Risk & Return Relationship
TOTAL RISK
The total variability in returns of a security represents
the total risk of that security. Systematic risk and
unsystematic risk are the two components of total
risk. Thus
Total risk
= Systematic risk + Unsystematic risk
Risks associated with investments
Risks
Systematic OR Non
Non systematic OR
diversifiable diversifiable
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SYSTEMATIC RISK
The portion of the variability of return of a
security that is caused by external factors, is
called systematic risk.
It is also known as market risk or non-
diversifiable risk.
Economic and political instability, economic
recession, macro policy of the government, etc.
affect the price of all shares systematically. Thus
the variation of return in shares, which is caused
by these factors, is called systematic risk.
Systematic Risks
Risk
due to
War like inflation
Interest
situation rate risk
International Political
events risk
Industrial Market
growth risk
Risk due to
govt.
monsoon
policies
Natural
scams
calamities
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NON - SYSTEMATIC RISK:
The return from a security sometimes varies
because of certain factors affecting only the
company issuing such security. Examples are
raw material scarcity, Labour strike,
management efficiency etc.
When variability of returns occurs because of
such firm-specific factors, it is known as
unsystematic risk.
Non Systematic Risks
Business
risks
Non
Disputes systematic Financial
risks risks
Risks due
to
uncertainty
RISK RETURN RELATIONSHIP OF
DIFFERENT STOCKS
Rate of Market Line E(r)
Return Risk
Premium
Ordinary shares
Preference shares
Subordinate loan stock
Unsecured loan
Debenture with floating charge
Mortage loan
Government stock (risk-free)
Degree of Risk
Risk return relationship of different stocks
Risk & Return Analysis
Return on security(single asset) consists of
two parts:
Return = dividend + capital gain rate
R = D1 + (P1 P0)
P0
WHERE R = RATE OF RETURN IN YEAR 1
D1 = DIVIDEND PER SHARE IN YEAR 1
P0 = PRICE OF SHARE IN THE BEGINNING OF THE YEAR
P1 = PRICE OF SHARE IN THE END OF THE YEAR
Average rate of return
R = 1 [ R1+R2++Rn]
n
n
R = 1 Rt
n t=1
Where
R = average rate of return.
Rt = realised rates of return in periods 1,2, ..t
n = total no. of periods
Risk
Risk refers to dispersion of a variable.
It is measured by variance or SD.
Variance is the sum of squares of the
deviations of actual returns from average
returns .
Variance = (Ri R)2
SD = (variance2)1/2
Expected rate of return
It is the weighted average of all possible
returns multiplied by their respective
probabilities.
n
E(R) = R1P1 + R2P2 + + RnPn
E(R) = =1R P
i i
i
Where Ri is the outcome i, Pi is the probability
of occurrence of i.
Variance is the sum of squares of the deviations
of actual returns from expected returns weighted
by the associated probabilities.
n
Variance = (Ri E(R) )2* Pi
i=1
SD = (variance2)1/2
Portfolio
A portfolio is a bundle of individual assets or
securities.
All investors hold well diversified portfolio of
assets instead of investing in a single asset.
If the investor holds well diversified portfolio of
assets, the concern should be expected rate
of return & risk of portfolio rather than
individual assets.
Portfolio return- two asset case
The expected return from a portfolio of two or more
securities is equal to the weighted average of the
expected returns from the individual securities.
(Rp) = WA (RA) + WB (RB)
Where,
(Rp) = Expected return from a portfolio of two
securities
WA = Proportion of funds invested in Security A
WB = Proportion of funds invested in Security B
RA = Expected return of Security A
RB = Expected return of Security B
WA+ WB = 1
Portfolio risk- two asset
Since the securities associated in a portfolio
are associated with each other, portfolio risk is
associated with covariance between returns of
n
securities.
Covariancexy = (R xi E(Rx) (Ryi E(Ry)*Pi
i=1
Correlation
To measure the relationship between returns of
securities.
Corxy = Covxy
SDX SDY
the correlation coefficient ranges between 1 to
+1.
The diversification has benefits when correlation
between return of assets is less than 1.
DIVERSIFICATION OF RISK
We have seen that total risk of an individual
security is measured by the standard deviation
( ), which can be divided into two parts i.e.,
systematic risk and unsystematic risk
Total Risk () = Systematic Risk + Unsystematic
risk
Unsystematic Risk
Risk
Systematic Risk
Number of security
Figure 1: Reduction of Risk through Diversification
Only to increase the number of securities in the portfolio will not
diversity the risk. Securities are to be selected carefully.
If two security returns are less than perfectly correlated, an
investor gains through diversification.
If two securities M and N are perfectly negatively correlated, total
risk will reduce to zero.
Suppose return are as follows:
t1 t2 t3 t4
M 10% 20% 10% 20%
N 20% 10% 20% 10%
Mean 15% 15% 15% 15%
Return
20% M
10% N
Figure 2
If r = -1 (perfectly negatively correlated), risk is completely
eliminated ( = 0)
If r = 1, risk can not be diversified away
If r < 1 risk will be diversified away to some extent.
TWO IMPORTANT FINDINGS:
More number of securities will reduce portfolio
risk
Securities should not be perfectly correlated.
Returns distribution for two perfectly
negatively correlated stocks ( = -1.0)
Stock W Stock M Portfolio WM
25 25 25
15 15 15
0 0 0
-10 -10 -10
Returns distribution for two perfectly
positively correlated stocks ( = 1.0)
Stock M Stock M Portfolio MM
25 25 25
15 15 15
0 0 0
-10 -10 -10
Diversification.does it always work?
Diversification is enhanced depending upon the extent to
which the returns on assets move together.
This movement is typically measured by a statistic
known as correlation as shown in the figure below.
Even if two assets are not perfectly negatively
correlated, an investor can still realize diversification
benefits from combining them in a portfolio as shown
in the figure below.
