LL(1) Parser Quiz
Which of the following characteristics are true for an LL(1)
Parser?
They perform backtracking
They perform leftmost derivation
They perform one token look-ahead
Not every context free language can be
parsed by LL(1) parsers
LL(1) Parsing
Push start symbol onto stack
Replace non-terminal symbol on stack using grammar
rules
If top of stack matches input token, both are to be
discarded, mismatch is a syntax error
If, eventually, both stack and input string are empty
then it is a successful parse
LL(1) Parsing
Stack Match!!!
Terminal (token) symbol
...
Non-terminal symbol Input Token
Start symbol
LL(1) Parsing
Stack Mismatch!!!
(Syntax Error)
Terminal (token) symbol
Non-terminal symbol Input Token
Start symbol
LL(1) Parsing
Stack
Input Token Stack: Empty
Stream: Empty
Simple Example
The Grammar The Input
S ( S ) S | e ()$
$
Simple Example
The Grammar The Input
S ( S ) S | e ()$
S
$
Simple Example
The Grammar The Input
S ( S ) S | e ()$
(
S
Replace it with a rule from the grammar:
)
S ( S ) S
S
$
Simple Example
The Grammar The Input
S ( S ) S | e ()$
Match the top of the stack with the next S
input character )
S
$
Simple Example
The Grammar The Input
S ( S ) S | e )$
S
)
S
$
Simple Example
The Grammar The Input
S ( S ) S | e )$
S
Now we use the rule: S e
)
S
$
Simple Example
The Grammar The Input
S ( S ) S | e )$
)
S
$
Simple Example
The Grammar The Input
S ( S ) S | e $
S
$
Simple Example
The Grammar The Input
S ( S ) S | e $
One more application of the rule: S e
$
Simple Example
The Grammar The Input
S ( S ) S | e $
SUCCESS!!!
$
LL(1) Parser
The Grammar The Input
S ( S ) S | e ()$
LL(1) Parser
The Grammar The Input
S ( S ) S | e ()$
The top of the stack may contain
tokens or non-terminals
S
$
LL(1) Parser
The Grammar The Input
S ( S ) S | e ()$
Parsing Table
M[N][T] ( ) $
S S (S) S S e S e S
$
NOTE: LL(1) parser is deterministic: rule for expansion
selected by 1 token lookahead
Parse Table
Parsing Table
M[N][T] ( ) $
S S (S) S S e S e
LL(1) parse table consists of a column for each token
and a row for each non-terminal symbol
Parse Table
Parsing Table
M[N][T] ( ) $
S S (S) S S e S e
Note that the input stream will only contain tokens
Parse Table
Parsing Table
M[N][T] ( ) $
S S (S) S S e S e
The top of the stack may contain tokens or non-terminals
Parse Table
Parsing Table
M[N][T] ( ) $
S S (S) S S e S e
Each entry in the table is the grammar rule to apply in
that situation
Parse Table
A grammar is LL(1) grammar if the associated LL(1)
parsing table has at most one production rule in each
table entry.
LL(1) grammar is a proper subset of context-free
grammar
Table Construction
How to construct the parsing table if grammar is complex?
Example:
exp term exp'
exp' addop term exp' | e
addop + | -
term factor term'
term' mulop factor term' | e
mulop *
factor ( exp ) | num
Grammar Rules
The grammar for LL(1)
The grammar must not
parsing must not be left
be ambiguous
recursive
First Sets
FIRST SET:
X X1X2X3X4...Xn
First set for a symbol
First Sets
FIRST SET:
X X1X2X3X4...Xn
}
LHS
First set for a symbol (on the left hand side of a rule)
First Sets
FIRST SET:
X X1X2X3X4...Xn
}
LHS
RHS
First set for a symbol (on the left hand side of a rule)
is the set of tokens that we find beginning the right
hand side of the rule
Let X be a grammar symbol (a
First Sets terminal or nonterminal) or e. Then
the set First(X) is defined as follows:
X First Set
If X is a terminal or e First(X)={X}.
Let X be a grammar symbol (a
First Sets terminal or nonterminal) or e. Then
the set First(X) is defined as follows:
X First Set
If X is a terminal or e First(X)={X}.
If X is nonterminal, then for First(X) contains First(X1)-
each production rule X {e}.
X1X2...Xn
Let X be a grammar symbol (a
First Sets terminal or nonterminal) or e. Then
the set First(X) is defined as follows:
X First Set
If X is a terminal or e First(X)={X}.
If X is nonterminal, then for First(X) contains First(X1)-
each production rule X {e}.
X1X2...Xn
If for some i<n, First(X) contains First(Xi+1)-
First(X1),...First(Xi) all {e}
contain e
Let X be a grammar symbol (a
First Sets terminal or nonterminal) or e. Then
the set First(X) is defined as follows:
X First Set
If X is a terminal or e First(X)={X}.
If X is nonterminal, then for First(X) contains First(X1)-
each production rule X {e}.
X1X2...Xn
If for some i<n, First(X) contains First(Xi+1)-
First(X1),...First(Xi) all {e}
contain e
If First(X1),...First(Xn) all First(X) contains e
contain e
First(a) for any string a= X1X2...Xn is
First Sets defined using rows 2-4.
X First Set
If X is a terminal or e First(X)={X}.
If X is nonterminal, then for First(X) contains First(X1)-
each production rule X {e}.
X1X2...Xn
If for some i<n, First(X) contains First(Xi+1)-
First(X1),...First(Xi) all {e}
contain e
If First(X1),...First(Xn) all First(X) contains e
contain e
Given the following grammar:
First Set Quiz S
A
ABCDE
a/e
Apply the following rules and find first B b/e
sets for each of the non-terminals : S, C c
A, B, C, D and E. Show rules applied D d/e
to find the sets for each non-terminal. E e/e
1.If X is a terminal or e, then First(X)={X}.
2.If X is nonterminal, then for each production
rule X X1X2...Xn, First(X) contains First(X1)-{e}.
3.If for some i<n, First(X1),...First(Xi) all
contain e, then First(X) contains First(Xi+1)-{e}
4.If First(X1),...First(Xn) all contain e, then
First(X) contains e
See instructor notes for
First Set Quiz reference to grammar and rules.
Production Rule Applied First Set
S ABCDE
A a/e
B b/e
C c
D d/e
E e/e
See instructor notes for
First Set Quiz reference to grammar and rules.
Production Rule Applied First Set
S ABCDE 3 {a,b,c}
A a/e
B b/e
C c
D d/e
E e/e
See instructor notes for
First Set Quiz reference to grammar and rules.
Production Rule Applied First Set
S ABCDE 3 {a,b,c}
A a/e 2,4 {a,e}
B b/e
C c
D d/e
E e/e
See instructor notes for
First Set Quiz reference to grammar and rules.
Production Rule Applied First Set
S ABCDE 3 {a,b,c}
A a/e 2,4 {a,e}
B b/e 2,4 {b,e}
C c
D d/e
E e/e
See instructor notes for
First Set Quiz reference to grammar and rules.
Production Rule Applied First Set
S ABCDE 3 {a,b,c}
A a/e 2,4 {a,e}
B b/e 2,4 {b,e}
C c 2 {c}
D d/e
E e/e
See instructor notes for
First Set Quiz reference to grammar and rules.
Production Rule Applied First Set
S ABCDE 3 {a,b,c}
A a/e 2,4 {a,e}
B b/e 2,4 {b,e}
C c 2 {c}
D d/e 2,4 {d,e}
E e/e
See instructor notes for
First Set Quiz reference to grammar and rules.
Production Rule Applied First Set
S ABCDE 3 {a,b,c}
A a/e 2,4 {a,e}
B b/e 2,4 {b,e}
C c 2 {c}
D d/e 2,4 {d,e}
E e/e 2,4 {e,e}
First Set Algorithm
for each nonterminals A do First(A):={}
while there are changes to any First(A) do
for each production rule X X1X2...Xn do
k:=1;
while k<=n do
First(A) = First(A) (First(Xk)-{e})
if e is not in First(Xk) then break;
k := k+1;
if ( k>n) then First(A) = First(A) {e}
First Set Algorithm
Real world example:
stmt if-stmt| other
if-stmt if (exp) stmt else-part
else-part else stmt | e
exp 0 | 1
First Set Algorithm
First(stmt)= {other} U First(if-stmt) =
{other, if}
First(if-stmt) = {if}
First(else-part) = {else, e}
First(exp) = {0, 1}
First Set Example Quiz
Symbol First Set
Given the following (
grammar, determine the )
first sets.
+
E T X
X + E *
X int
T int Y Y
T ( E ) X
Y * T
T
Y
E
First Set Example Quiz
Symbol First Set
Given the following ( (
grammar, determine the )
first sets.
+
E T X
X + E *
X int
T int Y Y
T ( E ) X
Y * T
T
Y
E
First Set Example Quiz
Symbol First Set
Given the following ( (
grammar, determine the ) )
first sets.
+
E T X
X + E *
X int
T int Y Y
T ( E ) X
Y * T
T
Y
E
First Set Example Quiz
Symbol First Set
Given the following ( (
grammar, determine the ) )
first sets.
+ +
E T X
X + E *
X int
T int Y Y
T ( E ) X
Y * T
T
Y
E
First Set Example Quiz
Symbol First Set
Given the following ( (
grammar, determine the ) )
first sets.
+ +
E T X
X + E * *
X int
T int Y Y
T ( E ) X
Y * T
T
Y
E
First Set Example Quiz
Symbol First Set
Given the following ( (
grammar, determine the ) )
first sets.
+ +
E T X
X + E * *
X int int
T int Y Y
T ( E ) X
Y * T
T
Y
E
First Set Example Quiz
Symbol First Set
Given the following ( (
grammar, determine the ) )
first sets.
+ +
E T X
X + E * *
X int int
T int Y Y ,*
T ( E ) X
Y * T
T
Y
E
First Set Example Quiz
Symbol First Set
Given the following ( (
grammar, determine the ) )
first sets.
+ +
E T X
X + E * *
X int int
T int Y Y ,*
T ( E ) X ,+
Y * T
T
Y
E
First Set Example Quiz
Symbol First Set
Given the following ( (
grammar, determine the ) )
first sets.
+ +
E T X
X + E * *
X int int
T int Y Y ,*
T ( E ) X ,+
Y * T
T int,(
Y
E
First Set Example Quiz
Symbol First Set
Given the following ( (
grammar, determine the ) )
first sets.
+ +
E T X
X + E * *
X int int
T int Y Y ,*
T ( E ) X ,+
Y * T
T int,(
Y
E int,(
First Set Quiz 2
Construct the First Sets for the following grammar:
E TE First Set for:
E +TE E {a,b}
E
T FT E {,+}
T *FT T {a,b}
T
F a T {,*}
F b {a,b}
F
Follow Sets
Follow set of A is those symbols which will follow
after A and is used to determine if a rule such as
A e should be invoked to remove the A to
expose the tokens that follow A for matching them.
Follow Sets
Given a nonterminal A, the set Follow(A) is defined as:
If A is start symbol, then $ is in Follow(A)
If there is a production rule B A , then
Follow(A) contains First()-{}
If there is a production rule B A and beta is
nulleable, then Follow(A) contains Follow(B)
Notes:
$ is needed to indicate end of string
is never member of Follow set
Follow Sets
Construction:
for each nonterminals A do
Follow(A):={$} for start symbol or {} for others
while there are changes to any Follow(A) do
for each production rule X X1X2...Xn do
for each Xi that is a nonterminal do
Follow(Xi) = Follow(Xi) First(Xi+1...Xn)-{e}
if e is in First(Xi+1...Xn) then
Follow(Xi) = Follow(Xi) Follow(X)
Follow Sets
Example:
stmt if-stmt| other
if-stmt if (exp) stmt else-part
else-part else stmt | e
exp 0 | 1
Follow Sets
Example:
Follow(exp) = {)}
Follow(else-part) = Follow(if-stmt) =
Follow(stmt)
Follow (stmt) = {$} U First(else-
part)-{e} U Follow(if-stmt) = {$,
else}
Follow Set Quiz
Given the following Rule First Set Follow Set
grammar, {a,b,c}
S ABCDE
determine the
follow sets: A a/ {a,}
S ABCDE B b/ {b,}
A a/
B b/ C c {c}
C c D d/ {d,}
D d/
E e/ E e/ {e,}
Follow Set Quiz
Given the following Rule First Set Follow Set
grammar, {a,b,c}
S ABCDE {$}
determine the
follow sets: A a/ {a,}
S ABCDE B b/ {b,}
A a/
B b/ C c {c}
C c D d/ {d,}
D d/
E e/ E e/ {e,}
Follow Set Quiz
Given the following Rule First Set Follow Set
grammar, {a,b,c}
S ABCDE {$}
determine the
follow sets: A a/ {a,} {b,c}
S ABCDE B b/ {b,}
A a/
B b/ C c {c}
C c D d/ {d,}
D d/
E e/ E e/ {e,}
Follow Set Quiz
Given the following Rule First Set Follow Set
grammar, {a,b,c}
S ABCDE {$}
determine the
follow sets: A a/ {a,} {b,c}
S ABCDE B b/ {b,} {c}
A a/
B b/ C c {c}
C c D d/ {d,}
D d/
E e/ E e/ {e,}
Follow Set Quiz
Given the following Rule First Set Follow Set
grammar, {a,b,c}
S ABCDE {$}
determine the
follow sets: A a/ {a,} {b,c}
S ABCDE B b/ {b,} {c}
A a/
B b/ C c {c} {d,e,$}
C c D d/ {d,}
D d/
E e/ E e/ {e,}
Follow Set Quiz
Given the following Rule First Set Follow Set
grammar, {a,b,c}
S ABCDE {$}
determine the
follow sets: A a/ {a,} {b,c}
S ABCDE B b/ {b,} {c}
A a/
B b/ C c {c} {d,e,$}
C c D d/ {d,} {e,$}
D d/
E e/ E e/ {e,}
Follow Set Quiz
Given the following Rule First Set Follow Set
grammar, {a,b,c}
S ABCDE {$}
determine the
follow sets: A a/ {a,} {b,c}
S ABCDE B b/ {b,} {c}
A a/
B b/ C c {c} {d,e,$}
C c D d/ {d,} {e,$}
D d/
E e/ E e/ {e,} {$}
Follow Set Symbol Follow Sets
Example Quiz (
)
Given the following
grammar, determine +
the follow sets: *
E T X int
X + E Y
X
X
T int Y
T ( E ) T
Y * T E
Y
Follow Set Symbol Follow Sets
Example Quiz ( N/A
) N/A
Given the following
grammar, determine + N/A
the follow sets: * N/A
E T X int N/A
X + E Y
X
X
T int Y
T ( E ) T
Y * T E
Y A detailed solution to this answer is in the recommended
reading for this lesson
Follow Set Symbol Follow Sets
Example Quiz ( N/A
) N/A
Given the following
grammar, determine + N/A
the follow sets: * N/A
E T X int N/A
X + E Y ),$,+
X
X
T int Y
T ( E ) T
Y * T E
Y A detailed solution to this answer is in the recommended
reading for this lesson
Follow Set Symbol Follow Sets
Example Quiz ( N/A
) N/A
Given the following
grammar, determine + N/A
the follow sets: * N/A
E T X int N/A
X + E Y ),$,+
X
X ),$
T int Y
T ( E ) T
Y * T E
Y A detailed solution to this answer is in the recommended
reading for this lesson
Follow Set Symbol Follow Sets
Example Quiz ( N/A
) N/A
Given the following
grammar, determine + N/A
the follow sets: * N/A
E T X int N/A
X + E Y ),$,+
X
X ),$
T int Y
T ( E ) T ),$,+
Y * T E
Y A detailed solution to this answer is in the recommended
reading for this lesson
Follow Set Symbol Follow Sets
Example Quiz ( N/A
) N/A
Given the following
grammar, determine + N/A
the follow sets: * N/A
E T X int N/A
X + E Y ),$,+
X
X ),$
T int Y
T ( E ) T ),$,+
Y * T E ),$
Y A detailed solution to this answer is in the recommended
reading for this lesson
Parsing Tables
Repeat the following two steps for each
nonterminal A and production choice A a
For each token a in First(a), add A
a to the entry M[A,a]
If e is in First(a), for each element a in
Follow(A) (a token or $), add A a to the
entry M[A,a]
Complete Example
exp term exp'
exp' addop term exp' | e
addop + | -
term factor term'
term' mulop factor term' | e
mulop *
factor ( exp ) | number
Complete Example
exp term exp'
exp' addop term exp'
exp' e
addop +
Expanded Grammar: addop -
term factor term'
term' mulop factor term'
term' e
mulop *
factor ( exp )
factor number
Complete Example
First and Follow Sets:
First(exp) = { ( number } Follow(exp) = { $ ) }
First(exp') = { + - e } Follow(exp') = { $ ) }
First(addop) = { + - } Follow(addop) = { ( number }
First(term) = { ( number } Follow(term) = { + - $ ) }
First(term') = { * e } Follow(term') = {+ - $ ) }
First(mulop) = { * } Follow(mulop) = { ( number }
First(factor) { ( number } Follow(factor) = { * + - $ ) }
Complete Example
First and Follow Sets:
Predict ( A alpha) = First (alpha) if first
(alpha) does not contain epsilon
= First (alpha) -{epsilon} U
Follow(A) otherwise
Complete Example
First and Follow Sets:
Some sample predict sets:
Predict (exp term exp) = First ( term exp) =
{ ( number}
Predict (exp epsilon) = First(epsilon) -
{epsilon} U Follow(exp) = {$ )}
Predict (term epsilon) = First(epsilon) -
{epsilon} U Follow(term) = {+ - $ )}
Complete Example
First and Follow Sets:
How to generate parsing table from predict
sets?
If a token t appears in Predict (A alpha)
put rule A alpha in entry M[A] [t]
Complete Example
Parsing Table
M[N][T] ( number ) + - * $
exp exp exp
term term
exp' exp'
exp' exp' exp' exp' exp'
e addop addop e
term term
exp' exp'
addop addop addop
+ -
Complete Example
Parsing Table (continued)
M[N][T] ( number ) + - * $
term term term
factor factor
term' term'
term' term' term' term' term' term'
e e e e
mulop
factor
term'
Complete Example
Parsing Table (continued)
M[N][T] ( number ) + - * $
mulop mulop
*
factor factor factor
( exp ) number
