Relay and Timer Based Automatic Star-Delta Starter
Relay and Timer Based Automatic Star-Delta Starter
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: [email protected]
Volume 6, Issue 11, November 2017 ISSN 2319 - 4847
Relay and Timer Based Automatic Star-Delta
Starter
Anjana Sengupta1 , Anushree Basak 2
1
Lecturer, Technique Polytechnic Institute
2
Student, Technique Polytechnic Institute
Abstract
Power is the basic necessity for the economic development of the country. The power should be handled efficiently to meet the
requirement. The proposed paper presents the effective usage of The Automatic Star- delta starter in the particular
applications. The delta- star module is interfaced with the existing star-delta starter. When starting a motor creates some
problem to solve these issues, star delta starter comes into use. The project is designed to provide low voltage start to
induction motor, using relays in star mode first and then to delta mode. This paper concentrates on the design, simulation and
practical realization of an electronic based starter.
Keywords: star delta starter, timer, relay, inrush current
1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, most Induction motors are started directly on line, but when large motors are started directly, they
cause disturbance of voltage on the supply lines due to large starting current surges. Induction motors when operated on
weak systems is a highly dynamic process that can cause motor and load damage as well as electrical network
fluctuations. Mechanical damage is caused due to high starting current drawn by ramping induction motor. In order to
compensate the load increase the voltage is reduced. To limit the starting current surge, large induction motors are
started at reduced voltage and then have fully supply voltage reconnected when they run up to near rotated speed. There
are many arrangements for starting an Induction motor. The choice of method is done keeping in mind the system
robustness, efficiency, equipment cost, machine lifetime.
2. PARAMETERS WHICH ARE OF CONCERN DURING STARTING
2.1. Inrush current: Defined as the initial current which is the cause of mechanical stress of the bearings and belts on
the motor load. This current also causes copper loss which affects efficiency. This loss is dissipated as heat causing
thermal stress thus affecting the machine life.
2.2. Voltage dip: The voltage dip is caused by the load torque characteristics as torque is proportional to the square of
voltage. The allowable voltage dip ranges from 80% to 90% of the rated voltage.
2.3. Frequency dip: To maintain the system stability it is very necessary to maintain fundamental frequency.The
frequency dip is though not as important as the voltage dip.
2.4. Acceleration time: It is the approximate time required to achieve the rated speed of the motor. It is a measure of
of other parameters such as torque and current.
2.5. Torque: The speed-torque curve is used to represent the required torques of the motor for different speeds. The
initial rotor starting torque meets the necessity of potential energy at stand still and acceleration torque should increase
in order to maintain acceleration or the motor will stall.
2.6. Reactive power and starting power factor: The rating of the equipment may be required to be rated higher than
the rated value as the reactive power consumption by the motor is high. The reactive power during start is closely
related to the voltage dip. Typical values of power factor are about 0.20 for motors under 1000HP.
2.7. Robustness: The ability of an induction motor to perform consistently.
2.8. Cost: The installation and operation cost.
Volume 6, Issue 11, November 2017 Page 55
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: [email protected]
Volume 6, Issue 11, November 2017 ISSN 2319 - 4847
In industries 80% of motor used are AC induction motor. An AC induction motor can be single phase, poly phase,
brushed or brushless. Since industries face some difficulties at the starting time of the motor. The proposed system will
overcome these situations.
3. AUTOMATIC STAR DELTA STARTER
The star delta starter is a very common type of starter. Star delta starter is used more than any other type of starter. This
method uses the concept of automatically operated. This is first achieved by connecting the stator winding in star
connection, after the motor attains the certain speed the contactor switches to the stator winding to delta connection.
4. CALCULATION IN STAR AND DELTA CONNECTION
Suppose VP be the supply voltage per Phase. So the line voltage of the supply will be VL = Line current = 3 VP.
For star connected load:
Ist p= starting current per phase in star
Ist l= starting line current in star
Ist p= Ist l, Vp=(Vl /3)
For delta connected load:
Istp= Starting current per phase in delta
Istl= starting line current in delta
Istp= (Istl /3) and Vp = V
5. PROPOSED STAR-DELTA STARTER
It is an equipment automatic star delta starter for three phase induction motor. This is mainly relay based circuit. The
three phases are connected in star. One way is to use star delta motor starter. So, it is where starter if simply connected
in STAR , the starting current would be huge.
Normally motors run in star mode. Full voltage is applied to the motor. So by making motor to run in delta mode after
consuming (50-60)%. Current sensor continuously monitors the current variations and provides the necessary feedback
as per the design. Based on the feedback from current sensor the star - delta module performs. Start in star and change
over to delta and then operate in star or delta, based on load. Changeover from star to delta based on current instead of
time. The motor is started with different loads at different times and the timing set in the timer may not be always
suitable for these differing loads. It may be too high or too small.
6. WORKING PRINCIPLE
This is the reduced voltage starting method. Voltage reduction during star delta starting is physically reconfiguring the
motor windings. During starting the motor windings are connected in star configuration and this reduces the voltage
across each winding. This reduces the torque by a factor by three. After a period of time the windings are reconfigured
as delta and the motor runs normally. At first the DC generator is coupled to the induction motor shaft and gives DC
output. The values of threshold voltage are provided to the Zener diode. A filter circuit is connected in the path which
filters the noises and the output is further send to OP-AMP input. A reference value is provided to the other end of OP-
AMP for comparing with reference input. The desired value current passes through a resistor to the transistor base.
When it reaches the base, the emitter current flows via the collector, and as a result the relay will be operated from NC
mode to NO mode. It will also operate the 3CO relay. As soon as this is done, the star connection gets shifted to delta
connection.
Figure 1 Circuit diagram of the starter.
Volume 6, Issue 11, November 2017 Page 56
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: [email protected]
Volume 6, Issue 11, November 2017 ISSN 2319 - 4847
7. SIMULATION RESULTS
The simulation of the proposed system is done in the Multisim. In Multisim software, it is difficult to show the star and
delta winding connections of the induction motor. Thus the control of the supply voltage was done with the help of the
electronics devices which receives its input from the power block output. Thus reduced voltage is given as supply to run
the motor in the initial mode. And when motor attains the full load, motor is provided with full supply voltage to run in
delta mode. Inside the controller reference load rating is given as a reference depending on which the voltage should be
controlled. The simulation helped in getting an idea of the voltage and current at different stages and thus realise the
circuit practically.
8. ADVANTAGES OVER THE CONVENTIONAL METHOD
The other conventional methods are:
a. Direct-On-Line method- Direct connection of terminal voltage to motor stator with no additional components. Most
economical in terms of installation cost and ease of use.
b. It produces highest inrush current, about 6-8 times of rated current. It is most commonly used for small motors. The
mechanical stress on load is more; efficiency is low due to high reactive power consumed at start.
c. Shunt Capacitors- A capacitor is connected in parallel to the motor which compensates the reactive demand from
motor during starting by supplying a loading current and thus improves power factor while still achieving high
starting torque because of full voltage.
d. Electromechanical reduced Voltage techniques- Implementing through conventional circuitry, such as resistors and
transformers. In this method of reduced voltage starting methods the thermal capability should also be considered.
e. Star and Delta- Initially the three windings are connected in star to provide line voltage reduced by a factor of 57.7%
and current reduced to 1/3rd of the current at rated voltage. The starting torque is but 1/3rd to 1/5th of starting torque
by DOL starter.
f. Autotransformer- Uses tap changes to reduce low voltage as required. Current can also be reduced. However torque
also reduced as square of voltage & needs to be considered.
g. Primary Resistor or Reactor- Switchable primary series resistor or reactor bank connected at motor terminals to limit
current or change in current.
h. Soft Starter Techniques- Solid state electronic circuit based device that manipulates the supply voltage as required.
Timer and Relay based This is the approach taken in this paper.
It is dependent on time and also depends on the load current. The feedback from load characteristics decides whether to
switch the mode or to continue. It makes the system application oriented thus enhancing the accuracy and efficiency.
And also helps to optimise the actions required in the starting of an Induction motor.
9. CONCLUSION
Thus it is seen that if the motor can meet the torque requirement in star mode then we can always run the motor in star
mode. This can save 25% of power when compared to delta mode. The other advantages which were achieved are:
a. Power factor is better in star mode.
b. Usage of capacitor banks to improve power factor is reduced.
c. The size of the conductor can be reduced.
d. Reduced stress on power grid when starting.
References
[1] A comparison of Induction motor starting methods powered by diesel generator set- Adam John Wingngton.
[2] Reduced Voltage starting- Schneider Electric.
[3] Electrical Machines- Ashfaq Hussain.
Author
Anjana Sengupta passed Bachelor of technology from Asansol Engineering College of West Bengal
University of Technology (formerly) in the year 2011. Engaged as Lecturer in Polytechnic Institute
since 2012. Presently pursuing Masters of Technology in IIT(ISM) Dhanbad. Specializing in Power
System.