Leonhard Euler (1707 -1783)

He was a Swiss mathematician, physicist,

astronomer, logician and engineer who made
important and influential discoveries in many
branches of mathematics like infinitesimal
calculus and graph theory. He is also known for
his work in mechanics, fluid dynamics, optics,
astronomy, and music theory. The Euler
equations first appeared in published form in
Euler's article "Principes généraux du
mouvement des fluides", published in Mémoires
de l'Académie des Sciences de Berlin in 1757
the general form of the continuity equation and
the momentum equation.

Daniel Bernoulli (1700 -1782)

He was a Swiss mathematician and physicist. He
is particularly remembered for his applications of
mathematics to mechanics, especially fluid
mechanics. In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's
principle states that an increase in the speed of a
fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in
pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential
energy published it in his book Hydrodynamica in
1738. Together Bernoulli and Euler tried to
discover more about the flow of fluids. It was
known that a moving body exchanges its kinetic
energy for potential energy when it gains height.
The wing of an aero plane is designed to create an
area above its surface where the air velocity
increases. The pressure in this area is lower than
that under the wing, so the wing is pushed
upwards by the relatively higher pressure under
the wing.
George Green (1793 -1841)
He was a British mathematical physicist who
wrote An Essay on the Application of
Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of
Electricity and Magnetism (1828). The essay
introduced several important concepts, among
them a theorem similar to the modern Green's
theorem, the idea of potential functions as
currently used in physics, and the concept of what
are now called Green's functions. When Green
published his Essay, it was sold on a subscription
basis to 51 people, most of whom were friends
and probably could not understand it.

Sir George Gabriel Stokes (1819 - 1903)

He was as a British physicist and mathematician.
Born in Ireland, Stokes spent all of his career at
the University of Cambridge. In mathematics he
formulated the first version of what is now known
as Stokes' theorem. This classical Kelvin–Stokes
theorem relates the surface integral of the curl of
a vector field F over a surface Σ in Euclidean
three-space to the line integral of the vector field
over its boundary ∂Σ. Given a vector field, the
theorem relates the integral of the curl of the
vector field over some surface, to the line
integral of the vector field around the boundary of
the surface.
Kelvin (1824 - 1907)
William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin was a Scots-
Irish mathematical physicist and engineer who
was born in Belfast. At the University of
Glasgow he did important work in
the mathematical analysis of electricity and
formulation of the first and second laws of
thermodynamics, and did much to unify the
emerging discipline of physics in its modern form.
In fluid mechanics, Kelvin's circulation theorem
states that In a barotropic ideal fluid with
conservative body forces, the circulation around a
closed curve moving with the fluid remains
constant with time.

Jean le Rond d’ Alembert (1717 - 1783)

He was a French mathematician, mechanician,
physicist, and philosopher. In 1752, he wrote
about what is now called D'Alembert's paradox:
that the drag on a body immersed in
an inviscid, incompressible fluid is zero. In 1766
showed that the principle of live forces implied
the vanishing of the drag and should thus be
inapplicable to the problem. After having at first
refused the possibility of a vanishing drag,
d’Alembert in 1768 established the paradox, but
only for bodies with a head-tail symmetry.
Heinrich Gustav Magnus (1802 - 1870)
He was a notable experimental scientist born in
Berlin. The Magnus effect is an observable
phenomenon with a spinning object that drags air
faster around one side, creating a difference in
pressure that moves it in the direction of the
lower-pressure side. An intuitive understanding
of the phenomenon comes from Newton's third
law, that the deflective force on the body is a
reaction to the deflection that the body imposes
on the air-flow. The body "pushes" the air in one
direction, and the air pushes the body in the other
direction. In particular, a lifting force is
accompanied by a downward deflection of the air-
flow.

Martin Wilhelm Kutta (1867 - 1944)

He was a experimental scientist born in poland. In
1901, he co-developed the Runge-Kutta method,
used to solve ordinary differential equations
numerically. In fluid flow around a body with a
sharp corner, the Kutta condition refers to the
flow pattern in which fluid approaches the corner
from both directions, meets at the corner, and
then flows away from the body. None of the fluid
flows around the corner, remaining attached to
the body.
Nikolay Yegorovich Zhukovsky (1847 - 1921)
He was a Russian scientist, mathematician and
engineer, and a founding father of
modern aero- and hydrodynamics. In 1904, he
established the world's first Aerodynamic
Institute in Kachino near Moscow. From 1918, he
was the head of TsAGI (Central Aero Hydro
Dynamics Institute). He was the first scientist to
explain mathematically the origin of aerodynamic
lift, through his circulation hypothesis, The force
per unit length acting on a right cylinder of any
cross section whatsoever is equal to ρ∞V∞г and
is perpendicular to the direction of V∞.

Augustin-Louis Cauchy (1789 - 1857)

He was a French mathematician and physicist
who made pioneering contributions to analysis.
He was one of the first to state and prove
theorems of calculus rigorously, rejecting the
heuristic principle of the generality of algebra of
earlier authors. He developed a system of
two partial differential equations which, together
with certain continuity and differentiability
criteria, form a necessary and sufficient condition
for a complex function to be complex
differentiable.
Bernhard Riemann (1826 - 1866)
He was a German mathematician who made
contributions to analysis, number theory, and
differential geometry. His famous 1859 paper on
the prime-counting function, containing the
original statement of the Riemann hypothesis, is
regarded as one of the most influential papers
in analytic number theory. A standard physical
interpretation of the Cauchy–Riemann equations
going back to Riemann's work on function theory
(see Klein 1893) is that u represents a potential of
an incompressible steady fluid flow in the plane,
and v is its stream function

Jean-Baptiste Biot (1774 - 1862)

He was a French physicist, astronomer,
and mathematician who established the reality
of meteorites, made an early balloon flight, and
studied the polarization of light. The
mineral biotite was named in his honor. The Biot–
Savart law is also used in aerodynamic theory to
calculate the velocity induced by vortex lines. In
the aerodynamic application, the roles of vorticity
and current are reversed in comparison to the
magnetic application.
Felix Savart (1791 - 1841)
He was a physicist, mathematician who is
primarily known for the Biot–Savart law of
electromagnetism, which he discovered together
with his colleague Jean-Baptiste Biot. Together,
they worked on the theory
of magnetism and electrical currents. Their law
was developed and published in 1820. The Biot–
Savart law relates magnetic fields to the currents
which are their sources. He also studied acoustics.
He developed the Savart wheel which produces
sound at specific graduated frequencies using
rotating disks.

Hermann von Helmholtz (1821 - 1894)

He was a German physician and physicist who
made significant contributions in several
scientific fields. The strength of a vortex filament
is constant along its length. A vortex filament
cannot end in a fluid; it must extend to the
boundaries of the fluid or form a closed path. In
the absence of rotational external forces, a fluid
that is initially irrotational remains irrotational.
Helmholtz’s theorems are now generally proven
with reference to Kelvin's circulation theorem

Osborne Reynolds (1842 - 1912)

He was born in Belfast and a prominent innovator
in the understanding of fluid dynamics. In 1883
Reynolds demonstrated the transition to
turbulent flow in a classic experiment in which he
examined the behaviour of water flow under
different flow rates using a small jet of dyed water
introduced into the centre of flow in a larger pipe.
From these experiments came the
dimensionless Reynolds number for dynamic
similarity—the ratio of inertial forces
to viscous forces. Reynolds also proposed what is
now known as Reynolds-averaging of turbulent
flows, where quantities such as velocity are
expressed as the sum of mean and fluctuating
components.
Paul Richard Heinrich Blasius (1883- 1970)
He was a German fluid dynamics physicist. He
was one of the first students of Prandtl who
provided a mathematical basis for boundary-
layer drag but also showed as early as 1911 that
the resistance to flow through smooth pipes could
be expressed in terms of the Reynolds number for
both laminar and turbulent flow. One of his most
notable contributions involves a description of
the steady two-dimensional boundary-layer that
forms on a semi-infinite plate that is held parallel
to a constant unidirectional flow.