Advanced Communication Systems

CSE426(Fall 2008)
WEEK 1
Lecture 1

Lecturer Madeeha Owais

20th November 2008

 Presentation Credits

 Professor Andrea Goldsmith, Stanford

University,USA
 Professor Mingbo Xiao,Xiamen
University,China
 Course Objectives

 The course aims at providing you an introduction to the

theory and practical know-how about the Advanced
Communication Systems such as Cellular Mobile and
Satellite Communications
 The basic and under-lying technical concepts, which
are essential for the design, implementation, and
research in the Radio Communication Systems will be
presented while discussing practical problems and case
studies of the already in-use systems.
 Introduction to
Wireless Communications
 James Clerk Maxwell B
(1831 – 1879)  E  
t
D
Scottish, Professor of  H  J 
physics, King’s College (London) t
and Cambridge University.  D  
Formulated the theory of
electromagnetism from 1865 to  B  0
1873.

His work established the theoretical foundation for the development of wireless
communications.

"From a very long view of the history of mankind - seen from, say, ten thousand years from now - there can
be little doubt that the most significant event of the 19th century will be judged as Maxwell's discovery of the
laws of electrodynamics. The American Civil War will fade into provincial insignificance in comparison with
this important scientific event of the same decade."

Richard Feynman, Lectures on Physics, Vol. II

 Wireless History
• ”Pre-historic” times: smoke signals, bonfires, lighthouses, torches
• 1895: first radio transmission (Marconi, Isle of Wight, 18 mile distance)
• 1915: Wireless voice transmission established between San Francisco
and New York
• 1945: Arthur C. Clarke(sci-fi writer) suggests geostationary satellites
• 1946: Public mobile telephony introduced in 25 US cities
• 1947: Invention of cellular concept (AT&T)
• 1957: First deployed communication satellite (Sputnik, Soviet Union)
 Wireless History
• 1963: First deployed geostationary satellite (NASA)
• 1971: First packet-based radio network (ALOHANET, Univ. of Hawaii)
• 1983: First analog cellular system deployed (Chicago)
• 1985: Unlicensed frequency bands first authorized for WLAN use
• 1990: First digital cellular systems (”2G”)
• 1990 onwards:Cellular has enjoyed exponential growth since 1988, with
almost 3 billion users worldwide today
 Ignited the wireless revolution
 Voice, data, and multimedia becoming ubiquitous
 Use in third world countries growing rapidly
• 2000 - now: Standardization of 3rd generation mobile communication
systems, WLANs, WPANs, sensor network radios,so and so forth....!
Timeline of Wireless Communications Development . . .

Guglielmo Marconi Martin Cooper,

Prof. H. Hertz (1857- 2003 - US cellular
(1874-1937) Motorola, develops
1894) experimental subscribers
development of first handheld cellular
validation of Maxwell exceed 150M
wireless telegraphy phone in 1973
1886-1888 at Karlsruhe
trans-Atlantic 1901

1920

1880 1900 1940 1960 1980 2000

1860

KDKA Radio -1920 Two-way mobile

radio services
Prof. J. Maxwell 1960s – 1970s
(1831-1879) theory 1983 - Cellular
of electromagnetism First television
AMPS service in
developed in 1865 broadcast -1928
Chicago
 Overview of Formal Telecommunications
Standards Organizations

 ITU
 The International Telecommunication Union is the
oldest international organization, established to
standardize and regulate international radio and
telecommunications.
 Its main tasks include standardization, allocation of
the radio spectrum, and organizing interconnection
arrangements between different countries to allow
international phone calls.
 Overview of Formal Telecommunications
Standards Organizations

 ETSI
 The European Telecommunications Standards Institute
(ETSI) is an independent, non-profit, standardization
organization of the telecommunications industry (equipment
makers and network operators) in Europe, with worldwide
projection.

 ETSI has been successful in standardizing the GSM cell phone

system.
 Overview of Formal Telecommunications
Standards Organizations

 TIA
 The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) is a
global trade association headquartered in the United States
that represents about 600 telecommunications companies.

 TIA helps create universal networking and education standards

for the telephony, data networking, and convergence industry
 Overview of Formal Telecommunications
Standards Organizations
 3GPP
 The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is a collaboration between
groups of telecommunications associations, to make a globally applicable
third generation (3G) mobile phone system specification within the scope of
the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 project of the
International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

 3GPP specifications are based on evolved Global System for Mobile

Communications (GSM) specifications. 3GPP standardization encompasses
Radio, Core Network and Service architecture.

 The groups are the European Telecommunications Standards Institute,

Association of Radio Industries and Businesses/Telecommunication
Technology Committee (ARIB/TTC) (Japan), China Communications
Standards Association , Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions
(North America) and Telecommunications Technology Association (South
Korea).The project was established in December 1998.
The ElectroMagnetic
Spectrum
 Radio Spectrum
RADIO IR VISIBLE UV X-RAYS GAMMA RAYS

RADIO

VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF

3kHz 30kHz 300kHz 3MHz 30MHz 300MHz 3GHz 30GHz 300GHz

VLF: Very Low Frequency LF: Low Frequency

MF: Medium Frequency HF: High Frequency
VHF: Very High Frequency UHF: Ultra High Frequency
SHF: Super High Frequency EHF: Extremely High Frequency
 Radio Wave
 Characterized by:
 oscillating in time at its frequency.
 traveling through the air at the speed of light:
c = 300,000,000 meters per sec
 characterized by wavelength, 
wavelength = the distance the wave travels as it goes through one
period (or cycle) of oscillation:

c meters sec meters

  
f cycles sec cycle
 Frequency bands and wavelengths

 Different frequency for the carrier exhibit different physical

properties

 propagation beyond the horizon

 energy absorption by the air
 propagation through rain, walls, etc.
 attenuation with distance
 sources of noise
 The amount by which frequencies are affected by above properties
varies.
 These properties can be better understood in terms of the
wavelengths of the radiation.
 Wavelengths of Freq bands




VLF, LF  long waves
MF  medium waves
HF, VHF  short waves
UHF, SHF  microwaves
 Propagate well beyond line of sight

The distance the signal travels decreases

as the frequency increases in a single cycle
 EHF  millimeter waves or for a given power.

 Above microwave region, only certain windows of frequencies

propagate freely through air, rain, etc.
 Infrared and visible light will not penetrate walls
 X-rays and gamma rays interact with matter
Wireless Spectrum-Methods of Allocation
 Govt agencies responsible for allocating and controlling
 Commercial Allocation
 Military Allocation
 Allocation and Licensing
 Spectral Auction and Licensing
 Underlay systems

Innovations in regulation being considered worldwide,

including underlays, overlays, and cognitive radios
 Spectrum Regulation
 Worldwide spectrum controlled by ITU-R
 Spectral Allocation in US controlled by FCC
(commercial) or OSM (defense)
 Spectral Allocation in Europe controlled by ETSI
(commercial)
 Regulation is a necessary evil.
 Fragmentation in Wireless Systems??

Multimedia Requirements
Voice Data Video
Delay <100ms - <100ms
Packet Loss <1% 0 <1%
BER 10-3 10-6 10-6
Data Rate 8-32 Kbps 1-100 Mbps 1-20 Mbps
Traffic Continuous Bursty Continuous

One-size-fits-all protocols and design do not work well

 Current Wireless Systems
 Mobile Radio Systems-->Cellular Systems
 Cordless phones
 Paging Systems
 Satellite Systems
 Wireless LANs
 Broadband Wireless Access
 Low-cost Low Power Radios
Wireless Systems: Examples

 AM, FM Radio
Broadcast (analog)
 TV Broadcast
 Satellite Broadcast
 2-way Radios 2-way communication
 Cordless Phones (analog & digital)
 Satellite Links
 Mobile Telephony Systems
 Wireless Local Loop (WLL) 2-way communication
 Microwave Links (digital)
 Wireless LANs
 Infrared LANs
MOBILE RADIO SYSTEMS
Evolution of Mobile Radios Systems

 First public mobile telephone system (MTS)

introduced in 1946
 Analog frequency modulation
 High power BS tower to cover 50 miles radius
 Inefficient (120K spectrum for a voice connection)
 Evolution of Mobile Radio Sys.
(Cont’d)

 Improved mobile telephone system (IMTS)

developed in 1960
 Full duplex services and direct-dialing
 23 FM channels with BW reduced to 25-30 KHz
 Cellular concept
 Exploits the attenuation of radio signal with distance
to achieve frequency reuse.
 originally proposed by D. H. Ring in 1947
 Bell Labs began work on cellular telephone system in
the late 1940s.
 Cellular Systems:
Reuse channels to maximize capacity
 Geographic region divided into cells
 Frequency/timeslots/codes/ reused at spatially-separated locations.
 Co-channel interference between same color cells.
 Base stations/MTSOs coordinate handoff and control functions

BASE
STATION
MTSO
Evolution of Mobile Radio Sys. (1G)

 Handoff was not solved until the development of

microprocessor, efficient remote-controlled RF
synthesizer, and switching center.
 1G Cellular System
 Designed in 1970s, deployed in early 1980s
 Analog, 42 control channels, 790 voice channels
 Handoff performed at BS based on received power
 AMPS in US; TACS in part of Europe; NTT in Japan;
C450 in West German, and NMT in some countries.
 Became highly popular; AMPS still popular in US!
1st Generation Analog Cellular
Phone Standards
Evolution of Mobile Radio Sys. (2G)

 2G Systems
 Digital cellular telephony
 Modest data support of 9.6kbps in GSM
 GSM: a common TDMA technology for Europe;
claim about 3/4 of subscribers worldwide.
 IS-54 and IS-136: TDMA technology in US;
compatible with AMPS;
 IS-95: CDMA; standardized in 1993; South Korea and
Hong Kong deployed it in 1995; US in 1996.
2nd Generation Digital Cellular Phone
Standards
An example-GSM Architecture
Evolution of Mobile Radio Sys. (2.5G)

 2G telephony is highly successful

 Enhancement to 2G on data service
 GSM: HSCSD ,GPRS and EDGE
 IS-95: IS-95b
 The improved data rate is still too low to
support multimedia traffic
 ITU initiated 3G standardization effort in 1992,
and the outcome is IMT-2000.
Evolution of Mobile Radio Sys. (2.5G)
Evolution of Cellular Sys. (3G)

IMT-2000 comprises several 3G standards:

 EDGE, data rate up to 473Kbps, backward
compatible with GSM/IS-136
 cdma2000 (Qualcomm), data rate up to 2Mbps,
backward compatible with IS-95
 WCDMA (Europe), introduces a new 5MHz
channel structure; data rate up to 2Mbps;
 TD-SCDMA (China), CDMA in TDD fashion
3rd Generation Digital Cellular Phone
Standards
Evolution of Cellular Sys. (4G)

 Problems of 3G systems
 Immature 3G license auction increases the financial
burden
 No unified standard (political factors dominate)
 4G systems
 Research initiated, but still not well-defined
 Data-oriented, seamless integrated with wireline
 Indoor data rate up to 100 Mbps, outdoor data rate up
to 20Mbps.
Upgrade Path to 3G
Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications
1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation 4th Generation
Analog Digital Wideband Wideband All-IP

North CDMA Notes:

AMPS
America IS-95 IP: Internet Protocol
Voice TCP: Transmission Control Protocol
AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone Services
Service ETACS: European Total Access Communication System
PDMA: Packet Division Multiple Access (Hanwang, China)
Track ETACS GSM
Europe

Circuit Switching

CDMA
Voice & Data 2000

Service Circuit and Packet Switching PDMA

Track evolving to Packet Switching 4G
WCDMA

TD-
China SCDMA

Data Fixed
Service Computer WLAN
Track Network
Packet Switching
 3G: ITU-developed,
UMTS/IMT-2000

Global
Satellite

Suburban Urban
In-Building

Picocell
Microcell
Macrocell

Basic Terminal
PDA Terminal
Audio/Visual Terminal
Paradigm From 1G to Beyond 3G
 Mobility and Information Speed
of Evolving Mobile Communication Systems

High Speed High_speed

/Nationwide High_capacity
4G Low bit cost
Moderate Speed
Mobility

3G (2007-2010?)
/Citywide
2G IMT-2000
Walking (2001)
/Premises
wireless access
Millimeter_wave
Static (2002) LAN
/Indoor
0.1 1 10 100

Infomation Speed(Mbit/s)
CORDLESS PHONES
A cordless telephone or portable telephone is a telephone
with a wireless handset that communicates via radio waves
with a base station connected to a fixed telephone line,
usually within a limited range of its base station (which has
the handset cradle). The base station is on the subscriber
premises, and attaches to the telephone network the same
way a corded telephone does.
 Standards  Frequency of operation
 CT-2 The ISM band
 DECT
 PHS
PAGING SYSTEMS
 Paging Systems
 Broad coverage for short messaging
 Message broadcast from all base stations
 Simple terminals
 Optimized for 1-way transmission
 Answer-back hard
 Overtaken by cellular
SATELLITE SYSTEMS
 Satellite Systems

 Cover very large areas

 Different orbit heights
 GEOs (39000 Km)
 MEOs(9000Km)
 LEOs (2000 Km)
 Optimized for one-way transmission
 Radio (XM, Sirius) and Video (SatTV, DVB/S) broadcast
entertainment
 Direct broadcast satellites operate in 12Ghz
 Most two-way systems struggling or bankrupt
 Satellite Systems
 Global Positioning System (GPS) use growing
 The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a Global Navigation
Satellite System (GNSS) developed by the United States
Department of Defense.
 It is the only fully functional GNSS in the world.
 It uses a constellation of between 24 and 32 Medium Earth
Orbit satellites that transmit precise microwave signals, that
enable GPS receivers to determine:
 their current location,
 the time, and
 their velocity.
WIRELESS LOCAL AREA
NETWORKS
 WLANs
01011011 0101 1011

Internet
Access
Point

 WLANs connect “local” computers (100m range)

 Breaks data into packets
 Operate in the ISM frequency band
 Channel access is shared (random access)
 Backbone Internet provides best-effort service
 Poor performance in some apps (e.g. video)
802.11 Wireless Networking is called
How many of you want this..???
WLAN Link Layer Standards
 HiperLAN
 HiperLAN (HIgh PErformance Radio LAN) is a Wireless LAN
standard.
 It is a European alternative for the IEEE 802.11 standards
 It is defined by the European Telecommunications Standards
Institute (ETSI)

 Versions
 HiperLAN Type 1
 HiperLAN Type2
Broadband Wireless Access
Networks
 Fixed Wireless
 Microwave
 Traditionally used in point-to-point communications
 Initially, 1 GHz range, more recently in the 40 GHz region
 Local Multipoint Distribution Systems (LMDS)
 Operates around 30 GHz
 Point-to-multipoint, with applications including Internet access
and telephony
 Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS)
 Operates around 2.5 GHz
 TV/Telecomm delivery sys with ranges up to 30-50km
 Europe developing similar standard called HiperAccess
 Wimax (802.16)
 WiMAX, meaning Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access, is a telecommunications
technology that provides for the wireless transmission
of data using a variety of transmission modes, from
point-to-point links to full mobile cellular-type access.
 The technology provides up to 70 Mb/sec symmetric
broadband speed without the need for cables.
 Wimax (802.16)
 The WiMAX forum describes WiMAX as "a standards-based
technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband
access as an alternative to cable and DSL"
 Currently, Pakistan has the largest fully functional WiMAX
network in the world. Wateen Telecom installed the network
(with an initial rollout in seventeen cities) throughout Pakistan
using Motorola hardware. Wateen is also planning to expand its
network and eventually cover 71 cities in Pakistan.[
 Wimax (802.16)
 WiMAX could function on any frequency below
66 GHz
 WiMAX Forum has published three licensed
spectrum profiles: 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz
 Fixed (802.16d) vs. Mobile (802.16e) Wimax
 Fixed: 75 Mbps max, up to 50 mile cell radius
 Mobile: 15 Mbps max, up to 1-2 mile cell radius
 HiperMAN
 HiperMAN stands for High Performance Radio Metropolitan
Area Network
 A standard created by the ETSI to provide a wireless network
communication in the 2 - 11 GHz bands across Europe and other
countries which follow the ETSI standard.
 HiperMAN is a European alternative to WiMAX and the Korean
technology WiBro.
 HiperMAN is aiming principally for providing broadband
Wireless DSL, while covering a large geographic area.
 HiperMAN is optimised for packet switched networks
LOW-COST LOW-POWER
RADIOS
Short-Range Wireless Network Standards
 Bluetooth
 Cable replacement RF technology (low cost)
 Short range (10m, extendable to 100m)
 2.4 GHz band
 1 Data (700 Kbps) and 3 voice channels
 Widely supported by telecommunications,
PC, and consumer electronics companies
 Few applications beyond cable replacement
8C32810.61-Cimini-7/98
ZigBee Radios (IEEE 802.15.4)

 Low-Rate WPAN
 Data rates of 20, 40, 250 kbps at a range of upto
30m.
 Star clusters or peer-to-peer operation
 Support for low latency devices
 CSMA-CA channel access
 Very low power consumption
 Frequency of operation in ISM bands
Ultrawideband Radio (UWB)
 Underlay system

 Uses a lot of bandwidth of about 7.5 GHz between 3.6-10.1GHz range

 UWB is an impulse radio: sends pulses of tens of picoseconds(10-12) to

nanoseconds (10-9)

 Unique Location and Positioning properties(1 cm accuracy possible)

due to high penetration

 Low Power CMOS transmitters (100 times lower than Bluetooth for
same range/data rate)

 Very high data rates possible(500 Mbps at ~10 feet under current
regulations)
 Suitable for short-range indoor applications
 Data rate
100 Mbit/sec
UWB
802.11g 802.11a
10 Mbit/sec 802.11b

1 Mbit/sec 3G
100 kbits/sec Bluetooth
ZigBee
ZigBee
10 kbits/sec UWB
0 GHz 1GHz 2 GHz 3 GHz 4 GHz 5 GHz 6 GHz
Frequencies occupied
 Range
10 km

1 km 3G

100 m 802.11b,g 802.11a

10 m ZigBee Bluetooth
ZigBee
UWB UWB
1m
0 GHz 1GHz 2 GHz 3 GHz 4 GHz 5 GHz 6 GHz
Frequencies occupied
 Power Dissipation

10 W
802.11a
1W 3G 802.11bg

100 mW Bluetooth
UWB
10 mW ZigBee
ZigBee
UWB
1 mW
0 GHz 1GHz 2 GHz 3 GHz 4 GHz 5 GHz 6 GHz
Frequencies occupied
 EMERGING TRENDS AND
FUTURE
SYSTEMS/CONFIGURATIONS
Trends in Wireless Communication
 Personal Communications (Goal of mobile communications)
 All IP based (IPv6) (Packet switched)
 Flexible platform of complementary access systems( Combination
of different wireless access systems, Hot spot services will be
introduced by high-speed wireless access (>100mbps))
 Higher system capacity
 Higher Transmission Data rate
 Higher frequency efficiency
 More advanced multimedia applications
 Improved QoS
 Realize high levels of security and authentication
 Global coverage
 Global roaming
All IP based
Network of 3G beyond
 Drivers of 3G Beyond

Revolution from IP
infrastructure

IP
Evolution from 2G
2G systems
3G and Beyond

Revolution from subscriber

service expectations
 Combination of different
wireless access systems

PAN WWAN
Bluetooth
IEEE.802.11
WLAN

WPAN WLAN WWAN

 Transmission Data Rate
 Highest data rate(3G)
 at least 144 Kb/s in a vehicular environment,
 384 Kb/s in a pedestrian environment,
 2048 Kb/s in an indoor office environment.
 Highest data rate (4G)
 2Mbps in a vehicular environment,, 20Mbps in a
pedestrian environment
 Wide Area, high velocity：100Mbps
Indoor, lower velocity：1Gbps
 Evolution of transmission data rate
2G evolved 2G 3G and beyond
9.6-14.4 kbps 64-144 kbps 384 kbps-2 Mbps 384 kbps-20 Mbps 100 Mbps?
Emerging network configurations

 Ad hoc/mesh wireless networks

 Sensor networks
Ad-Hoc/Mesh Networks

Outdoor (municipal) Mesh

Indoor Mesh
ce
 Ad Hoc Networks

 Self-configuring mobile networks with no

infrastructure
 Rapid deployment and reconfiguration
 Robust to node failure
 A necessity in the battlefields of the future?
 Despite much research activity, there remain
many significant technical challenges
 Wireless Sensor Networks
Data Collection and Distributed Control

Nodes can cooperate in transmission, reception,

compression, and signal processing.
 Future Wireless Networks
Ubiquitous Communication Among People and Devices
Wireless Internet access
Nth generation Cellular
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks
Sensor Networks
Wireless Entertainment
Smart Homes/Spaces
Automated Highways
All this and more…
 Standards
 Interacting systems require standardization
 Companies want their systems adopted as standard
 Alternatively try for de-facto standards

 Standards determined by TIA/CTIA in US

 IEEE standards often adopted
 Process fraught with inefficiencies and conflicts

 Worldwide standards determined by ITU-T

 In Europe, ETSI is equivalent of IEEE
 Main Points
 The wireless vision encompasses many exciting systems
and applications

 Existing and emerging systems provide excellent quality

for certain applications but poor interoperability.

 Standards and spectral allocation heavily impact the

evolution of wireless technology
What’s Your Wireless Dream?
 Whoever, Whenever, Wherever, Whomever,
Whatever personal communication?
 Shrinking the world into earth village?
 Outdoor classroom on lawn under trees?
 Call for help in icy storm?
 Browsing web on cozy seashore?