PROFILE ON IMMUNIZATION STATUS
P. SURESH C.R.R.I
S. SUDHARSHINI C.R.R.I
Field Work done in WARD NO 21
Area : Erulappapuram
Arunthathiyar Street,
Vattavilai.
More than 90% of worlds children are born each year in
developing countries of 35,000 of them die each day. The tragedy lies in
the fact that most of these deaths occur due to common preventable
diseases of problem health & illness of these children are the result of not
only physical of genetic fathers but also of a complex dynamic of social,
environment, political of economical factors and only combined
intervention can successfully bring to a halt the morbidity of mortality
that plagues these unfortunate children.
Each year 12.9 million children die 28% of deaths caused by
pneumonia, 23% by diarrhoeal diseases 16% by vaccine preventable
diseases. Overall 65% of child deaths are preventable at a low cost.
The 6 VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASE (Measles, Polio,
diphtheria Perheris, Tetanus, TB) kill, blind, nipple of retard some to
million children every year.
Experience has proved that immunization is me of the most cost
effective means of controlling infectious diseases. It was the widespread
use of vaccines that led to the global eradication of small pox of the
elimination of poliomyelitis from the west.
Once Immunization is every child right, we thought of surveying
on the Immunization status of children in the Ward No.21.
What is Immunization
Immunitas (Latin word) to be protected
It is a process of introducing immunity artificially by administering an
antigenic immunobiologic agent.
Immunization
Active Passive
Active Immunization
It consists of inducting the body to develop defences against
disease by the administration of vaccines or toxoids that stimulate the
immune system to produce antibodies and cellular immune responses that
protect against the infectious agent.
Passive Immunization
It consists of providing temporary protection through the
administration of exogenously produced antibody, either from human or
animal source
Immunizing Agents
Immunizing Agents include vaccines, toxoids, antibodies
containing preparation.
Vaccine
A suspension of live attenuated or killed microorganisms or
antigenic portion of these agents presented to a potential host to induce
immunity of prevent disease
National Immunization Schedule
The Indian version of WHO EPI was launched on Nov 19, 1985 as
The Universal Immunization Programme of wad dedicated to the
memory of Smt. Indhra Gandhi.
Storage, Distribution of Disporal of Vaccines
Cold Chain
The cold chain is a system for distribution of vaccine is a potent
state from the manufactures to the actual vaccination site.
The cold main to necessary because vaccines are sensitive to heat.
It the vaccines are exposed to heat, they will have a shortened life. Some
vaccines are more sensitive than others. The following vaccines are listed
in order of heat sensitivity.
Polio
Measles
DPT
BCG
Tentative
When the vaccines lose their potency, they can no longer protect
individual from disease.
The cold chair equipment consists of the following:-
(A) Cold Box
(B) Vaccine Carrier
(C) Flasks
(D) Icepacks
(E) Refrigerator / Freezer
Vaccine which should be stored in a freezer compartment are
(i) BCG
(ii) OPV
(iii) Measles
(iv) Yellow Fenes
Vaccines which must be stored in cold part but never allowed to freeze:
(i) Typhoid
(ii) DPT, DT
(iii) TT
(iv) Dilverts
Adverse effects following vaccination
The most common extraneous allergen is egg protein in vaccines
prepared in embryo-sated egg. Such as measles, mumps, influence, of YF
vaccines
The adverse reactions are categorized as follow:-
(A) Local Reactions
Pain
Swelling
Redness
Tenderness
Nodule or sterile abscess
(B) General Reactions
Fever
Malaise
Headache
Rashes
(C) Hypersensitivity Reactions
Anaphylactic Reaction
Serum Sickness
(D) Neurological Reactions
Encephalopathy
Encephalitis
Hemiplegics Paraplegia
Seizures
GB syndrome
Optic Nanites
(E) Provocative Reactions
(F) Reactions due to faulty technique
(G) Miscellaneous
SIDS
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia
CONTRAINDICATIONS TO IMMUNIZATION
(As laid down by the international advisory committee on
immunization practice)
Valid Contraindications
(1) Anaphylactic reaction to vaccine / vaccine components.
(2) Moderate or severe illness with or without low grade fever.
Invalid Contraindications
(1) Mild to moderate local reaction
(2) Mild quite illness with or without low grade fever
(3) Current antimicrobial therapy
(4) Convalesunce
(5) Primal unity
(6) Recent exposure to an infectious disease
(7) H/o non-specific or penicillin allergy
Immunization status of children in Ward 21.
Fully Immunized:
A Child is said to be fully immunized if the child has received the
foll vaccine within iye of age
GCG, OPV DPT, OPV I, II, III dores & Measles
CONCLUSION:
Adequate control of vaccine preventable disease in the developing
world can thus only be achieved by informing all patients / their parents /
guardian about the benefits of immunization. The discussions should be
carried out by the doctors of Auxiliary Health workers in a language
intelligible to the patients party. Adequate surveillance and prompt
reporting of disease to local or state health departments are also essential
to this goal.
Report
Of the 27 children, 5 were not immunized up to age. i.e. 81.4% of
the children in the ward 21 were immunized up to age of the rest 19% of
the children, 3 babies were not immunized as they were ill at the time of
vaccination and mothers feared of adverse reaction following
immunization, I baby was not immunized due to lack of awareness
among pare its and I babys immunization status not known as they
moved to come other place.
