WATERDESALINATION 2016/2017
Mansoura University WATERDESALINATION Mechanical Power Engineering
OUTLINE
DefinitionofdesalinationProcess
ClassificationofdesalinationProcesses
An
AnOverviewofMajorTechnologiesfor
Overview of Major Technologies for
For DesalinationProcesses
3rd Grade,MechanicalPowerEngineering SingleEffectEvaporation
MultipleEffectDistillation(MED)
2017
1` Dr. Kamal El-Nahhas 4 March 2017 2` Dr. Kamal El-Nahhas 4 March 2017
Mansoura University WATERDESALINATION Mechanical Power Engineering Mansoura University WATERDESALINATION Mechanical Power Engineering
Definition of Desalination Distillation:
In distillation saltwater is heated in one container to make
the water evaporate, leaving the salt behind. The desalinated
vapor is then condensed to form water in a separate
container.
Desalination is the process of removing dissolved salts and other chemicals from
seawater, brackish groundwater, or surface water.
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Desalination by Reverse Osmosis (RO)
6` Dr. Kamal El-Nahhas 4 March 2017
Mansoura University WATERDESALINATION Mechanical Power Engineering Mansoura University WATERTREATMENTTECHNOLOGY Mechanical Power Engineering
Classification of Desalination Classification of Desalination
Desalination processes
W ith pha se cha nge
g W itho ut pha se cha nge
g
M e m bra ne s
D istilla tio n
O the rs
RO ED
ME F re e zin g
MSF S o la r stills
VC
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WATERDESALINATION 2016/2017
Mansoura University WATERTREATMENTTECHNOLOGY Mechanical Power Engineering Mansoura University WATERTREATMENTTECHNOLOGY Mechanical Power Engineering
Classification of Desalination Classification of Desalination
Mansoura University WATERTREATMENTTECHNOLOGY Mechanical Power Engineering Mansoura University WATERDESALINATION Mechanical Power Engineering
Classification of Desalination
12` Dr. Kamal El-Nahhas 4 March 2017
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1. Single Effect Evaporation Desalination Process
MAJOR TECHNOLOGIES FOR
DESALINATION PROCESSES
14` Dr. Kamal El-Nahhas 4 March 2017
Mansoura University WATERDESALINATION Mechanical Power Engineering Mansoura University WATERDESALINATION Mechanical Power Engineering
SingleEffectEvaporationDesalinationProcess SingleEffectEvaporationDesalinationProcess
The non
The vapor condensation temperature and consequently
condensable gases
in the vapor space the pressure in the vapor space for both the evaporator
of the condenser and the condenser is controlled by:
must be The coolingg water fflow rate,, Mcw
vented
continuously to The feed water temperature, Tcw
avoid downgrading The available heat transfer area in the condenser, Ac.
of the heat The overall heat transfer coefficient between the
transfer capacity
of the
condensing vapor and the circulating seawater, Uc.
condenser.
15` Dr. Kamal El-Nahhas 4 March 2017
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WATERDESALINATION 2016/2017
Mansoura University WATERDESALINATION Mechanical Power Engineering Mansoura University WATERDESALINATION Mechanical Power Engineering
TemperatureProfilesinEvaporatorandCondenseroftheSingle
SingleEffectEvaporationDesalinationProcess EffectEvaporationDesalinationProcess
Accordingly, the condenser has three functions:
Removes the excess heat from the system.
Improves the process performance ratio.
ratio
Adjusts the boiling temperature inside the evaporator.
the temperature of the generated vapor (Tv) is less than the boiling temperature by the
boiling point elevation (BPE).
Similarly, the temperature of the condensed vapor (Td) is lower than the temperature of the
generated vapor by losses caused by the demister, the transmission lines, and condensation.
18` Dr. Kamal El-Nahhas 4 March 2017
Mansoura University WATERDESALINATION Mechanical Power Engineering Mansoura University WATERDESALINATION Mechanical Power Engineering
Material Balance Energy Balance
M f Md Mb Intheevaporator,
Qe M f C P (Tb T f ) M d V M S S
M f X f Mb Xb
where
h Qe is
i the
h thermal
h l load
l d off the
h evaporator, Cp is
i the
h specific
ifi heat
h
at constant pressure of the brine, and is the latent heat of
evaporation.
Xf The reference temperature is Tb.
Mb Md Xb
M f Md The specific heat is calculated at an average temperature of (Tf
Xb X f Xb X f +Tb)/2 and salinity of Xf of the feed seawater.
the vapor temperature, Tv, is lower than boiling temperature by the
boiling point elevation, BPE.
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Mansoura University WATERDESALINATION Mechanical Power Engineering Mansoura University WATERDESALINATION Mechanical Power Engineering
Energy Balance Energy Balance
Inthecondenser,
Qc ( M f M cw )C P (T f Tcw ) M d V Performance Ratio, PR
where
h QC is
i the
h thermal
h l load
l d off the
h condenser,
d Cp is
i the
h specific
ifi heat
h
at constant pressure of the brine, and is the latent heat of
Md
evaporation. PR
The reference temperature is Tb. MS
The sea water specific heat is calculated at an average temperature
of (Tf +TCW)/2 and salinity of Xf of the feed seawater.
the vapor temperature, Tv, is lower than boiling temperature by the
boiling point elevation, BPE.
Mansoura University WATERDESALINATION Mechanical Power Engineering Mansoura University WATERDESALINATION Mechanical Power Engineering
MultipleEffectDistillation(MED)
2.Multiple
. Multiple
MultipleEffect
Effect Distillation
EffectDistillation(MED)
Distillation(MED)
(MED)
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The multiple effect
2.Multiple
.MultipleEffect
EffectDistillation(MED)
Distillation(MED) evaporation process can be
configured in forward,
backward, or parallel feed.
The three configurations
differ in the flow directions
of the heatingsteam and the
evaporating brine.
Selection among the three
configurations relies on
variation in the salt solubility
as a function of the top brine
temperature and the
maximum brine
concentration.
Schematicofmultieffectevaporatordesalinationprocess(horizontaltube parallel
feedconfiguration).
