Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development (RESD) Volume 3 Issue 1, Special Issue, March 2017 - ISSN 2356-8569

http://dx.doi.org/10.21622/RESD.2017.03.1.001

This Paper has been Accepted and Presented in the (First International Conference on New Trends for Sustainable Energy)
1-3 October, 2016 at Pharos University, Alexandria, Egypt.

Simulation of Distance Relay for Load Encroachment

Alleviation with Agent Based Supervision of Zone-3
Mohamed A. Badr, Nabil H. Abassy Emtethal and N. Abdallah
Electrical Engineering Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
[email protected], [email protected],
[email protected]

Abstract - Cascaded tripping of power lines due to Keywords - Distance Relay, Load Encroachment,
mal-operation of zone-3 distance relays has been Hidden Failure, Cascading Blackouts, Agents,
one of the main causes of many previous blackouts Communication, TCP/IP.
worldwide. Encroachment of load into zone-3
characteristics during stressed system operation I. INTRODUCTION
conditions is a basic factor for such mal-operation of
the relays. By improving the operation of zone-3, it is Transmission lines are usually protected by distance
possible to prevent mal-operations so that cascaded relays. The main objective of the distance relaying
line tripping can be avoided.For proper study of the protection scheme is to isolate a faulted line out of
behavior of distance relay during faults and load service as soon as possible to minimize the negative
encroachment phenomenon, we must build a model effect of the fault on the power grid. The secondary
of distance relay, soin this paper a modeling study of objective of the fault isolation is to minimize the
distance relay is implemented using amount of load shedding as a result of the
MATLAB/Simulink program.However, this model is disconnection of lines by distance relay. Distance
distinguished from previous modelsthat, examines in relays are classified as local primary (zone-1) relays,
detail the third zone of distance relay. Many cases secondary (zone-2) relays and remote back up (zone-
are simulated with changing line loading and fault 3) relays [1]. By comparing primary relays with remote
location to ensure the capability of the relay to detect backup relays, remote backup relays require longer
the fault and thus the maximum loadability limit of fault clearing time and also its operation to remove a
distance relay is obtained.In order to prevent fault may lead to larger area of load shedding.
cascading events caused by hidden failures in zone-3 Therefore the distance relaying protection schemes
relays, agent based relay architectures have been are designed in such a way that the remote back up
suggested in the recent past. In such architectures relays do not operate unless it is certainly necessary
each zone-3 relay contains agents that require i.e. when both the zone-1 and zone-2 relays fail to
communication with other agents at various relevant clear the fault.Worldwide analysis of recent wide area
relays in order to distinguish a real zone-3 event from cascading failures has shown that very often these
a temporary overload. In this paper, a local master failures were mainly caused by the mis-operation of
agent is consulted by all zone-3 agents before a the third zone of a distance protection relay [2]. The
tripping decision is made. The master agent hidden failure, load encroachment and power swing
maintains a rule base which is updated based on the phenomena are the most common problems to solve
local topology of the network and real time monitoring when dealing with the third zone of distance
of the status of other relays and circuit breakers. protection [2]. It is well reported that the majority of
Cisco Packet Tracer program is used for running blackouts along with their consequences could have
communication network simulations. The result of the been eliminated if the mal operation of distance relays
simulation indicate that the time estimated to send could have been avoided. Zone-3 is especially
and receive a packet data unit (PDU) message exposed to load encroachment and power swing,
between one relay to anther can satisfy the where all these situations can lead to the measured
communication requirement for the proposed scheme impedance encroachment into the zone-3 area. This
with fiber media. results in relay mal-operation and can be a leading
factor to a large scale blackout occurrence. Despite

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the fact of zone-3 setting encroachment, the system to blackout events [2], [10]. Therefore, Horowitz and
operational conditions may not be dangerous and in Phadke[6] reviewed the distance relaying protection
case of load encroachment the load may be scheme to judge the necessity of the remote back up
permissible due to the transmission lines temporary relays but concluded that the zone-3 relays cannot be
load ability. In case of stable power swing, after some omitted as its elimination will put the power system at
time the system recovers to its normal operation risk . Also, according to a report from the latest 2003
conditions. The important issue is to distinguish blackout in the US [7], many of zone-3 distance relays
whether the third zone area encroachment is a result operated under the overload situation, which further
of fault and the relay should operate, or it is one from stressed the system thereby causing the cascading
abovementioned situations and the relay decision blackout in the end. This kind of relay mal-operation
about tripping should be restrained [3]. may further weaken the system. Zone-3 relays can
incorrectly trip a line due to hidden failures [8], [9].
Modern study discussed and modeled the
characteristics of the Mho relay. In this paper we One of the main objectives of smart grid is to prevent
established a model of distance relaying protection these types of mis-operations of power system
using MATLAB program. In [4] PSCAD/EMTDC protection components, by establishing
Software is used to study the performance of the communication between its components. This paper
relay characteristics with different type of faults (L-G, concerns on zone-3 relay mis-operation. In [11] a
L-L, L-L-G etc.) at different locations. That work distributed agent based supervisory scheme is
presented only the simulation of distance relay during proposed to make zone-3 relays able to withstand
faults. But in our model, we take into account the hidden failure induced tripping, facilitated by
problems that faced the distance relays during faults communication network. In their approach the entire
and normal operations like the effect of ground power grid is populated with software components
resistance during ground faults and the problem of called agents at every relay. Communication
load encroachment respectively. We study the effect architecture is established between hierarchically
of ground resistance by changing the value of ground distinguished master and slave relay agents to help
resistance and studying the effect of it on the making critical decisions. In order to aid the zone-3
impedance of distance relay. Also, we study the relays to distinguish between a real fault and an
problem of load encroachment in our model by unreal fault (due to unexpected loading conditions), in
increasing the value of load gradually till reach to the this paper we establish a simple model of
maximum loadability limit of distance relay. communications between relays using TCP/IP
protocol to help the distance relaying scheme
A hidden failure is a defect (incorrect relay setting or reducing the zone-3 mis-operation further reducing
software or hardware error) in a relay which may go the cascading outages.
unidentified for a long time and gets excited by
another event leading to erroneous removal of circuit The rest of this paper is organized as follows: section
elements [5]. Because of hidden failures, zone-3 II presents the implementation of distance relays
relays may be extra sensitive to temporary line model using MATLAB software. The load
overloading due to transients, results in unreal fault encroachment phenomena and loadabilitly limits of
as a fault in a line and mis-trip even though it is not distance relays are explained briefly in section III.
recognized as a faulty condition by zone-1 or zone-2 Section IV describes the agents rules of zone-3 to
relay. At this instance, if power system is operating avoid mis-operation of distance relay, also presents
under stressed conditions, the hidden failure induced the established model in Cisco Packet Tracer
zone-3 relay mis-trip may initiate other line trips program. Section V concludes the paper.
leading to catastrophic failures like blackouts.
II. MODELING AND SIMULATION OF
According to the analysis of historical blackouts such DISTANCE RELAY
as the 1965 Great North-east blackout, the 1977 New
York blackout and the 1996 western blackout, North Fig. 1 shows the basic distance protection scheme of
American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) a transmission line. The impedance measurement
concluded that the mis-operation of zone-3 relays is inputs are the values of three phase current and
one of the major causes of cascading outages leading voltage signals taken from the current transformer

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(CT) and potential transformer (PT) respectively.

Three phase current and voltage waveforms must be
filtered first to eliminate the harmonic contents which
may present due to arcing of the fault. The filtered
waveforms are then sampled at a selected sampling
frequency before being used digitally inside distance
relay. The relays compare the setting impedance with
the measured impedance to determine if the fault is
inside or outside the protected zone.

Fig .3. Snapshot of the transmission line and load model

Table 1. Fault impedance formula for different faults

Fault Type Formula

Phase A to G VA/( IA+ 3 K0I0)

Phase B to G VB/( IB+ 3 K0I0)

Fig .1. One-line diagram of simulation system Phase C to G VC/( IC+ 3 K0I0)

Phase A to Phase B VAB/( IA- IB)

Distance relays are also named impedance relays
[12]. They are used to calculate line impedance by Phase B to Phase C VBC/( IB- IC)

measurement of voltages and currents at one single Phase C to Phase A VCA/( IC- IA)
end. For example, as shown in Fig. 2 Mho type
distance relays, by comparing the setting value and where,
the measured value the relay can determine if there A, B and C indicate faulty phases, G indicates ground
is a fault or not .Distance relays immediately release line, VA, VB and VC indicate voltage phasors, IA, IB
a trip signal when the impedance value is inside the and IC indicate current phasors, I0 is zero-sequence
zone-1 impedance circle of distance relay. For current, K0= residual compensation factor where K0
security protection consideration, the confirmation of = (Z0-Z1)/3Z, where Z0 = line zero-sequence
a fault occurrence will not be made until successive impedance, Z1 = line positive-sequence impedance.
trip signals are released in one season (faulted
section). In this paper in order to get exact simulation results,
we must establish accurate network model.
Simulink/PSB (power system blockset) is used to
create power system model for simulation. Fig. 3
shows the developed model of transmission line and
load in MATLAB/Simulink. From this figure, it can be
seen that the transmission line is separated into two
equal lines. The reason is to simulate a fault at a
point along the transmission line where the first line
simulates the fault distance from the substation
terminal until fault point while the second line
simulates the remaining distance from fault point until
the end of the transmission line.

When power systems faults occur, the signals may

Fig .2. Distance relay of mho characteristic type
contain high frequency components. As shown in
Fig.4, these higher frequency components must be
Different formulas should be adopted when
eliminated, so we adopt analogue low pass filters in
calculating the fault impedance due to different fault
the simulated systems. After filtration, the only
types. Table 1 indicates calculation formula for all of
remained fundamental voltage and current
the fault types. [13].
waveforms will be passed to FFT blockset. The

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function of FFT blockset is to extract the magnitudes

and phase angles of fundamental three phase current
and voltage phasors. The FFT blockset performs a
Fourier analysis of the input signal over a running
window of one cycle of the fundamental frequency of
the signal. These magnitudes and phase angles are
then used by the fault calculation algorithmblockset to
calculate the impedance of the faulted phase.

mag IR
IR
angle IR

mag IS
IR
IS
angle IS
1 In1 IS
mag IT
3-phase current IT
IT
angle IT

VR mag VR
VR
angle VR
2 In2 VS
Fig .5. L-G Fault at 30 km from Bus-A, Zone-1
3-phase voltage mag VS
VT VS
angle VS
Analog Low Pass Filter Fig. 6 shows R-X diagram for the simulation of LG
mag VT
VT fault at 125 km from the relay location. From the
angle VT
figure the fault is found to be at zone-3, where zone-3
Fourier Analysis
= 100 % of protected line + 150 % of the next
Fig .4. Snapshot of the analysis of 3 phase faulted current and protected line. This figure also shows that there is a
voltage
variation in the relay impedance locus, where this
variation existed only in the beginning of simulation
The parameters of the simulated transmission system
until the relay impedance locus reaches the final
are [13]:
locus
Voltage Rating: 132 kV at 50 Hz
Length of Transmission Line: 50km
Line Impedance:
Z1line = 6.8432
Z1=0.01239+ j0.13630113 /km
Z0=0.1239+j0.4089 /km

Fig. 5 shows R-X diagram for the simulation of LG

fault at 30 km from the relay location at fault
resistance (0.1 ) and maximum torque angle (MTA)
of 60 . From the figure the fault location is found to
be at zone-1, where zone-1 setting = 90% of Zline.

Fig .6. L-G Fault at 125km from Bus-A, Zone-3

The reach of the Mho relay is affected the presence

of fault resistance as shown in the Fig. 7. AB is the
line to be protected, due to fault resistance BC. The
impedance seen by the relay getting out of the
zone.Therefore Mho relay under reaches because of
fault resistance [14].

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zone-3 mho circle and cause an undesired trip. Fig. 9

shows the apparent impedance of the load with
respect to a distance relay with a forward reaching
mho characteristic.

Fig .7. Effect of fault resistance on reach of the relay

Fig. 8 shows R-X diagram for the simulation of LG

fault at 30 km from the relay location. By comparing
fig. 5 and fig. 8 it can be noted that the fault
Fig .9. The apparent load impedance w.r.t mho relay
resistance has deviated the final point of fault
impedance locus far away from zone-1 reach.
For Mho relay impedance settings, minimum trip MVA
is often calculated in accordance with the following
formula [15]:

(0.85 )2
= (1)
()

where,
MVAT = minimum MVA required to trip
VLL = nominal line voltage in kV depressed to 85% of
normal
MTA = maximum torque angle of relay (characteristic
impedance angle)
Zr = relay reach in primary Ohms at MTA
= maximum anticipated phase angle of load.

When using the above calculated loadability limits for

Fig .8. L-G Fault at 30km from Bus-A with Rf = 10 planning or operating purposes, it is important that the
user be advised whether the limits include any
III. LOAD ENCROACHMENT AND margins [16]. By MVA_TEqu. (1), the minimum MVA
LOADABILITY LIMITS OF DISTANCE required to trip in the proposed model is 618 MVA.
RELAYS Fig. 10 shows the R-X diagram where the load
impedance increased to 618 MVA under the normal
The relay impedances zones of protection must be operating condition. It may be noted that the relay
selected carefully in order to avoid load impedance located in the circle of zone-3 so, the relay
encroachment problems. The zone of protection with will see the increasing of load as a fault and the relay
greater risk is zone-3, since it is the Mho circle with will trip the circuit breaker. By comparing with the
the greatest area and closest proximity to the load value of the calculated minimum MVA required to trip,
impedance. Zone-3 settings are certainly vulnerable we will conclude that 618 MVA is approximately the
to load encroachment conditions during high load and minimum value for the occurrence of the load
power swings conditions, which can cause the load encroachment phenomenon for this relay.
impedance to travel towards the boundaries of the

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extreme load conditions and power swing by

introducing an additional blocking signal into the
distance relay. The blocking signal is based on the
DTLR technique monitoring weather conditions and
calculating the overhead conductor temperature and
actual for ambient weather conditions conductor
current limit and the author [19] analyzed this
technique by using MATAB/Simulink.

In the implemented model, different values of

maximum torque angle for example (60, 75, and
90) are applied. As shown in Fig. 11, the simulation
results show that,to increase line loading (greater than
minimum MVA required to trip), the MTA angle can be
adjusted on some relays up to 90 degrees. As
indicated, such adjustments can increase line
loadability as measured along the load apparent
Fig .10. Normal operation at 618 MVA
impedance line. If the applied relay has the capability
of increasing MTA, this method maintains trip
For distance elements, such as "Mho" characteristic,
dependability while increasing loadability security with
the susceptibility of the zone to pickup on load
minimum cost implications.
generally increases as the reach (impedance setting)
is increased. The mho characteristic is most likely to
respond to system transient load changes, but may
also detect steady-state load - especially when it is
heavy and inductive in nature. Alterations in zone
characteristics can be made which will reduce the
susceptibility of distance zone responding undesirably
to a load condition; some of them are outlined as
following [16]:

1. Increase of the torque angle.

2. Adoption of a lens characteristic.
3. Use of blinders.
4. Use of load encroachment characteristic.

Options 1, 2, and 3 above, reduce the susceptibility of

the relay response to heavy load conditions but
reduce the coverage of resistive faults. Option 4 Fig .11. Mho circle torque angle adjustment
presents the most effective and reliable method of
discriminating system faults from heavy load IV. AGENT RULES OF ZONE 3 DISTANCE
conditions. The load encroachment is a protection RELAYS TO PREVENT HIDDEN
feature available in modern line relay packages (for FAILURES AND BLACKOUTS
example: [17], [18]) that enables the protection
engineer to define custom load regions in forward and A. Model
reverse direction. Modern study like [19] improves the
operation of the distance protection relay by Further studies suggested that incorrect operation
introducing a new blocking algorithm using Dynamic performed by zone-3 back up protection relays is due
Thermal Line Rating (DTLR) to restrain relay from to the presence of hidden failures that may trip a
tripping when conditions in electrical power system healthy line instead of a faulty line. Such false trips
allow for it. This reference focused on the possibility of may lead to a sequence of trips resulting in a
Dynamic Thermal Line Rating usage to prevent catastrophic failure like blackout [8].
distance protection relay from tripping in situations of

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In this paper, a distributed agent based supervisory the queried slave relay agent to trip or not to trip the
model is suggested to make zone-3 relays able to line out of service [21].
distinguish between real faults and false faults
specially hidden failures induced tripping, facilitated by In proposed scheme as shown in Fig. 12, each relay
the communication network to become an integral is associated with an agent that has the ability to
parts of the smart grid. Zone-3 relays are often overly communicate with other agents in the network.
sensitive to remote line overloading, and are known to Whenever a relay senses a fault in the transmission
cause mis-trips during cascading failure scenarios. line protected by it, its associated agent records it and
Therefore, providing robustness to zone-3 relays to communicates with other agents protecting the same
minimize the risk of erroneous trips, especially when transmission line in the network to find out if the
hidden failuresare existed [8], is an important problem. perceived fault is real fault or unreal fault. If the
In the proposed schemes, a grid is populated with majority of other relays protecting the same
agents at each relay, and an agent hierarchy is transmission line also sense a fault, classifying it as a
maintained in master/slave relationship. The faulty condition, master agent can advise its
communication established between relay agents associated relay to trip. On the other hand if the
decreases the probability of erroneous zone-3 trips majority of the other relays protecting the same
thereby preventing them from annoying cascading transmission line do not sense a fault, categorizing it
failure scenarios, and reducing the probability of as a fault-free condition,master agent advises the
cascading blackouts. Many studies [20], [21] relay not to trip. This is because the relay might have
discussed this issue and presented different sensed a fault due to temporary loading conditions
approaches and schemes for communications and it is not required for the relay to trip.
between agents.
In this paper we focus only on the communication
It is possible that a fault in a single transmission line between relay agents and estimate the sending and
can be sensed at least by six relays i.e. zone-1, zone- receiving time, and we do not take into account the
2 and zone-3 from both ends of the transmission line. setting of agents. In this work, to gain better
Therefore in order to classify a sensed fault as a real evaluation of communication for the zone-3
fault or an unreal fault, agent of the faulted zone (relay supervision scheme we use Cisco Packet Tracer
that sense fault) has to communicate with at least five program as a communication tools.
other agents. This can result in huge communication
overhead and longer response times. If the total
response time is greater than the relay fault clearing
times, agent based relay supervision scheme does
not serve the intended purpose. Therefore, in order to
reduce the response times, agents are hierarchically
distinguished as slave agents and master agents. A
slave agent associated with a relay is called as "slave
agent" and a master agent associated with a relay is
called as "master agent".

A slave agent relay records the fault status of its

associated relay and reports it to the master agent.
Master agent is endowed with high privileges and
responsibilities. At any given time, a master agent has
the fault status information of all the slave agents
reporting to it. Therefore whenever a relay senses a
fault, its associated slave relay agent records it and
queries the master agent, master agent compares the
queried slave relay agents fault status with the fault Fig .12. Flow chart of the proposed scheme of agent rules
statuses of other slave agent relays protecting the
same transmission line to classify the fault as a real The master agent has the topology of transmission
fault or an unreal fault and respectively acknowledges system within its domain, including the relays and

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breakers. All other agents in the domain are the zone-3 timers. Thus the operation of zone-3 is
considered as slave agents. In the proposed scheme, under the supervision of the master agent. One other
as shown in Fig. 13, whenever a zone-3 relay senses expected benefit of this scheme is the identification of
a fault in its zone as a reduction in impedance, it hidden failures in these relays. For example, in the
queries the domain master agent if any other slave above scenario if any of the listed relay pick-ups is not
agents associated with the associated set of zone-1 observed or other relays (like (14,16)) respond, it is an
and zone-2 relays reported any abnormality. The indication of a hidden failure in the relay that has not
master agent then requests the status of the responded or responded wrongly, in sensing the fault.
remaining slave relay agents. Based on the response
of the other relays, the master agent can decide if
zone-1 or 2 could not clear a fault that zone-3 must
act upon. If not, the zone-3 will periodically query
master agent until the faulty condition is either cleared
or the master agent instructs the zone-3 relay to
continue with its trip timer. This will reduce the
probability of false trips by zone-3 relays. The request,
response delays of communication must be within the
time allowed for zone-3 relays to wait before tripping.
The choice of the networking topology, the
communication protocol, and the physical media of
Fig .14. Part of IEEE-14 bus system
the network will affect these delays. Also, whether to
use the Internet or any other type of networks will also
Many studies [11], [20] presented different types of
have to be decided.
communications and response time. In [11] the study
was experimented with various communication
topologies, protocols, and media to figure out which
topology, media, and protocol would make the
presented scheme feasible. It is clear that with fiber
media, all possible protocols, and topologies will allow
enough slack in latency for the studied scheme to
work. In [20]three different network topologies and
physical media of communication were evaluated to
find out the most suitable network topology and
physical media that meets the time constraints of
zone-3 relay supervision scheme. The networking and
Fig .13. Communications in the proposed scheme
optimization simulation results indicate that the
proposed scheme can reduce the undesirable zone-3
As an illustration, consider a part of the IEEE 14 bus tripping and thus reduce the probability of occurrence
system, as shown in Fig. 14. Consider a fault on the of blackouts. In this paper a model is implemented as
transmission line between buses 10 and 11 in the follows in the next section to study the time of
vicinity of bus 11, the relays that will sense this fault response between mater agent and slave agents. The
are, zone-3 of relays R(9,15), R(12,12) and R(13,20) results of this model give better response, where the
sense this fault. Ideally the zone-1 of relays R(10,17) time of response is less that the time gained before in
and R(11,17), zone-2 of relay R(6,11) and zone-3 of the previous studies.
relays R(9,15), R(12,12), R(13,20) should see the
fault. Based on the response of the relays, the master B. Simulated example:
agent would locate the fault and would allow the zone-
We assume each protection relay to be an agent
3 timers of relays R(9,15), R(12,12), R(13,20) to
which can communicate with master agent directly. In
continue, whereas it would block the zone 3 timer of
this way, relays near a bus/substation compose a
all other relays ((14,16) in this case). If there is any
local area network (LAN) which uses Ethernet as link
zone-1 or zone-2 relay operation and subsequent
layer protocol. Then relays can send message from
circuit breaker operation, resulting in a successful
this LAN to other LANs or master agent through
clearing of the fault, the master agent would silence all

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routers. The links between LANs are fibers media. transmission line it is protecting. Master agent
This simulation actually simulates various TCP/IP acknowledges by providing the fault status of the
based protocols for communication. respective set of relays. In order to achieve this,
master agent needs to have a set of rules of which
We use Cisco Packet Tracer program tool for running relays fault status along with its zones of protection, it
communication network simulations. We apply our has to provide for a particular zone-3 slave agent
simulation on 7 buses of IEEE-14 bus system. In this request.
simulation we put a router at each bus and we
connect between buses by fiber cables and each C. Results:
router has IP address as shown in Fig. 15. Table 2
shows IP addresses of any cable at the start bus or Table 3 shows the time required to send a packet data
router to end bus or router. unit (PDU) message between one relay to anther after
running the model built in Cisco Packet Tracer
program.

Table 3. Time estimated to send a PDU between relays

Time Time
Bus to Bus Bus to Bus
(msec) (msec)

Bus 12 to Bus 6 2
Bus 6 to Bus 12 1

Bus 13 to Bus 6 2
Bus 6 to Bus 13 1

Bus 11 to Bus 6 2
Bus 6 to Bus 11 1

Fig .15. 7 Buses of 14 IEEE bus system in Cisco Packet Tracer Bus 13 to Bus 12 2
Bus 12 to Bus 13 1
program
Bus 13 to Bus 14 1 Bus 14 to Bus 13 2
Table 2. IP addresses for fiber cables
Bus 9 to Bus 14 1 Bus 14 to Bus 9 2
Start Bus End Bus
Bus to bus (router to
(Router) (Router) Bus 9 to Bus 10 1 Bus 10 to Bus 9 2
router)
IP Address IP Address
Router 6-To-Router 11 16.0.0.1 16.0.0.2 Bus 10 to Bus 11 1 Bus 11 to Bus 10 2

Router 6-To-Router 12 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2

Router 6-To-Router 13 17.0.0.1 17.0.0.2 These results indicate that the delays can satisfy the
Router 12-To-Router 13 11.0.0.1 10.0.0.2 communication requirement for our scheme with Fiber
Router 13-To-Router 14 12.0.0.1 12.0.0.2
media.
Router 14-To-Router 9 13.0.0.1 13.0.0.2
V. CONCLUSION
Router 11-To-Router 10 15.0.0.2 15.0.0.1
Router 10-To-Router 9 14.0.0.2 14.0.0.1 This paper presents undesired operation of distance
relay third zone due to load encroachment and hidden
A master agent at any given instance has the failures in power system networks. In this paper a
complete knowledge of all relays and breaker status in model of distance relay is built using
its region. A slave agent, whenever it senses a fault, MATLAB/Simulink package, inside the modeling
sends the fault status of its relay to the master agent. single line to ground fault is chosen to be the fault
Thus master agent has up-to-date information of all type and Mho characteristics is chosen to be as the
relays/breaker status. At any given time, slave agent protection scheme. A graphical user interface (GUI) is
has the ability to contact master agent for any created using GUI package inside MATLAB for the
required information like fault status of other relays. A developed model. The phenomenon of load
zone-3 slave relay agent queries the master agent for encroachment is simulated in the established model
the fault status of all relevant relays as soon as it by changing the value of load until reach the value of
senses a fault due to a drop in impedance of the zone-3 setting. Also the value of maximum load ability

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 Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development (RESD) Volume 3 Issue 1, Special Issue, March 2017 - ISSN 2356-8569
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