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GRAM M AR – NOTES & PRACTICES
(1) Articles
Indefinite Articles – ‘a’ & ‘an’
(a ) To show a Singular Noun eg: a book, a boy, a bat, an egg,
- an apple, an elephant, etc
(i) Vowel Sounds ( a, e, I, o, u ) – use “an”
Silent “h” - -use “an”
(ii) Consonant Sounds ( b, c, d, …z) – use “a”
Sounds like – university , uniform – “a”
(b) To show a General Statement – eg: A cow gives us milk.
Definite Article – the ( to show )
(a) A specific noun (usually when talking about the picture given)
eg: We change the idea of :- ( “A boy” … ) to the idea of ( “The boy” ……)
(b) When repeating a same object
eg:- I have a car. The car is blue.
(c) When the object is of its one kind
eg : sun, earth, king, headmaster, ….etc
(d) In superlative form
eg : tallest, most beautiful, best….etc
(e) For locations
eg: in the field, on the table, at the stall,…..etc
We DO NOT use Articles:-
1. In front of an uncountable noun – eg: flour, rice, water…..
2. Before proper nouns for a person, place, countries – eg: John, Johor….
But use “the” :- USA, Republic of China, Kuala Lumpur Tower, …etc
3. Before any sports & games – eg: badminton….
4. Before any meals – eg: breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper….
5. Before a Plural Noun for General Statement – eg: giraffes, postmen…..
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GRAM M AR – NOTES & PRACTICES
Fill in the blanks with Articles ( a, an, the ) or ( - )
1. ________________ postman delivers letters and parcels.
2. ________________ pilot flies aeroplanes.
3. ________________ engineers sometimes work at the construction sites.
4. ________________ artist painted ________________ most beautiful art work to sell.
5. ________________ waitress serves ______________ food to _____________
customers in ____________________ restaurant.
6. _________________ electrician repairs ____________________ electrical appliances.
7. _________________alligatorlays_____________eggs.After laying
________________ eggs, it covers them with ________________mud and plants.
8. _______________toads and ___________frogs look alike. ____________ toad’s skin is
rough and damp but _______________ frog’s skin in smooth and wet.
9. ______________ herd of cattle are grazing in _________________ field.
10. ______________ python killed __________goat by winding itself around ________ goat
and crushed it hard.
For each omission given ( / ), rewrite the sentences with Articles
1. He left / house / hour ago.
_____________________________________________________________
2. / Fishmonger sells / fish in / market.
____________________________________________________________
3. / Reporters write / news and / articles.
____________________________________________________________
4. Tina saw / burglar broke into / neighbour’s house last night.
______________________________________________________________
5. We watched / movie after having / delicious meal.
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GRAM M AR – NOTES & PRACTICES
(2) Singular & Plural Nouns
Complete the table below with Plural Forms
SINGULAR - PLURAL SINGULAR - PLURAL
1. boy - 11. goose -
2. tiger - 12. tooth -
3. brush - 13. ox -
4. bus - 14. child -
5. army - 15. buffalo -
6. cherry - 16. mouse -
7. knife - 17. furniture -
8. wolf - 18. deer -
9. glass - 19. sheep -
10. watch - 20. rice -
Rewrite the sentences in Plural Forms
1. The girls put on a cap and carry an umbrella on a sunny day.
______________________________________________________________
2. The bird flew above the house just now.
______________________________________________________________
3. The ox and the sheep are grazing on the field.
_______________________________________________________________
4. The mouse came out to steal food at night.
_______________________________________________________________
5. My family enjoys picnicking during the weekend.
________________________________ _______________________________
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GRAM M AR – NOTES & PRACTICES
(3) Verbs (Parts of Body)
NOUNS VERBS
1. elbow bend
2. finger snap, count, cross
3. hand carry, take, hold, write, draw, shake, play, hit, clap, slap, break
4. arm lift
5. knee kneel, bend
6. leg walk, run, jump, skip, stand
7. feet dance, step, kick
8. toes balance
9. ear listen, hear
10. eye see, look, read, tear, close, open
11. nose smell
12. tongue taste
13. teeth bite, chew, (brush, pull out )
14. mouth eat, drink, speak, talk, tell, sing, cry, laugh, shout, blow, read
15. head nod, shake
16. neck turn
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Complete the chant with correct ‘Verbs’
I ________________________ with my eyes.
I ________________________ with my ears.
I ________________________ with my nose.
I ________________________ with my tongue.
I ________________________ with my teeth.
I ________________________ with my mouth.
I ________________________ with my head.
I ________________________ with my neck.
I ________________________ with my arm.
I ________________________ with my hands.
I ________________________ with my fingers.
I ________________________ with my legs.
I ________________________ with my feet.
I ________________________ myself on my toes.
Now, you have learnt that;
Different parts of your body,
Can do different things.
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GRAM M AR – NOTES & PRACTICES
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Underline the correct answer for each question below
1. The pupils ( read, talk ) quietly in the library.
2. The children ( jump, play ) happily in the playground.
3. I ( eat, drink ) my soup with a spoon.
4. Peter and Jane ( catch, hold ) the butterflies with a net.
5. Mei Lin and her friends always ( dance, skip ) at the school concert.
6. The boys ( kick, hit ) the balls with their feet.
7. Please ( carry, throw ) the books to the staffroom.
8. We ( stand, sit ) straight when we ( sing, shout ) the national anthem.
9. Do not ( take, touch ) the switch with your wet hand.
10. The fierce dogs ( chew, bite ) at the strangers.
11. The players ( hit, touch ) the ball over the net.
12. I ( blow, taste ) out the candles on the cake.
13. The spectators ( slap, clap ) loudly when the player has shot a goal.
14. The prayers ( bend, kneel ) and ( cross, snap ) their fingers in front of the
god when they pray.
15. We ( open, close ) our eyes when we sleep.
16. My twin sisters ( cry, laugh ) loudly upon hearing the jokes.
17. I ( cover, hold ) my ears when I ( hear, listen ) the thunder.
18. My English teacher likes to ( talk, tell ) stories to us.
19. The roses ( look, see ) beautiful and ( smell, taste ) fragrant.
20. Please ( take, open ) your book and ( turn, bend ) to page 50.
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(4) Tenses
Study the table about different TENSES based on time phrase given
Simple Present Simple Past Simple Future
Verbs : Verbs : Verbs : root words
Singular : -s, -es, -ies Regular : -d, -ed. - ied * will / shall ( verb )
( He, She, It ) Irregular : vowels shall – I , We
Plural : root words changed, word changed, will – He, She, It, You,
( I, You, We, They) remain root words They
Time Phrase : Time Phrase : Time Phrase :
every day, always, just now, this morning, later, soon, tonight,
often, sometimes, yesterday, last night, last tomorrow, next week,
usually, never week, a few days ago in future
Present Continuous Past Continuous Future Continuous
Singular: is + Verb “ing” Singular: was+Verb “ing” will be + Verb “ing”
( He, She, It ) ( He, She, It ) ( He, She, It, You,
Plural: are + Verb “ing” Plural: were + Verb “ing” They )
( I, You, We, They) ( I, You, We, They) shall be + Verb “ing”
( I, We )
Time Phrase : Time Phrase : Time Phrase :
now, at the moment ~ when, ~ while, ~ as later, tonight, etc
Simple Present Tense + Subject Verb Agreement
Subject Nouns / Pronouns Subject Nouns / Pronouns
The boys, I, You, We, They John, My mother, He, She, It
Plural Verbs Singular Verbs
1. play, speak, listen +s plays, speaks, listens
2. go, brush, catch + es goes, brushes, catches
3. carry, fly, cry y ies carries, flies, cries
Note :
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(I) Verbs end with – “o”, “sh”, “ch” – add “es” to the root form
eg: do + “es” – does, wash + “es” – washes, watch + “es” - watches
(II) Verbs end with “y” :
(a) with a Vowel in front of “y” like in – play, enjoy, buy
Just add “s” to the word – plays, enjoys, buys
(b) with a Consonant in front of “y” like in – fly, try, carry
Change the “y” to “ies” – flies, tries, cries
( a) Simple Present Tense
We use Simple Present Tense when :
Habitual Actions – things we do every day or often
Universal Truths – facts that cannot be changed
Giving Instructions / Polite Orders
Habitual Actions Universal Truths Instructions / Directions
1. The boys ( play ) football 1. An elephant (has) a long 1.(Hand) in your books
every day. trunk. during recess.
2. My mother always 2. The earth (moves) around 2. (Turn) left and (go) along
( cooks ) curry for us. the sun. Jalan Bunga.
Note :
1. Verbs for ‘Habitual Actions’ and ‘Universal Truths’; we take a consideration on the Subject
Verb Agreement.
2. Verbs for ‘Imperative / Instructional Language’ are remain in their base forms.
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GRAM M AR – NOTES & PRACTICES
Choose the correct answer for each question below
1. Mrs. Lee ( goes, go ) to market every day.
2. My father ( washes, wash ) his car every Sunday.
3. A postman ( deliver, delivers ) letters daily.
4. The pupils ( sweep, sweeps ) their classroom every day.
5. My baby brother always ( drink, drinks ) milk at night.
6. My dog often ( barks, bark ) at strangers.
7. My uncle sometimes ( takes, take ) us out for a picnic.
8. The children ( makes, make ) the kites themselves.
9. Kim Hock usually ( cycles, cycle ) to the grocery shop.
10. We ( jog, jogs ) at the park every evening.
11. It ( snow, snows ) during winter.
12. The stars ( twinkle, twinkles ) at night.
13. Owls ( hoot, hoots ) and an eagle ( screams, scream ).
14. The roots of a tree ( absorbs, absorb ) water from the ground.
15. Water ( flows, flow ) from high to low.
16. ( Circle, Circles ) the correct answer for the question given.
17. ( Walk, Walks ) down the road and ( stops, stop ) at the traffic lights.
18. ( Beats, Beat ) three eggs in a big bowl and ( adds, add ) a little baking soda into it.
19. ( Reads, Read ) and ( spells, spell ) the words correctly.
20. ( Use, Uses ) the overhead bridge to ( cross, crosses ) the busy road.
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(b) Simple Past Tense
We use Simple Past Tense when we talk about a past event / incident. For examples :
My father washed his car a few days ago.
My mother cooked chicken curry yesterday.
The boys won the football match last Friday.
We went to the library just now.
You cycled to school last week.
She swept the floor during recess time.
There are two types of Past Tense Verbs :-
1. Regular Verbs
+ d + ed y -----> ied
Baked Cooked Carry – carried
Cycled Packed Marry – married
Played Fry - fried
2. Irregular Verbs
Change partial of Whole words changing No Past Tense Form
vowels ( ** spelling same sound
different )
Sit – sat Go – went Put – put
Sing – sang Fly – flew Cut – cut
Write - wrote Hit – hit
Swim - swam ** Read - read
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GRAM M AR – NOTES & PRACTICES
Circle the correct Past Tense
1. Her mother ___________ to the market by car this morning.
A. go B. goes C. went D. going
2. The fishermen _________ a lot of fish last Sunday.
A. catch B. catches C. caught D. catching
3. The cat _________ under the table just now.
A. slept B. sleeping C. sleeps D. sleep
4. Pak Long __________ the newspaper this morning.
A. reads B. reading C. read
5. My sister__________ to the radio a moment ago.
A. listens B. listened C. listening D. listen
6. Khatijah did not ____________ to school yesterday.
A. cycling B. cycles C. cycled D. cycle
7. The children ________the tables and chairs yesterday morning.
A. arrange B. arranges C. arranged D. arranging
8. The stray dogs _________ loudly last night.
A. bark B. barks C. barked D. barking
9. I _______ the television programme until very late last night.
A. watch B. watching C. watched D. watches
10. Lily and her brother ________their grandparents two years ago.
A. visited B. visit C. visits D. visiting
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Find and circle the Verbs from the passage. Rewrite the paragraphs with Simple Past Tense
Every Sunday, I play skateboard with my friends in the playground. It is a fine day, there
are many children at there.
My friends and I bring along our skateboards. We usually play for two hours. As we
play, we joke and laugh happily.
It is fun to have an outdoor activity with friends during weekends.
Last Sunday, __________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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(c) Simple Future Tense
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(d) Present Continuous Tense
1. Tells about an action is going on at the time of speaking
Eg : I am cycling to school now.
My mother is cooking at the moment.
2. The Verb changes to ‘Verb + ing’ – For eg : play + ing = playing
3. Subject Verb Agreement is on the Verb-to-Be ( is, am, are ); to indicate Singular or Plural
nouns.
Subject Verb-to-Be Actual Verb Object/adverb/prepositional phrase Time
I am doing my homework now.
We are singing loudly at the concert now.
He is reading in the library now.
Miss Lim is trimming her plants carefully in the garden now.
The boys are playing football happily in the field now.
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The infinitive ‘to’ functions as ‘linking word’ to join 2 verbs in a sentence :
Subject Verb 1 Infinitive Verb 2 Object/adjective/adverb/Prepositional phrase
‘to’
I want to see the pupils .
My aunt loves to cook chicken curry.
Mr Wong likes to read novels during her free time.
She forgets to do her homework.
It started to rain heavily when we walked home.
They help to wash their father’s car.
The cats likes to eat fish and meat.
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6. Gerund
It is a ‘verb’ which function as a ‘noun’ in a sentence. So it is called a
‘Noun-Verb’ too. For examples :
Interest / Hobby
Verb = action words Nouns ( Hobby )
Bake Baking ( cakes / cookies )
Cook Cooking ( curry, Indian food, etc )
Read Reading ( books, magazines, etc )
Paint Painting ( scenery, portrait, etc )
Draw Drawing
Swim Swimming
Sing / dance Singing / dancing
Sew / knit Sewing / knitting
Collect Collecting ( stamps, coins, etc )
Cycle Cycling
Play Playing ( football, badminton, ec )
( congkak, scrabble, etc )
( piano, violin, guitar, etc )
( computer games, games)
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( A ) Read and match
Playing computer game
Reading and drawing
Stamps collecting
Fishing and swimming
Knitting and sewing
Watching television &
Listening to Radio
Baking and cooking
Gardening & Catching butterflies
( B ) Spelling Quiz ( Hobbies )
1. My mother enjoys preparing food for us.________________
2. My grandfather has many beautiful bonsai.______________
3. My aunt sews a pretty dress for my sister._______________
4. I enjoy watching the cartoon every Sunday._____________
5. Mei Lin goes to the library every weekend.______________
6. My father sometimes spends his free time at the nearby pond.
________________
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6. Adjectives
Words which are used to describe objects, people, animals, plants and
others
OpSHACOM
opinion Size & shape Age colour origin material
Adjectives of the same type should
be separated by “and”
Eg: She wore a red and white hat.
She carries a big black handbag.
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Underline the ADJECTIVES in these sentences
1. A berry is a small fruit with seeds.
2. A plum is a fleshy fruit.
3. A watermelon has red or yellow flesh.
4. A coconut tree produces hard shelled fruit.
5. The durian has a strong smell.
6. Cactus has thick stem.
7. A bamboo has smooth woody stems.
8. An ixora is a bushy plant.
9. A dragon fruit is juicy and fleshy..
10. The big broad leaves of a banana plant can be used to wrap ‘nasi lemak’.
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Comparison of Adjectives
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
1. No difference 1.There is a 1. Compare three or
between two. difference between more than that
2.No changing in two. 2. Always “talk”
Adjectives. 2. Add “er” / “ more” about the ONLY one.
3.Using : ( as ~ as ) to Adjectives. 3. Add “est” /
Eg: Eg: taller / “most” to
Ali is as tall as I. more hardworking Adjectives. Eg:
3.Some irregular tallest / most
Adjectives : better, hardworking
worse, less, etc 4. Some irregular
4. Using : ( ~ than ) Adjectives : best,
Eg : worst, least, etc.
Ali is taller than Siti. 5. Using : (…the ~)
Eg:
Muthu is the tallest in
our class.
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Circle the correct answers
1. The watermelon is ( heavier , heavy , heaviest ) than an orange.
2. The banana leaves are ( broad , broader , broadest ) than the canna leaves.
3. Long beans are ( long , longer , longest ) than the French beans.
4. The jackfruits is the ( large , larger , largest ) among the three fruits.
5. The oil palm is ( short , shorter , shortest ) than the coconut palm.
6. Which is the ( small , smaller , smallest ) fruit among the three; pineapple,
orange and longan ?
7. Which is ( juicy , juicier , juiciest ), a watermelon or a honey dew melon?
8. May is the ( beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful ) girl in her family.
9. He promised to be ( careful , more careful , most careful ) in his work.
10. Jane got the ( few , less , least ) marks in her class.
11. If you need ( much , more , most ) money, ask me.
12. Jolene is ( good , better , best ) than her brother.
13. My house is the ( far , further , furthest ) from my school.
14. The fish curry tastes as ( bad , worse , worst ) as the mutton curry.
15.Who is ( important , more important , most important ), a farmer or
a teacher ?
16.This is the ( difficult , more difficult , most difficult ) test that I have
ever answered.
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Rewrite the sentences with correct ADJECTIVES
1. Chong Beng is the tall boy in his class.
__________________________________________________
2. These apples are sweet than those.
___________________________________________________
3. Mei Feng can run as faster as her brother.
_____________________________________________________
4. Which story is interesting, this one or that one?
_____________________________________________________
5. Melissa is the pretty of the three girls.
_____________________________________________________
6. My father is two year young than my mother.
___________________________________________________
7. Veloo is not as cleverest as his brother, Muthu.
___________________________________________________
8. This is the easy way to get to the top of the hill.
___________________________________________________
9. I can sing and dance good than my best friend.
___________________________________________________
10. The path in the park is broad than the lane behind my house.
___________________________________________________
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7. SIMILES
( i ) Read some examples in the table below
1. as agile as a cat / monkey
2. as big as an elephant
3. as bitter as medicine
4. as blind as a bat
5. as black as coal
6. as brave as a lion
7. as clumsy as a bear
8. as busy as a bee
9. as cool as a cucumber
10. as faithful as a dog
11. as graceful as a swan
12. as green as grass
13. as happy as a lark / a king
14. as hard as iron
15. as heavy as lead
16. as hot as an oven
17. as light as a feather
18. as hungry as a wolf
19. as proud as a peacock
20. as slippery as an eel
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21. as slow as a snail / tortoise
22. as soft as silk / butter
23. as sour as vinegar
24. as stubborn as a mule
25. as smell as an ant
26. as sweet as honey / sugar
27. as timid as a mouse
(ii) Choose the SIMILES to complete the sentences below
1. The water in the pool is __________, so I don’t want to swim in it.
A. as cool as a cucumber C. as cold as ice
B. as wet as a fish D. as clear as crystal
2. My mother is ___________a bee before the Chinese New Year .
A. as busy as C. as happy as B. as graceful as D. as
heavy as
3. The flag pole in front of my school is ____________________ .
A. as green as grass C. as tall as a giant
B. as warm as wool D. as proud as a peacock
4. He looked __________________ after sunbathing at the beach.
A. as sweet as honey C. as soft as butter B. as brown as
a berry D. as thin as a rake
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5. All the clothes outside became _________ after the rain poured.
A. as wet as a fish C. as hot as fire
B. as black coal D. as white as snow
6. The stick was ________________ an iron. He could not break it.
A. as easy as C. as big as B. as loud as D. as hard
as
7. The children were afraid of Mr. Muthu. He was ______________.
A. as fierce as a tiger C. as strong as a bull
B. as quick as lightning D. as wise as an owl
8. The woodcutter’s axe is ____________________ a razor.
A. as agile as C. as new as
B. as blunt as D. as sharp
9. Mr. John’s house was built many years ago. It is ____________ .
A. as quiet as a mouse C. as slow as a snail B. as old as
the hill D. as big as a giant
10. Leela is the best dancer in the troupe. She dances _________.
A. as graceful as a swan C. as happy as a lark B. as quick
as a deer D. as clumsy as a bear
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GRAM M AR – NOTES & PRACTICES
8. Adverbs
Words which are used to describe actions
Frequency Manner Place Time
always quickly field every day
often slowly canteen yesterday
usually hungrily market just now
sometime beautifully home now
seldom fast school last week
Types of Adverbs :
Sample Sentences :
1. I always play congkak with my best friend.
2. Mary sang beautifully / sweetly at the concert.
3. We play football in the field.
4. I cycle to school every morning. / every day
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( A ) Match the Verbs to Adverbs to form Adverbial Phrases
VERBS ADVERBS ADVERBIAL PHRASES
1. write comfortably
2. sit neatly
3. rain angrily
4. shout quietly
5. smile brightly
6. read patiently
7. shine heavily
8. wait broadly
( B ) Rewrite the sentences with correct ADVERBS
1. The pupils read quiet in the library.
____________________________________________________________
2. The beggar ate the food hungry at the table.
____________________________________________________________
3. My pet cat lies lazy on the floor.
___________________________________________________________
4. The children jumped happy with joy when they heard the good news.
___________________________________________________________
5. Kok Liang was sad because he did bad in the examination.
____________________________________________________________
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9. Prepositions
Prep. Usage Example
days of the week on Monday
on
date on 12 July 2012
months / seasons in August / in winter
time of day in the morning
in
year in 2006
after a certain period of time (when?) in an hour
for night / noon at night / at noon
at for weekend at the weekend
a certain point of time(when?) at half past nine
for over a certain period of time (past till now) -for 2 years
room, building, street, town, country -in the kitchen, in London
book, paper etc. -in the book
in
car, taxi -in the car, in a taxi
picture, world -in the picture, in the world
-at the door, at the station
meaning next to, by an object
-at the table
for table
at -at a concert, at the party
for events
place where you are to do something typical -at the cinema, at school, at
work
attached -the picture on the wall
for a place with a river -London lies on the Thames.
being on a surface -on the table
on for a certain side (left, right) -on the left
for a floor in a house -on the first floor
for public transport -on the bus, on a plane
for television, radio -on TV, on the radio
walking or riding -on foot, on horseback
on
entering a public transport vehicle -get on the bus
in entering a car / Taxi -get in the car
rise or fall of something -prices have risen by 10
by travelling (other than walking or horse percent
riding) by car, by bus
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SJKC KULAI ( 1 )
GRAM M AR – NOTES & PRACTICES
Choose the BEST preposition to match each picture shown
1. buys a racquet ( at, in, from ) the shop
bought the racquet ( in , at, from ) the shopkeeper
2. buy ducks ( in, at, from ) the stall
sells ducks ( at, to, for ) the customers
3. sing ( in, on, at ) the stage
perform ( on, at, in ) the hall
4. reads ( down, below, under ) the tree
5. fell ( down, from, onto ) the chair
6. get ( in, on, up ) the bus
board ( -, up, on ) the bus
7. barked ( to, at, on ) the stranger
afraid ( with, of, to ) the dog
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SJKC KULAI ( 1 )
GRAM M AR – NOTES & PRACTICES
8. fly ( on, at, in ) the sky
9. put ( off, out, away ) the fire
sprayed the water ( on, onto, at ) the building
10. David’s father works as a doctor _____________ .
A. in a bank
B. in an office
C. in a drug store
D. in the hospital
11. My mother prefers to exercise on __________ .
A. the jogging tracks
B. the lane
C. the road
D. her treadmill
12. Put the meat _______ and serve it hot.
A. in a glass
B. in the jar
C. on a plate
D. in a mug
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