MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

Unit II
PHYSICAL DESIGN OF COMPUTER SUB- SYSTEMS
The purpose of physical design and integration phase is to transform the business requirements in
to physical design specifications that will guide system construction.

How technology will be used in the new system

Usability ,

Performance

quality

DATA BASE DESIGN

Data base design is the process of producing a detailed data model of a database

Database is a collection of information in the digital form related to a particular subject or

purpose

A database is a collection of records in a structured format

Data in a structured format can easily retrievable for analysis and calculation

It is possible to query the data that exists in structured format

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Conceptual Database design

To develop the database that satisfies the information needs of today as well as of
tomorrow, it is necessary to understand the database conceptually.

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The first task of the designer is to develop the conceptual model

The conceptual model independent of the user applications the H/W and the DBMS

The steps in the development of conceptual model are

Data analysis

Relational identity

Design process

Input devices convert what we understand into what the computer can process.

Output devices convert what the computer has processed into a form that we can understand.

Any data or instructions used by a computer

Input devices

Hardware

Keyboards

Pointing devices

Scanning devices

Other devices

Translates data into a form that the

computer can process

Input devices are hardware used to translate words, sounds, images, and actions that
people understand into a form that the computer can understand

Input allows user to put their information into computer language

Most common are keyboard (Key Term), mouse (Key Term), light pens (Key Term),
and increasingly voice!

Keyboards come in a variety of designs

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Range from full-sized to miniature and from rigid to flexible

Common types

Traditional full sized, rigid, rectangular keyboards that include function,

navigational, and numeric keys

Flexible fold or roll up fore easy packing or storage

Ergonomic keyboards similar to traditional

Keyboard arrangement is not rectangular and a palm rest is

provided

Wireless transmit input to the computer through the air

PDA - miniature keyboards

Pointing Devices provide a comfortable interface that creates machine-readable data that
can go directly to the CPU.

Pointing devices mouse, joystick (Key Term), touch screen (Key Term), light pen (Key
Term), and stylus (Key Term)

A mouse incorporates a mouse pointer (Key Term) which usually appears in the shape of
an arrow

Some mice are also equipped with a wheel button (Key Term) that can be rotated to scroll
through information

Mouse types

Mechanical mouse (Key Term) traditional type; left/right button and mouse ball;
most widely used and incorporates a mouse pad for use

Optical mouse (Key Term) has no moving parts

Emits and senses light to detect mouse movement

Can be used on any surface

Cordless mouse (Key Term) or wireless mouse (Key Term) battery powered

Uses radio waves or infrared light waves

Trackball also referred to as a roller ball (Key Term); controls the pointer by
rotating a ball with your thumb

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Touch surfaces also referred to as touch pads (Key Term); controls the pointer
by moving and tapping your fingers on the surface of a pad

Pointing stick located in the middle of a keyboard; controls the pointer by

directing the stick with your finger

Joystick input for computer games

Touch Screen a kind of monitor with a clear plastic outer layer

Easy to use

Commonly used at restaurants, ATMs, and information centers

Light pen a light sensitive pen-like device

Stylus uses pressure to draw images on a screen; interacts with a computer

through handwriting recognition software (Key Term)

Scanners move across text and images

Scanning devices convert scanned data into a form the comptuer can process

Types

Optical known as a scanner

Recognizes light, dark, and colored areas that make up individual letters or
images

Types

Flatbed much like a copy machine

Portable typically a handheld device that slides across the image making
direct contact. Mostly used by research students.

Card Readers interpret encoded information that is stored on debit, credit, and
identification cards

Types

Magnetic card reader (Key Term) information is stored on a thin magnetic strip
on the back of a card; is read when swiped through a magnetic card reader

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Radio frequency card reader not as common but more convenient; card has a
RFID (radio frequency identification) (Key Term) chip that is read when passed
within a few inches of a card reader

Bar code readers or bar code scanners (Key Term)

You see these devices at the grocery store

Wand reader or platform scanner

Reads bar codes or vertical zebra striped marks printed on product containers

Products have a UPC (Universal Product Code) (Key Term)

Character and mark recognition devices are scanners that recognize special characters &
marks

MICR used by banks to read those unusual numbers on the bottom of checks
and deposit slips; read by a reader/sorter

OCR used in department stores to read retail price tags by reflecting light on the
printed characters; read by OCR devices such as wand scanners

OMR (also called mark sensing) devices sense the presence or absence of
marks, common for test scoring

Audio input can take many forms, including the human voice and music

Convert speech into digital code; most common device is the microphone; gaining in
popularity are the portable digital voice recorders used with voice recognition systems

Voice recognition systems

Microphone, bundled with sound card and software

Some voice recognition systems must be trained for users voice

Some can translate from one language to another

Imaging capturing devices create or capture original images

Digital cameras similar to traditional cameras except images are recorded

digitally on disk or a cameras memory

Digital video cameras records motion digitally on a disk or cameras memory

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Can take still photos as well

Webcams also referred to as web cameras are specialized digital video cameras
that capture images and send them to a computer to broadcast over the Internet

Output devices-Processed data or information

Converts machine-readable information into people-readable form

monitors, printer, and audio-output devices

Types of output

Text

Graphics/Photos

Audio & video

The most widely used output devices are output devices are

Monitors

Printers

Other Devices

Monitors

screens or display screens

Output referred to as soft copy

Features

Resolution/pixels

Dot pitch

Refresh rate

Size

Cathode-Ray Tubes similar to television technology; are bulky

Flat-Panel Monitors or liquid crystal display (LCD) (Key Term) monitors

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Passive-matrix monitor (Key Term) or dual-scan monitors (Key Term) images

created by scanning the entire screen

Active-matrix monitor (Key Term) or thin film transistor (TFT) monitors (Key
Term) each pixel is individually activated

Other Monitors

eBook also called e-book readers; handheld, book-sized devices that display text
and graphics.; used to read newspapers, magazines, and entire books.

Data projectors devices connect to microcomputers and project computer output

just as it would appear on a monitor.

HDTV merger of microcomputer and TV called PC/TV; output is digital so can

freeze video sequences to create high-quality still images

Printers translate information that has been processed by the computer and present the
information on paper

Output is called hard copy

Features

Resolution measures the clarity of images produced

Measured in dots-per-inch (dpi) (Key Term)

Most printers use an average of 1200 dpi; the higher the dpi, the better the
quality of image produced

Color capability more expensive to print in color; usually have the option to
print in either color or b/w

Speed measured in the number of pages printed per minute

15-19 pages per minute is the average for a single color page (black); 13-
15 pages per minute for color

Memory used to store printing instructions and documents waiting to be printed

Three major types of printers: ink-jet, laser, and thermal; most people are familiar with
these

Inkjet printers spray ink at high speed onto the surface of paper.

Produce 17-19 pages/min of b/w and 13-15 of color output.

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Laser printers similar to technology used in photocopying machine; uses a laser light
beam to produce images

More expensive than ink jet printers

Shared laser printers print over 50 pages/min.

Thermal printers uses heat elements to produce images on heat sensitive paper

Widely used with ATMs to print receipts.

Used to produce high quality art work

Other Printers

Dot-matrix slow and not used much any more; poor quality but faster than some
of newer printers

Very noisy

Inexpensive

Plotters special purpose for maps, images, architectural & engineering drawings

Photo printers designed to print photographs from digital cameras

Portable printers usually small/lightweight and designed to work with a

notebook computers; may be ink-jet or laser printer that prints in either b/w or
color

Audio-Output Devices

Translates audio information from the computer into sounds that people can understand

Common devices

Speakers

Headphones

Digital Music Players

iPod

iRiver

Multifunctional Devices

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Combination devices include fax machines also known as a facsimile (fax) transmission
machine, multifunction devices, Internet telephones, and terminals

Multifunction devices (MFD), can combine the capabilities of a scanner, printer, fax and
copy machine

Internet telephone specialized input and output devices for receiving and sending voice
communication

Connect to the system unit through a USB port

Telephony (Key Term) the transmission of telephone calls over computer

networks

Known as Voice over IP (VoIP) (Key Term)

Uses Internet rather than traditional

Requires

Internet telephone

Internet

Special service provider

Sound card

Special software

Terminal is an input and output device that connects to a mainframe or a host computer

Internet Telephone Approaches

Computer-to computer

Place free phone calls when using a computer to send and also to receive via the
Internet

Software is available for free or very low cost

Computer-to traditional telephone

Place the call from a computer to a phone using an Internet phone service
provider that supplies the software for a small monthly fee and/or airtime fee

Traditional telephone-to-traditional telephone

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Subscription to an Internet phone service provider that supplies a special

hardware adapter to connect a traditional phone to the Internet with a fee
connected to service

INFORMATION SYSTEMS SECURITY

A discipline that protects the

J Confidentiality,

J Integrity and

J Availability

of information and information services

also known as: Network Security, Computer Security, Information Assurance, Cyber Warfare

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