ] increases to (4 4). The
impedance of the new element is z34 = j0.15 p.u. The new bus impedance matrix is :
(1) (2) (3) (4) (1) (2) (3) (4)
(1) j0.075 j0.025 j0.025 Z31 (1) j0.075 j0.025 j0.025 j0.025
j0.025 j0.075 j0.075 (2)
(2) Z32 j0.025 j0.075 j0.075 j0.075
ZBus = =
(3) j0.025 j0.075 j0.375 Z33 (3) j0.025 j0.075 j0.375 j0.375
(4) Z13 Z23 Z33 Z33 + z34 (4) j0.025 j0.075 j0.375 j0.525
Step 6: Next,the element 6 connected between two existing nodes node 1 (p = 1) and node
4 (q = 4) is added to the network, as shown in the Fig. 4.23. The impedance of this element
is z23 = j0.25 p.u. As this is a link addition, the two step procedure is used. The bus impedance
121
Figure 4.22: Partial network of Step 5
Figure 4.23: Partial network of Step 6
matrix is modified by adding a new row and column as given below:
(1) (2) (3) (4) (`)
(Z14 Z11 )
(1) j0.075 j0.025 j0.025 j0.025
(2) j0.025 j0.075 j0.075 j0.075 (Z24 Z21 )
(temp)
Z = (3) j0.025 j0.075 j0.375 j0.375 (Z34 Z31 )
Bus
(Z44 Z41 )
(4) j0.025 j0.075 j0.375 j0.525
(`) (Z41 Z11 ) (Z42 Z12 ) (Z43 Z13 ) (Z44 Z14 )
Z``
122
Substituting the values of appropriate [ZBus ] matrix elements in the last row and column the
intermediate impedance matrix is:
(1) (2) (3) (4) (`)
j0.025 j0.05
(1) j0.075 j0.025 j0.025
(2) j0.025 j0.075 j0.075 j0.075 j0.05
(temp)
Z = (3) j0.25 j0.075 j0.375 j0.375 j0.35
Bus
j0.525 j0.50
(4) j0.025 j0.075 j0.375
(`) j0.05 j0.50 j0.80
0.05 j0.35
where,
Z`` = Z44 + Z11 2Z14 + z14 = j0.075 + j0.525 2 j0.025 + j0.25 = j0.80 p.u.
The additional row and column ` are to be eliminated to restore the impedance matrix size to
(m m), and the [ZBus ] matrix after the addition of element 6 is calculated as:
j0.05
j0.50
j0.35 [j0.05 j0.05 j0.35 j0.50]
j0.075 j0.025 j0.025 j0.025
j0.025 j0.50
j0.075 j0.075 j0.075
[ZBus ] =
j0.25 j0.075 j0.375 j0.375 j0.80
j0.025 j0.075 j0.375 j0.525
Hence,
(1) (2) (3) (4)
(1) j0.0719 j0.0281 j0.0469 j0.0563
(2) j0.0281 j0.0719 j0.0531 j0.0437
ZBus =
(3) j0.0469 j0.0531 j0.2219 j0.1562
(4) j0.0563 j0.0437 j0.1562 j0.2125
Step 7: Finally the element 7 connected between two existing nodes node 2 (p = 2) and node 4
(q = 4) is added to the partial network of step 6. The impedance of this element is is z23 = j0.40
pu. This is also a link addition, as shown in Fig. 4.24 and hence the two step precedure will be
(temp)
followed to obtain the [ZBus ] matrix. In the first step the ZBus is calculated after a row and a
123
Figure 4.24: Partial network of Step 7
column are added to the exiting ZBus as follows:
(1) (2) (3) (4) (`)
j0.0719 (Z14 Z12 )
(1) j0.0281 j0.0469 j0.0563
(2) j0.0281 j0.0719 j0.0531 j0.0437 (Z24 Z22 )
(temp)
Z = (3) j0.0469 j0.0531 j0.2219 j0.1562 (Z34 Z32 )
Bus
j0.0563 (Z44 Z42 )
(4) j0.0437 j0.1562 j0.2125
(`) (Z41 Z21 ) (Z42 Z22 ) (Z43 Z23 ) (Z44 Z24 )
Z``
Substituing the values of the elements of impedance matrix one gets:
(1) (2) (3) (4) (`)
j0.0563 j0.281
(1) j0.0719 j0.0281 j0.0469
(2) j0.02810 j0.0719 j0.0531 j0.0437 j0.281
(temp)
Z = (3) j0.0469 j0.0531 j0.2219 j0.1562 j1031
Bus
j0.2125 j0.1688
(4) j0.0563 j0.0437 j0.1562
(`) j0.281 j0.1688 j0.5969
j0.281 j0.1031
where,
Z`` = Z22 + Z44 2Z24 + z24 = j0.0719 + j0.2125 2 j0.0563 + j0.40 = j0.5969 p.u.
The additional row and column ` are to be eliminated to restore the impedance matrix size to
124
(m m), and [ZBus ] after the addition of element 7 is calculated as:
j0.0281
j0.0281
j0.1031 [j0.0281 j0.0281 j0.1031 j0.1688]
j0.0719 j0.0281 j0.0469 j0.0563
j0.0281 j0.1688
j0.0719 j0.0531 j0.0437
[ZBus ] =
j0.469 j0.0531 j0.2219 j0.1562 j0.5969
j0.0563 j0.0437 j0.1562 j0.2125
Hence,
(1) (2) (3) (4)
(1) j0.0705 j0.0295 j0.0420 j0.0483
(2) j0.0295 j0.0705 j0.0580 j0.0517
ZBus =
(3) j0.0420 j0.0580 j0.2041 j0.1271
(4) j0.0483 j0.0517 j0.1271 j0.1648
As can be seen that the final [ZBus ] matrix is a (4 4) matrix, as the network has 4 nodes and
a reference node. As there are 7 elements is the network, 7 steps are required for the formation of
[ZBus ] matrix.
4.2.1 Modifications in the existing [ZBus ] :
If in an existing network, for which the [ZBus ] matrix is known, some modification such as line
removal or line impedance alteration is carried out then the [ZBus ] matrix can be easily modified
without any need of reconstructing the matrix from scratch.
As an example, let the ZBus matrix be the final bus impedance matrix given for the network of
Fig. 4.16. Next, let the element 7 connecting nodes 2 and 4 be removed from the network and it
is required to find the modified ZBus .
Removal of element 7 is equivalent to setting its impedance z24 to infinite. This can be obtained
add org
by connecting a fictitious element z24 in parallel to the existing element z24 such that the resultant
result
impedance z24 is infinite i.e.
1 1 1 1
= + = =0
result
z
24
org
z
24 z add
24
or
add
z24 = z24
org
= j0.40 p.u.
add
Hence, by adding an element z24 = j0.4 p.u. in parallel to z24
org
the removal of line between nodes
2 and 4 can be simulated. The new added fictitious element is a link addition between the two nodes,
p = 2 and q = 4 and is shown in Fig. 4.25 . Hence, this will require a two-step procedure. The
addition of the fictitious element 8 , which is a link, will introduce a temporary row and column.
125
Figure 4.25: Adding a link to simulate the removal of element 7
(temp)
The ZBus is given as:
(1) (2) (3) (4) (`)
j0.0705 (Z14 Z12 )
(1) j0.0295 j0.0420 j0.0483
j0.0295 j0.0705 j0.0580 j0.0517 (Z24 Z22 )
(2)
(temp)
Z = (3) j0.0420 j0.0580 j0.2041 j0.1271 (Z34 Z32 )
Bus
j0.0483 (Z44 Z42 )
(4) j0.0517 j0.1271 j0.1648
(`) (Z41 Z21 ) (Z42 Z22 ) (Z43 Z23 ) (Z44 Z24 )
Z``
Substituting the appropriate values one gets:
(1) (2) (3) (4) (`)
j0.0483 j0.0188
(1) j0.0705 j0.0295 j0.0420
(2) j0.0295 j0.0705 j0.0580 j0.0517 j0.0188
(temp)
Z = (3) j0.0420 j0.0580 j0.2041 j0.1271 j0.0691
Bus
j0.1648 j0.1131
(4) j0.0483 j0.0517 j0.1271
(`) j0.0188 j0.0188 j0.1131 j0.2681
j0.0691
where,
Z`` = Z22 + Z44 2Z24 + z24
add
= j0.0705 + j0.1648 2 j0.0483 + (j0.40) = j0.2681 p.u.
126
The additional row and column is eliminated in the following step:
j0.0188
j0.0188
j0.0691 [j0.0188 j0.0188 j0.0691 j0.1131]
j0.0705 j0.0295 j0.0420 j0.0483
j0.0295 j0.1131
j0.0705 j0.0580 j0.0517
[ZBus ] =
j0.0420 j0.0580 j0.2041 j0.1271 j0.2681
j0.0483 j0.0517 j0.1271 j0.1648
Thus, the final impedance matrix after the removal of element 7 is :
(1) (2) (3) (4)
(1) j0.0719 j0.0281 j0.0469 j0.0563
(2) j0.0281 j0.0719 j0.0531 j0.0437
ZBus =
(3) j0.0469 j0.0531 j0.2219 j0.1562
(4) j0.0563 j0.0437 j0.1562 j0.2125
The obtained ZBus matrix is identical to the ZBus matrix obtained in step 6 of the previous
example, which is the impdance matrix of the network before the addition of element 7.
So far we have considered the ZBus matrix building algorithm without any presence of mutually
coupled elements. In the next lecture, we will take into account the presence of mutually coupled
elements while forming the ZBus matrix.
127
