Index
Sr.No Activites Page.No
1. To measure resistance,voltage(AC/DC), 1-6
current(AC) and check continuity of a given
circuit using multimeter.
2. To assemble a household circuit comprising 7-8
three bulbs, three(on/off) switches, a fuse and
a power source
3. To draw the diagram of a given open circuit 9
comprising at least a battery, resistor/rheostat,
key,ammeter and voltmeter.Mark the
components that are not connected in proper
order and correct the circuit and also the
circuit diagram.
4. To identity a diode, an LED , a transistor, an 10 - 11
IC, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed
collection of such items.
5. To observe polarisation of light using two 13
polaroids.
Page 1 of 13
Activity 1
Aim To measure resistance, voltage(AC/DC), current(AC) and check
continuity of a given circuit using multimeter.
Apparatus and Material
Three carbon resistors, one standard resistance coil, a battery eliminiator with
tapping(2V,4V, and 6V), a step down transformer(6-0-6V) with two tappings
(2V and 4V), a resistor of 100 ohm, a plug key and multimeter
Theory
Multimeter.It is a single measuring device acting as an Ammeter, a
Voltmeter and an Ohmmeter.For this reason, it is also called AVO meter.
It can measure alternating as well as direct current and alternating as well
as direct voltage in addition to resistance.For this purpose its panel is divided
into five different sections.There are many ranges in each section so that it can
measure from micro(10-6) to mega(106) units.Rotation of a knob changes the
section and the range in one section.
- Rotation of knob for change in ammeter range,brings shunt resistances of
different values in circuit in parallel with the coil.
- Rotation of knob for change in voltmeter range,brings series resistances of
different values in circuit in series with the coil.
- Rotation of knob for change in ohmmeter range, brings different
resistances in circuit in series with the multimeter cell.
1. Carbon resistors are frequently used in electrical and electronic circuits and
their values vary over a very wide range.A colour code is used to indicate
the value of the resistance.
2. A carbon resistance has four different concentric coloured rings or bands
on its surface.The first three bands a,b and c determine the value of the
resistance and the fourth band d gives the percentage of accuracy called
tolerance.The resistance of carbon resistor R=(ab x 10c +-T %).
3. To read the value of carbon resistance, the following sentence is found to
be of much more helpful. Page 2 of 13
B B R O Y Great Britain Very Good Wife
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
The bold face letter B,B,R,O,Y,G,B,V,G and W, in above sentence correspond
to the colours Black,Brown,Red,Orange,Yellow,Green,Blue, Violet,Grey, and
White respectively for a and b, while for the third c , they correspond to the
multipliers 100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108 and 109 .
4. The following table provides the colour code for the carbon resistors:
Letter Colour Figure Multiplier Colour (for the Tolerance
(helpful to a.b. (c) fourth band) T
memory)
B Black 0 10 Gold 5%
B Brown 1 101 Silver 10%
R Red 2 102 No colour 20%
O Orange 3 103
Y Yellow 4 104
G Green 5 105
B Blue 6 106
V Violet 7 107
G Grey 8 108
W White 9 109
Gold 10-1
Silver 10-2
Procedure
1. Mark the given carbon resistors as R1,R2,R3.
2. Note the colour of first,second,third and fourth ring for each resistor.
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3. Plug in the probes of the multimeter in appropriate terminals.Select the
appropriate range,short the other ends of probes and adjust zero.Turn the
terminal marked Adjust such that the needle of the meter shows full scale
deflection and reads zero ohm.
4. Separate the metallic ends of the probes.Insert the resistor R1 to be
measured in between the metallic ends of the two probes and read the
deflection of the pointer on the range selected.
5. Repeat the step 4 for other resistors R2 and R3 each time selecting the
appropriate range and testing the zero.
6. Now convert using the colour code table,the values of resistors in ohms
and write their values with tolerance.
(b) D.C. Voltage
1. Select a D.C. source of potential difference, 6V battery eliminator or a
battery.
2. Plug the probes black in com and red in +.
3. Select D.C. volt, by turning the selector switch to range 10V D.C. volts.
4. Touch and press other ends of probes such that red is on battery terminal
marked+ and black on [Fig.(b)] and not the reading.
5. Insert red probe in terminals marked 4V,2V in succession and note
readings.
(c) A.C. Volts
1. Turn the selector A.C.(200 Volt).
2. Touch and press the probes other ends to two terminals of A.C. source of
potential drop and note the reading.
3. Use red probe in terminals 4V and 2V in succession and record the reading.
(d) Continuity of given circuit [Fig.(d)]
1. Set the selector switch to ohm, range M.
2. Touch and press the ends of probes at A and B, full scale deflection
indicates continuity.
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3. Similarly check in succession the continuity between terminls B and C and
terminals C and D.
Never place the probes ends between terminals connected with the terminals of
the battery.
In digital electronic multimeter for continuity test rotor is set to
mark 0 and a buzzer sounds when probes are conneted to ends of components
tested.
Observations
(a) Measurement of Resistance:
Resistor Colour and codes of Ring Value and Value by %
used tolerance multimeter() Differnce
1 2 3 4
from colour
code ()
R1 Orange Red Brown Silver 32x101+-5% 330 +10.0
R2
R3
(b) Measurement of Voltage :
A.C. or Obs. Voltage between Voltage reading as Difference in
D.C. Volts S.No. terminals measured by multimeter Voltage reading
V(Volt) and volt.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
Page 5 of 13
Inference
1. The measured values by multimeter match with decoded values of
resistors.
2. A.C. and D.C. voltages marked on voltage sources match with voltage
measured by multimeter.
Precautions
1. Instructions for handling the multimeter should be gone through
thoroughly as it is a very handy instrument and is likely to get damaged if
carelessly or ignorantly used.
2. Select the appropriate parameter current, voltage or resistance to the
measured and set it on appropriate range.
3. If range of the parameter measured is not known,start with maximum. For
measuring V ,never connect more than maximum 600V.
Page 6 of 13
Activity-2
Aim- To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs,three(on/off)
switches a fuse and a power source.
Apparatus and Material
Apparatus.No apparatus required in assembling a circuit.
Material.Three bulbs(6V , 1W) each, fuse of 0.6A, main switch a power
supply(battery eliminator), thre(on/off) switches flexible connecting wire with
red and black plastic covering, a fuse wire.
Supplementary.Main electric board with a two-pin socket and main switch.
Theory
Electricity supplied to us for domestic purposes is 220V A.C. and
50Hz.The household circuit, all appliances are connected in parallel with
mains.The switches are connected in series with each appliances in live wire.5A
switches are required for normal appliances like,bulbs,fluorescent tubes fans
etc.15A sockets and switches are required for heavy load appliances like,
refrigerator,air conditioner,geyser,hot plates etc.All appliances must have three
wires called live, neutral and the earth.Total power consumption P at a time
P=P1+P2+P3+.
where P1,P2,P3 are the powers drawn by appliances.
To protect the appliances from damage when unduly high currents are
drawn fuse of little higher rating, 10 to 20% higher than the current normally
drawn by all appliances.For further safety, a suitable value MAINS FUSE like
rating 32A is connected in series with supply source.
Procedure
1. Connect the bulbs B1,B2 and B3 in series S1,S2 and S3 respectively and
connect each set of B-S in parallel with each other.
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2. Connect main supply to a step-down transformer(battery eliminator) to get
required voltage from 0 to 10V(0,2,4,6,8 and 10V).
3. Connect the mains fuse M.S. in series with the power supply(battery
eliminator).
4. Connect an A.C. ammeter in series with the B-S set.
5. Connect one end of power supply to one end of B-S set.
6. Check the circuit one again to ensure that household circuit is complete.
7. Gradually increase the current to 0.75A, the fuse must burn off at about
0.6A.
Page 8 of 13
Activity-3
Aim- To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a
battery,resistor/rheostat,key.ammeter and voltmeter.Mark the components that
are not connected in proper order and correct the circuit and also the circuit
diagram.
Apparatus and Material
A battery eliminator or a battery(0 to 6V),rheostat,resistance box(0 to 100),
two or one way key, D.C. ammeter(0-3)A and a D.C. voltmeter(0-3) V.
Theory
An open circuit is the combination of primary components of electric circuit in
a such a manner that on closing the circuit no current is drawn fron the battery .
Procedure
Ammeter.It should be connected in series, with the battery eliminator.
Voltmeter.It should be connected in parallel to the resistor.
Rheostat.It should be connected in series(in plasce of resistance coil) with the
battery eliminator.
Resistance coil.It should be connected in parallel(in place of rheostat).
One way key.It should be connected in series to the battery eliminator.
Page 9 of 13
Activity-4
Aim- To identify a diode,an LED, a transistor,an IC, a resistor and a capacitor
from a mixed collection of such items.
Apparatus and Material
Apparatus.Multimeter
Material.Above mixed collection of items.
Theory
For identification, appearance and working of each items will have to be
considered.
1. A diode is a two terminal device.It conducts when forward biased and
does not conduct when reverse biased.It does not emit light while
conducting.Hence, it does not glow.
2. A LED(light emitting diode) is also a two terminal device.It also conducts
when forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased.It emits
light while conducting.Hence it glow.
3. A transistor is a three terminal device.The terminals represent emitter(E),
base(B) and collector(C).
4. An IC(integrated circuit) is a multi-terminal device in form of a chip.
5. A resistor is also a two terminal device.It conducts when either forward
biased or reverse biased.(Infact there is no forward or reverse bias for a
resistor).It conduct even when operated with A.C. voltage.
6. A capacitor is also a two terminal device.It does not conduct when either
forward biased or reverse biased.When a capacitor is connected to a D.C.
source, then multimeter shows full scale current initially but it decay to
zero quickly.It is because that initially a capacitor draw a charge.
The components to be identified are shown in figure.
Page 10 of 13
Procedure
1. If the item has four or more terminals and has form of a chi, it is an
IC(integrated circuit).
2. If the item has three terminals, it is a transistor.
3. If the item has two terminals,it may be diode, a LED, a resistor or a
capacitor.
To differentiate proceed as ahead.
4. Put the selector on resistance R of multimeter for checking the
continuity.The probe metal ends are inserted in terminal marked on the
multimeter as common and P (or + ve).
If such that the black one is in common and red probe is in P(or + ve).On
touching the two ends of the device to the two other metal ends of probes.
1. If pointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and does not move
when reversed and there is no light emission, the item is a diode.
2. If the pointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and does not move
when reversed and there is light emission, the item is a LED.
3. If the pointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and also when
reversed, the item is resistor.
4. If pointer does not move when voltage is applied in one way and also when
reversed, the item is a capacitor.
Observations
No. of Number of Name of device No. of Possible current flow Name of
Obs legs Obs device
1. More than 3 IC 4. Unidirectional emit no Diode
light.
2. Three Transistor
5. Unidirectional wmit LED
3. Two Capacitor,Diode, light.
LED or resistor
6. Both Direction(Steady) Resistor
7. Intial high but decays to Capacitor
zero
Page 11 of 13
Activity-5
Aim- To observe polarisation of light using two polaroids.
Apparatus
Thin glass sheet, a source giving monochromatic light beam with parallel rays, a
Polaroid.
Theory
When an unpolarised light is made incident on the interface of two transparent
media at polarising angle, the refracted and reflected rays depart from each
other at an angle of 90.
The reflected ray is completely plane polarised.It can be tested by a
polaroid.
Procedure
1. Keep the thin glass sheet in a horizontal plane surface with a hole under the
sheet.
2. Take a beam of monochromatic light having parallel rays and make it
incident on the upper face of the glass sheet.
3. Adjust the angle of incidence to 57.5.
4. Observe the reflected rays and the refracted rays.They must make an angle
of 90 with each other.
Testing of Polarisation
i. Take a polaroid(P) and keep it in between incident light and your
eyes.Rotate it about an axis along incident ray.No change of intensity of
light will be detected.It is so because the incident light is unpolarised
ii. Take the second polaroid(A) and place it at a proper distance between
polaroid (P) and eye and parallel to it.Light is visible through them.
iii. Now rotate the polaroid(A) ranging from 0 to 360.Keeping the
polaroid(P) fix and note the intensity of transmitted light.
iv. When polaroid (A) and polaroid(P) at 90 than transmitted light through
Page 12 of 13
polaroid(A) will be zero.
Result
When the two polaroids are parallel to each other light transmitted through
it.But when they are perpendicular, there is no transmitted light.The light
obtained through polaroid(P) is plane polarised.The light has transverse nature.
Precautions
i. Two polaroids and source of light should be in a straight line.
ii. Rotate only second polarised from 0 to 360.
It is so, because the reflected light is completely plane polarised.
Figure shows the arrangement for testing the polarisation of light by tourmaline
crystals which act as polaroids.
Page 13 of 13
