Foundations
Deep Foundations
Prepared By:
Manthan Bhandari
LAXMI INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE Assistant Professor
WHY DEEP FOUNDATION?
Types of Deep Foundations
Piles
A pile is a vertical structural element of a deep foundation, driven or drilled deep into the ground at
the building site.
Cofferdams
Caissons
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
On the Basis of Condition On the Basis of Material
(Type of Piles) Timber Piles
Bearing Piles Concrete Piles
Friction Piles Composite Piles
Sheet Piles Steel Piles
Anchor Piles
Batter Piles
Fender Piles
Compaction Piles
TYPES OF PILES
BEARING PILES
Uses where Baring
capacity of soil is not
good near Ground.
In Deep stratum,
Baring Capacity of
the Soil is good.
TYPES OF PILES
FRICTION PILES or FLOATING PILES.
Uses where Baring capacity of
soil is not good in depth or rate
of increase of soil baring
capacity is less by increase in
depth.
Load carried by the pile is born
by the Friction between Side of
the Pile and surrounding
Ground.
TYPES OF PILES
TYPES OF PILES
SHEET PILES
To bare Lateral force.
Used to function as a
Retaining wall.
TYPES OF PILES
ANCHOR PILES
When Piles are used to
provide anchorage against
horizontal pull from sheet
piling walls or other pulling
forces, they are termed as
anchor piles.
TYPES OF PILES
BATTER PILES
When Piles are driven at an
inclination to resist large
horizontal or inclined
forces, the piles are termed
as batter piles.
TYPES OF PILES
FINDER PILES
When the piles are used to
protect concrete deck or
other waterfront
structurefrom the abrasion
or impact that may be
caused from the ship or
barrage(when they are tied
up at the deck) they are
called fender piles.
The fender piles are
ordinarily made up of
timber.
TYPES OF PILES
COMPACTION PILES
When the piles are driven
in granular soil with the
aim of increasing the
bearing capacity of soil, the
piles are termed as
compaction piles.
This tiles are used to
compact loose soil, thus
increasing their baring
capacity.
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
TIMBER PILES
CONCRETE PILES
COMPOSITE PILES
STEEL PILES
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
Timber Obtained from
TIMBER PILES Sal, Teak, Deodar, Babul, Khair etc.
Pile made out of khair would can stand action of sea water
better.
CONCRETE Iron ring about 25mm less in diameter then the pile head is
PILES provided at the pile top.
To facilitate driving, the lower end of the pile is pointed and is
provided with a cast iron conical shoe.
COMPOSITE Pile should not be placed less then 60cm c/c.
PILES
Maximum load on wooden tile can not be exceed 20 ton
(2000kg).
STEEL PILES
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
Economical
TIMBER PILES Easy to drive (Saving in Time)
(Advantages) &
Due to its elasticity, broadly recommended where
piles are likely to the subjected to unusual lateral
(Disadvantages)
force.
Do not need heavy machinery & elaborated
CONCRETE technical supervision.
PILES
It must be cut off from the water level so when
water table is low it ends up with huge
excavation coast.
COMPOSITE Liable to decay or deteriorate by salt water or
PILES insects.
Its length is restricted to the length of wood
available.
They have low baring capacity.
STEEL PILES
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
PRE CAST PILES
TIMBER PILES It can be defined as reinforced Concrete Pile.
Moulded in Circular, Square, Rectangular or Octagonal form.
Piles are cast and cured in casting yard and them
transported to the site.
CONCRETE CAST IN PLACE or CAST IN SITU PILES
PILES They are cast in position inside the Ground.
Piles is not subjected to handling or driving stress, it is not
necessary to reinforce the pile.
Reinforced is necessary where pile is working as a column
or subject to lateral force.
COMPOSITE It divide in two part
PILES In One Its metallic shell permanently left in place
inside.
While in other it will remove afterwards.
PRE STRESSED CONCRETE PILES
STEEL PILES
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
Dimension of Piles 35cm to 65 cm
TIMBER PILES
PRE CAST PILES
Length of the Piles 4.5m to 30m
Function of the Reinforcement is to resist the stresses
produced on the account of its handling.
CONCRETE
PILES Longitudinal Reinforcement
20mm to 50mm dia at the each angle of the section of
the pile.
COMPOSITE Stirrups
PILES 6mm to 10mm dia @ 8cm c/c distance
From top and bottom 90cm Distance
Sometimes Circular Pile is tapered but when it is
STEEL PILES tapered due to site condition its length is not more
then 12m.
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
TIMBER PILES
CAST IN PLACE
or
CAST IN SITU PILE
SIMPLEX PILES
CONCRETE
PILES FRANKI PILES
VIBRO PILES
COMPOSITE VIBRO EXPANDED PILES
PILES
RAYMOND PILES
MAC ARTHUR PILES
STEEL PILES
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
TIMBER PILES CAST IN PLACE
or
CAST IN SITU PILE
CONCRETE SIMPLEX PILES
PILES
FRANKI PILES
VIBRO PILES
COMPOSITE
PILES VIBRO EXPANDED PILES
RAYMOND PILES
This type of pile may be driven through soft or hard soil.
A Steel tube of equal to dia of piles and thickness of
STEEL PILES MAC ARTHUR PILES 20mm thickness is driven into the ground.
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
TIMBER PILES CAST IN PLACE
or
CAST IN SITU PILE
CONCRETE SIMPLEX PILES
PILES
FRANKI PILES
VIBRO PILES
COMPOSITE
PILES VIBRO EXPANDED PILES
RAYMOND PILES This type of Piles has enlarged base and corrugated stem.
STEEL PILES MAC ARTHUR PILES
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
TIMBER PILES CAST IN PLACE
or This type of Piles has best suited for place where ground is
soft.
CAST IN SITU PILE
CONCRETE A Steel Tube With water tight shoe is driven to the
SIMPLEX PILES required depth.
PILES
FRANKI PILES Reinforcement cage if needed is driven in this time.
The Charge of Concrete then poured in the tube.
VIBRO PILES
COMPOSITE The Extraction of Tube and ramming of concrete is
PILES VIBRO EXPANDED PILES effected by the upward and downward blows of hammer.
RAYMOND PILES During the Downward blow, concrete is compacted and
rammed outward, thereby forming corrugated surface of
the Pile.
STEEL PILES MAC ARTHUR PILES
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
TIMBER PILES CAST IN PLACE
or
CAST IN SITU PILE
CONCRETE SIMPLEX PILES
PILES
FRANKI PILES
VIBRO PILES
COMPOSITE
PILES VIBRO EXPANDED PILES
RAYMOND PILES
STEEL PILES MAC ARTHUR PILES
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
TIMBER PILES CAST IN PLACE
or
CAST IN SITU PILE Length of 6 to 12m
CONCRETE SIMPLEX PILES Dia varies from
PILES 40 to 60 cm
FRANKI PILES
Dia of bottom is
Slightly smaller
VIBRO PILES verying from
COMPOSITE 20 to 28 cm so as it
PILES VIBRO EXPANDED PILES gives uniform taper
to the pile.
RAYMOND PILES
STEEL PILES MAC ARTHUR PILES
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
TIMBER PILES CAST IN PLACE
or
CAST IN SITU PILE
CONCRETE SIMPLEX PILES
PILES
FRANKI PILES
VIBRO PILES
COMPOSITE
PILES VIBRO EXPANDED PILES
RAYMOND PILES
STEEL PILES MAC ARTHUR PILES
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
TIMBER PILES PRE STRESSED
Loud Caring Capacity is
CONCRETE PILE high.
Capable to resist Uplift
CONCRETE movement.
PILES
Can withstand in heavy
stress load.
COMPOSITE
PILES
Length of pre stressed concrete piles are 50times of its Thickness. Can
Handle from one point.
STEEL PILES If length is 60times of thickness then it can be handled through two
point.
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
TIMBER PILES
CONCRETE
PILES
COMPOSITE
PILES
STEEL PILES
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
Can withstand in large
impact stress.
TIMBER PILES H PILES
Can be driven easily in the
soil.
Required Less storage space.
CONCRETE
PILES PIPE PILES Can be placed near existing
structure because it displace
less soil.
Can be driven maximum
COMPOSITE SCREW PILES depth of 100m.
PILES
Coating with Colter or other
anti corrosion material can
prevent it from corrosion.
STEEL PILES DISC PILES Commonly used in Retaining
walls, Bridges etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
Open end Pipe Pile
TIMBER PILES H PILES During Driven of pile, water and
send has been removed from
inside. After reaching proper
position Inside will be cleaned
and fill with concrete.
CONCRETE
PILES PIPE PILES Close End Pipe Pile
Bottom part is covered by the
Steel plate.
Inside of the pile is filled with
concrete.
COMPOSITE SCREW PILES
PILES Diameter used for pile is
25cm to 120 cm
Thickness varies from 8-12mm
STEEL PILES DISC PILES Depth of 30m or more is quite
common for this pile.
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
Use in Soft Soil
TIMBER PILES H PILES Steel shaft of external diameter varying from 15
to 30 cm.
Diamerer of the screw at its base varying from
45 to 150 cm
CONCRETE
PILES PIPE PILES
COMPOSITE SCREW PILES
PILES
STEEL PILES DISC PILES
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
Use in Sandy and Soft Soil
TIMBER PILES H PILES Same as Screw Pile
CONCRETE
PILES PIPE PILES
COMPOSITE SCREW PILES
PILES
Mostly used in the marine installation, where total
penetration of the pile in the ground is required to be large.
STEEL PILES DISC PILES
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
SHEET PILES
USES FOR RETAINING SOIL
Wooden Sheet piles
Precast Concrete Sheet Piles
Pre Stressed Concrete Sheet Piles
Steel Sheet Piles
PILE DRIVING
By Drop hammer
By Steam hammer
By Water Jets
By Borings
Any Questions? Thank You
