DAFTAR ISI

BOILER

BAB I : PENDAHULUAN ..................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Sejarah dan Perkembangan Boiler .................................................................................... 1
1.2 Pengertian ....................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Jenis Boiler ....................................................................................................................... 4
1.3.1 Fire Tube Boiler ..................................................................................................... 4
1.3.2 Water Tube Boiler .................................................................................................. 5
1.3.3 Package Boiler (Boiler mini) ................................................................................. 6
1.3.4 Circulated Fluidized Bed (CFB) ............................................................................ 7
1.3.5 Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustion (AFBC) Boiler ....................................... 9
1.3.6 Stoker Fired Boilers ............................................................................................... 10
a. Spreader stokers .............................................................................................. 10
b. Chain-grate atau traveling-grate stoker ......................................................... 11
1.3.7 Pulverize Fuel Boiler ............................................................................................. 12
a. Tangential Burner ........................................................................................... 12
b. Front and Rear Burner ................................................................................... 13
1.3.8 Boiler Limbah Panas HRSG (Heat Recovery Steam Generator) ........................... 14

BAB II : BAGIAN-BAGIAN UTAMA BOILER .................................................................. 16

2.1 Water and Steam System ..................................................................................................... 19
2.1.1 Steam Drum ........................................................................................................... 19
a. Feed Inlet Water .............................................................................................. 20
b. Riser Tubes ...................................................................................................... 20
c. Baffle Plates .................................................................................................... 20
d. Primary and Secondary Separator ................................................................. 21
e. Dryer ........................................................................................................... 22
2.1.2 Superheater ........................................................................................................... 22
a. Superheater Platen .......................................................................................... 23
b. Superheater Konveksi ..................................................................................... 24
2.1.3 Reheater ................................................................................................................ 26

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 2.1.4 Economizer ........................................................................................................... 28
2.1.5 Downcomer ........................................................................................................... 29
2.1.6 Wall Tube/Riser (Pipa-Pipa Air) ............................................................................. 30
2.1.7 Boiler Circulating Pump ....................................................................................... 30
2.2 Air anda Gas System .......................................................................................................... 32
2.2.1 FD Fan ................................................................................................................... 32
2.2.2 ID Fan .................................................................................................................... 33
2.2.3 PA Fan .................................................................................................................. 34
2.2.4 Air Heater ........................................................................................................... 34
2.2.5 Steam Coil Air Preheater ....................................................................................... 36
2.2.6 Gas Recirculation Fan ........................................................................................... 37
2.3 Fuel and Firing System ...................................................................................................... 38
2.3.1 Silo (Bunker) ........................................................................................................... 38
2.3.2 Coal Feeder (Pengumpan) ...................................................................................... 38
2.3.3 Pulveriser/Mill ....................................................................................................... 40
a. Grinding .......................................................................................................... 41
b. Drying ............................................................................................................. 41
c. Classification .................................................................................................. 41
2.3.4 Burner ................................................................................................................ 42
2.4 Furnace Cleaning System .................................................................................................. 43
2.4.1 Sootblower .............................................................................................................. 43
a. Jenis ................................................................................................................ 44
b. Pengoperasian ................................................................................................. 46
2.5 Alat Bantu Lainnya ............................................................................................................ 46
2.5.1 Safety Valve ............................................................................................................ 46
2.5.2 Valve ..................................................................................................................... 48
a. Boiler Stop Valve ............................................................................................. 48
b. Drain Valve ..................................................................................................... 48
c. Venting Valve .................................................................................................. 50
d. Valve Resirkulasi Economizer ........................................................................ 50
e. Spray Attemperator Valve ............................................................................... 51
f. Valve Pengatur Air Pengisi (High Feed Regulating Valve) ........................... 51
2.5.3 Blowdown System (Steam Drum) ............................................................................ 53
a. Blowdown Sewaktu-waktu (Intermittent) ........................................................ 53

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 2.5.3.2 Blowdown Kontinyu ................................................................................. 54
2.5.3.3 Perhitungan Blowdown ............................................................................ 55
2.5.3 Chemical Injection System (Steam Drum : Phospat Injection) .............................. 56

BAB III : SISTEM KERJA .................................................................................................... 58

3.1 Boiler System ...................................................................................................................... 58
3.2 Water and Steam ................................................................................................................ 59
3.2.1 Water Steam ....................................................................................................... 59
a. Main Water System ......................................................................................... 60
1. Air Pengisi .................................................................................................. 60
2. Air Penambah ............................................................................................. 62
b. Jenis-Jenis Boiler Berdasarkan Sirkulasi Air Di Dalam Wall Tube................. 62
1. Sirkulasi Alami ........................................................................................... 62
2. Sirkulasi Paksa ........................................................................................... 63
3.2.2 Steam System .................................................................................................... 64
3.3 Air and Gas System ....................................................................................................... 65
3.3.1 Proses Pembakaran ................................................................................................. 65
3.3.2 Sirkulasi ................................................................................................................ 66
3.4 Fuel and Firing System ...................................................................................................... 67
3.4.1 Coal ....................................................................................................................... 67
3.4.2 Oil ....................................................................................................................... 69

BAB IV : PEMELIHARAAN ................................................................................................ 75

4.1 Boiler Cleaning ....................................................................................................... 75
4.2 Pembersihan Outside Boiler (Boiler Minyak) ................................................................... 75
4.3 Pembersihan HP Heater .................................................................................................... 80
4.4 Efisiensi Boiler ................................................................................................................ 83
4.4.1 Metode Langsung ................................................................................................... 85
4.4.2 Metode Tidak Langsung ........................................................................................ 86

BAB V : PROTEKSI ............................................................................................................... 93

5.1 Proteksi Metal Boiler ....................................................................................................... 93
5.1.1 Pembentukan Kerak ............................................................................................... 93
5.1.2 Korosi ................................................................................................................... 95

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 5.1.3 Pembentukan Deposit ............................................................................................. 96
5.1.4 Priming and Carry Over ........................................................................................ 96
5.1.5 Slagging and fouling .............................................................................................. 98
a. Slagging .......................................................................................................... 98
b. Fouling ........................................................................................................... 99
5.2 Proteksi Boiler ................................................................................................................ 100
5.2.1 Drum Level Very Low ............................................................................................ 100
5.2.2 Drum Level High .................................................................................................... 100
5.2.3 Critical Flame Out ................................................................................................. 100
5.2.4 All Flame Loss ....................................................................................................... 100
5.2.5 Hand Trip ....................................................................................................... 101
5.2.6 Furnacew Pressure High ....................................................................................... 101
5.2.7 Furnace Pressure Low ........................................................................................... 101
5.2.8 Reheat Protection ................................................................................................... 101
5.2.9 Both Force Draught Fan Stop ................................................................................ 101
5.2.10 Both Induce Draught Fan Stop ............................................................................... 102
5.2.11 Both Primary Air Fan Stop ..................................................................................... 102

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