RESEARCH ON ACUTE BIOLOGIC CRISIS
Presented to
ROSELYN S. PACARDO, MAN, MM, RN, RM
MINDANAO SANITARIUM AND HOSPITAL COLLEGE
Barangay San Miguel, Iligan City
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING
Nenuco Gary C. Ajero, BSN -4A
AUGUST 2010
Research Number 1: Sexually Transmitted Diseases
SEXUALLY RISK FACTORS CAUSATIVE INCUBA MODE OF SIGNS AND DIAGNOSTIC DRUGS NURSING
TRANSMITTE AGENT TION TRANSMIS SYMPTOMS TESTS INTERVENTIONS AND
D DISEASE PERIOD SION HEALTH EDUCATION
Candidiasi a. High Candida 2 to 5 Sexual, -Vulvar Microscopic -Nystatine or - Instruct the patient
s estrogen levels albicans days Oral, and reddening and Examination - miconazole that this drug is
(Pregnancy) Anal pruritus A sample of (monistat) given as a one -time
-Thick, white, discharge is suppositories single dose.
intercours
b. Antibiotic cheese-like taken from the once a day for 3 - teach the client
therapy (alters e vaginal vaginal wall to 7 days about safer sex
normal flora) discharge and placing it measures and
e.g. - pain with on a glass -Fluconazole hygiene practices to
tetracyclines sexual slide; three or ( diflucan) taken help prevent
intercourse or four drops of a orally ( one time reinfection after
c. Use of oral burning with 20% or single dose) therapy.
contraceptives urination potassium - urge client to
- white lacy hydroxide -Prednisolone or watch for signs and
d. Diabetes patches on top solution are other steroid symptoms of
mellitus of a red base then added, drugs (<2 possible re-infecion
can form on and the weeks) and report them to
e. Supressed the tongue, mixture is the primary
Immune system palate, or protected by a - Anti-ulcer caregiver.
elsewhere cover slip. drugs (e.g. - bathing with dilute
inside the Typical hyphae Zantac, sodium bicarbonate
mouth. under a Tagamet) - solution to relieve
microscope <2mos pruritus.
exam indicate - Try drinking green
candida tea 3 or 4 times a
organisms. day. It may help
cleanse your system
of excess yeast
- Decrease
consumption of
foods containing
high amounts of
sugar and/or yeast
(such as beer, sodas,
desserts, etc.)
Trichomon - multiple Tricomona 4 to 20 -Sexual Females: white Microscopic - Oral -Teach client to
iasis sexual partners s vaginalis days; intercours or greenish- examination - metronidazole follow safer sex
(Single cell average e yellow or some amount (Flagyl) -avoid multiple
- protozoa) frothy gray- of vaginal partners
–7
immunosupress -Contact green odorous discharge is - Use of condom -instruct patient to
ed days discharge; combined with by sexual avoid alcohol in the
with
vaginal lactated partner course of treatment.
Research Number 2: Types Of Anemia
TYPES OF RISK FACTORS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY SIGNS AND DIAGNOSTIC DRUGS NURSING
ANEMIA SYMPTOMS TESTS INTERVENTIONS AND
HEALTH EDUCATION
Iron- - Rapidly growing - Iron deficiency - Blue color to - CBCs - Supplemental - Teach patient to
deficiency Infants, children, anemia is associated whites of the eyes - Fecal occult iron take the iron
anemia and adolescents with either inadequate - Brittle hair and blood test preparations- suppelement with an
- Diet: Deficient absorption or nails - Hematocrit and ferrous sulfate empty stomach for
in Iron excessive loss of iron; - Decreased hemoglobin (red (feosol), ferrous best absoption
- Use of aspirin, An inadequate supply appetite (especially blood cell gluconate - Teach the patient
ibuprofen, or of iron needed to in children) measures) (fergon), iron to include iron in the
other arthritis synthesize - Fatigue - Iron binding dextran diet such as red
medicines long- hemoglobin, - Headache, capacity (TIBC) (imferon) meat, liver, and
term decreases the oxygen- dizziness in the blood eggyolks
- Pregnant or carrying capacity of - Irritability - RBC indices - Oxygen - Flour, bread, and
breastfeeding heme. When this - Pale skin color - Serum ferritin therapy some cereals are
women who need disorder becomes - Shortness of - Serum iron fortified with iron
extra iron severe, the marrow breath level - Dietary - Administer ordered
- Old Age produces red blood - Sore tongue modification- iron replacement
- Blood loss cells that are deficient - Unusual food increased iron. therapy.
through heavy in hemoglobin cravings (called
menstrual periods concentration and are pica) - Teach patient to
(Women in child- hypochromic. - Weakness avoid milk and
bearing age) - sensitivity to the
antacids when
- Poor Iron cold
Absorption: Celiac -sore mouth and taking iron
disease, Crohn's tongue supplement because
disease, Gastric -angina. this may interfere
bypass surgery, with the absorption
Antacid use of iron
- Liquid iron
preparations should
be taken through a
straw
-intramuscular
replacements should
be given by Z-track
technique ( to
prevent discoloration
of the skin)
-monitor response to
activity and provide
Research Number 3: Gastrointestinal Disorders
GASTROINTE RISK FACTORS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY SIGNS AND DIAGNOSTIC DRUGS NURSING
STINAL SYMPTOMS TESTS INTERVENTIONS AND
DISORDERS HEALTH EDUCATION
Cholecysti Acute: Cholecystitis is - Biliary colic after a - Abdominal CT - - Encourage the
tis - Overweight inflammation of the fatty meal scan with IV and Anticholinergics, patient to bed rest
- Obesity gallbladder wall, -Tenderness in the oral contrast e.g., atropine, and avoid any
- Sedentary caused by obstruction RUQ, epigastrium - propantheline physical activity
lifestyle of the cystic duct. or both Ultrasonography - Smooth muscle - Restrict foods to
(smoking, alcohol Gallstones are the -pain of sudden - Abdominal X- relaxants, e.g., patients on the
, drugs) major cause of acute onset that steadily ray papaverine onset of symptoms
- Multiparity cholecystitis. Stones increases and - Radionuclide (Pavabid) - assists with pain
- High fat diet obstruct the cystic reaches a peak in imaging or - Antiemetics, management
- Inactivity duct, causing 30 minutes, located cholescintigraph e.g., - Provide an oral
- Stress distension of the in epigastric, y. prochlorperazine hygiene before
- Aging bladder, subsequently; subscapular or right cholecystograph (Compazine) meals to enhances
- DM (1) venous and upper quadrant y Administer bile appetite
- Hypertension lymphatic drainage is areas, sometimes - Endoscopic salts, e.g., - Restrict gas-
- impaired; (2) referred to the right retrograde Bilron, Zanchol, producing foods
immunocomprom proliferation of scapula. dehydrocholic (e.g., onions,
ised bacteria occurs; (3) -(+) Murphy;s sign- - Antibiotic cabbage, stimulation
localized cellular while palpating the therapy of the gallbladder.
Chronic: irritation and gallbladder - Analgesics popcorn) and
- Gallstone infiltration takes place, -nausea and - Parental foods/fluids high in
and (4) areas of vomiting hydration fats
ischemia may develop. -fever
The inflamed gall -elevated white
bladder wall is blood count
edematous and -mild jaundice.
thickened and may
have areas of
gangrene and
necrosis.
Cholelithia - Gender (women Under normal - Pain or biliary - Abdominal X- - Analgesics -provide a quite,
sis 4x as like to conditions, a delicate colic- starts in ray - Intravenous restful environment.
develop balance occurs among upper midline area, - Radionuclide therapy to -assess client for
cholesterol the levels of bile acids, may radiate around imaging or maintain fluid signs of dehydration-
stones as men) cholesterol, and to back and right cholescintigraph and electrolyte dry mucous
- Age (> 40) phospholipids. A shoulder blade or to y balance membranes,
-Diabetes mellitus disparity in this the back and cholecystograph - Oral decreased skin
- Multiple balance, especially substernal area y administration of turgor, decreased
pregnancies with the - Jaundice-when - Endoscopic dissolution urinary output.
- Vagotomy supersaturation of common bile retrograde agents- -maintain
(removal of a cholesterol, obstruction is chenodeoxycholi nasogastric tube-
Research Number 4: Neurologic Disorders
NEUROLOGI RISK FACTORS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY SIGNS AND DIAGNOSTIC DRUGS NURSING
C SYMPTOMS TESTS INTERVENTIONS AND
DISORDERS HEALTH EDUCATION
Myastheni - Women than Myasthenia gravis is - Difficulty speaking - Edrophonium - Natural - Plan activities at
a Gravis men in early an autoimmune (dysarthria) chloride test enzyme time client of client’s
onset at age 20 channelopathy: it - Difficulty - cholinesterase highest energy level
to 30 years. In features antibodies swallowing Anticholinestera -Imuran and allow for rest
late onset after directed against the (dysphagia) se test -Short-acting periods.
age 50, men are body's own proteins. - Drooping eyelids - EMG anticholenisteras - Establish an
more often Myasthenia gravis is (ptosis) (electromyograp e compounds- accurate neurologic
affected. characterized by the - Double vision hy) stimulates pyridostigmine and respiratory
-Loss of presence of n IgG (diplopia) muscles and (mestinon), baseline
acetylcholine antibody against - Nasal-sounding notes any neostigmine -assess muscle
receptors acetylcholine speech and weak impaired (prostigmine) strength before and
- Ethnic groups receptors in striated neck muscles response. - Corticosteroids- after activity.
and both genders muscle. This causes -Increasing - Blood test can prednosone - To prevent
- Fetus may failure of the striated weakness with check for (reduces level of relapses, adhere
acquire immune muscles to contract, sustained muscle acetylcholine serum closely to the
proteins particularly those of contraction. (if receptor acetylcholine ordered drug
(antibodies) from the oropharyngeal, client is asked to antibodies, receptor administration
a mother affected facial, and extraocular hold arms up, the which are antibodies) schedule
with myasthenia groups. power of muscle generally -Plasmapheris- -observe for
gravis contraction elevated in to remove myasthenia
diminishes, and patients with plasma proteins crisis( an
arms drift myasthenia containing exacerbation of
downward, after a gravis antibodies myasthenic
period of rest, the believed to symptoms caused
muscles regain cause by under-medication
their strength.) myasthenia with
-muscle weaknes gravis. anticholenisterase
increased at the drugs):
end of the day -increased pulse
- Expressionless pressure
face and tendency -increased blood
for the mouth to pressure
hang open due to -anoxia, cyanosis
weakness of the -bowel and bladder
facial muscles incontinence
-respiratory distress -absence of cough
(respiratory muscle and swallow reflex
involvement). -increased
secretions,
increased
lacrimation
Research Number 5: Endocrine Disorders
ENDOCRINE RISK FACTORS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY SIGNS AND DIAGNOSTIC DRUGS NURSING
DISORDERS SYMPTOMS TESTS INTERVENTIONS AND
HEALTH EDUCATION
Hypothyro - Women more The thyroid cells fail to - Puffy face Loss or - Thyroglobulin LEVOTHYROXIN - Teach the client to
idism than men (about produce sufficient thinning of - Serum glucose SODIUM consume a caloric
4 to 1) levels of thyroid eyebrows - T4 and T3- -thyroid intake sufficient to
- Lack of iodine in hormone (THs) for - Decreased cardiac usually decrease hormone maintain a normal
the diet several reasons. heart rate, stroke - TSH level in the preparation body temperature
- Surgery or Sometimes the cells volume, and blood is low -Iodine - Give warm oral
radioactive themselves are cardiac output - Radioactive preparation fluids, if alert and
therapy for damage and no longer - Hyperlipidemia, iodine(RAI) -iodine enriched able to swallow
hyperthyroidism. function normally. hypercholesterolem uptake test diet. - Monitor rate,
- Chronic Other times the ia - Alkaline rhyrhm. Depth amd
inflammatory thyroid are functional, - Anemia,easy phosphatase effort of respirations
diseases. but the person does bruising and serum - Note chest
- Physical not ingest enough of -Joint or muscle calcium movement
inactivity the substances pain - Urine - Monitor breathing
- Stress needed to make - Dyspnea, fatigue, creatinine for bradynea
- Age-35 and 60. thyroid hormones, lethargy -thyroid - Monitor
- Smoking especially iodine and - Fluid retention scanning, temperature and
- Alcohol tyrosine. When the and possible weight - Biopsy respiratory status
- production of the gain - - Monitor vital signs
Immunocomprom thyroid is too low or - Anorexia, Ultrasonography - Assess for
ise absent, the blood constipation - Serum signs/symptoms of
- Environment, levels of the thyroid - Sensitivity to cold, immunoassay decreased cardiac
- Occupation, hormone are very low decrease ability to for TSH and free output.
- Chemical and the client has a sweat thyroxine (FT4 -Daily weight
exposure decrease metabolic - Slowed physical - Assess nutritional
- Contraceptives rate. and mental status encourage
- inadequately Hypothyroidism refers reactions well balanced diet
treated to a deficiency of -forgetfulness, - Monitor intake and
hypothyroidism thyroid hormone- depression, apathy, output
thyroxine (T4) or paranoia -Administer thyroid
triiodothyronine (T3)- - Dry, coarse skin preparations- assess
resulting in slowed hair for symptoms of
body metabolism (due - Normal to thyrotoxicosis
to decreased oxygen enlarged thyroid (tachycardia,
consumption by the gland diarrhea,
tissue) and - Expressionless sweating,agitation,
pronounced face tremors, shortness
personality changes. - Periorbital edema of breath)
- Slow deliberate - Establish a
speech progressive
- Myxedema, (dry, exercise/ activity
References:
Books:
Pillitteri, A. 2007. Maternal and Child Health Nursing. 5th edition. Lippincott. Philadelphia. USA.
Smeltzer, S. et. al., 2007. Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing. 11th edition. Lippincott. Philadelphia. USA.
Ignatavicius, D. & Workman, M. 2006. Medical-Surgical Nursing. 5th edition. Elsevier. Singapore.
Internet:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000527.htm
