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Last 5 Posts Entangled History

Entangled History Entangled History S
Global Flows: Kathryn By: Sönke Bauck and Thomas Maie
Caminiti Source: https://www.uni-bielefeld.de/cias/wiki/e_Entangled_History.html
Indian-Jaina Dialectic of
Syadvad in Relation to Entangled History (EH) is a historical perspective and a concept in historiography. Taking a trans-cultural
Probability perspective as the main point of departure EH centers on the interconnectedness of societies. The basic
Arms and the Man assumption is that neither nations, nor empires, nor civilizations can be the exclusive and exhaustive units and
War Correspondents: Tim categories of historiography. As entities they themselves were formed through a process of interaction and
B
Luckhurst global circulation in which they related to each other. Conceptually, EH owes much to two interrelated
discussions within the historical discipline: The “Spatial Turn” in history and the fundamental epistemological
challenges of post-colonial studies as well as their critique of the political, economic, social and cultural order
Popular Posts
of the colonial and postcolonial world. As a concept that examines historic power structures and their
Wordsworth constitution in space, EH participates in a critical re-assessment of modernity, together with adjacent and often
Preface to the overlapping perspectives like Transfer History, Transnational History, Atlantic History, Borderland History,
Lyrical Ballads Histoire Croisée, World History and the History of Capitalism. By questioning the absolute centrality of national
Wordsworth borders and inquiring about processes of non-state based exchanges, EH and its sister terms, understood here
Preface to the in a relation of family resemblance, are clearly distinct to traditional approaches in historiography, like
Lyrical Ballads,
Diplomatic History and International History. EH, therefore, examines dependencies, interferences,
1800, 1802, 1815. The chief
aim in the composition of interdependencies, and entanglements, and emphasizes as well the multidirectional character of transfers.
poems in the Lyrical Ballads
has bee... Origins and Conceptual Considerations
EH was inspired as a concept by authors from various disciplines, critical towards the limitations of dominant
Silence! The methodological nationalisms, who aimed at moving beyond reductive national-historic and Eurocentric
Court is in
perspectives.
Session
The Trial
between the Early steps for a conceptual framework that stressed transfers beyond borders can be traced back to the
humanists and 1980s and were articulated in a European context of increased political integration. Michele Espagne showed
the anti-humanists in Vijay the intercultural transfers between France and Germany, emphasizing the forms of transition in the
Tendulkar's play 'Silence! The constitutional process of nations (1988). Generally, proponents of Transfer History argued for the permeability
court is in Session'. Vij...
of borders and against comparative approaches in International History that constitute their units a priori.
Michael Werner and Bénédicte Zimmer, initiators of EH in its French articulation as Histoire Croisée, shared this
Structuralism and its
Application to Literary Theory uneasiness in constructing the units of comparison. However, they criticized Transfer History for situating the
beginning and ending of border-crossing processes within developments, themselves located in national

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1/31/2018 English Literature: Entangled History
This is a societies. Transfer History would end up using the same definitions and categories that were criticized in the
collection of first place. For Werner and Zimmer, entanglement occurs not only between historical objects, but can be itself
ideas from
a category of reflection. The object in question and the perspective on it constitute each other mutually in a
various authors
gathered permanent process of interaction. Developments on one side could be the result of developments on the other.
together by The authors argued for a reflexive induction, which questions the validity of analytical categories as well as for
Professor John Lye for the an inductive pragmatism that concludes from observation instead of models or theory. Each analysis is
use of his students. This supposed to involve two different angles and the crossing of these views is its result (Werner and
document is c...
Zimmermann 2002). Reflecting on the entanglement between observer, angle and object, Histoire Croisée has
contributed a valuable theoretical basis.
Age of Chaucer
“Homilies,
sermons in Closely connected to the concerns of a historiographical renewal are recent debates on Global and World
prose and verse, History that question national narratives as the only possible way of writing history. Although the limits of a
translation of relational history have been questioned within the ongoing debate about Global History (Epple 2013), EH has
the Psalms or generated important synergies with certain perspectives of Global and World History writing. Arguably, studies
parts of the Bible……fill the
in EH have contributed to the formation of Global History as a discipline. Historiographically, Global History
pages which form the mass
of what we m... emerged in discussions about a convergence of the world towards a structural Westernness: the influence of
liberalism and the idea of the nation-state among others. Whereas Jürgen Osterhammel stressed the world of
Tara: Mahesh the 19th century after the “Sattelzeit” (saddle period) as being shaped in culture, time and space by Europe
Dattani (Osterhammel 2009), British Historian Christopher Bayly (2004) identified a polycentric world system with
Mahesh Dattani other powers, e.g. China and Islamic empires, that played important roles in the emergence of structural
has presented resemblances of politics and culture worldwide. Finally, EH can be considered as being part of a particular
the bizarre
perspective on a new Global History that is distinct from both earlier World History (or history of civilization)
reality of the
woman playing second fiddle writings (e.g. Spengler 1922) and current approaches to Global History by authors who stress western
to man. This play opens with superiority and fundamental and dividing cultural differences (e.g. Ferguson 2012). Essentially, Global history
Chandan changed into Dan narrates stories of connections within the global human community, portraying the crossings of boundaries and
in... the linking of systems of the human past. These include, but are not limited to large scale population
movements and economic fluctuations, cross cultural transfers of technology, spread of infectious diseases,
Elizabethan Drama
long distance trade, and the spread of religious faiths and ideas more generally (Manning 2003).
From WJ LONG's Book The
term Elizabethan drama
covers not only the Ever since Edward Said initiated the debate on Orientalism as a specifically western discourse about the Other
beginning of poetic drama in 1978, extending earlier, critical approaches to Western domination by authors such as Frantz Fanon and
(1588-1600) but also the Aimé Césaire, postcolonial studies have fundamentally contributed to the development of concepts on trans- C
period after ... cultural interaction, creating influences across disciplines (for an overview see Gandhi 2008). By articulating a
critical perspective on the historic construction of empires and nation states, postcolonial theory contributed
Karnad’s Hayavadana
significantly to the theory production that informs EH. Proponents of postcolonial theory envisaged a concept
Source:
http://museindia.com/regula of history that reflects on its own repressive, unequal and exclusionary foundations. This incredulous stance
rcontent.asp? towards traditional history resulted from criticism against the hegemony of Eurocentric teleologies and models
issid=34&id=2312 Karnad’s of developmental stages and modernization in European or World History writing that placed Asia, Africa and
Hayavadana Bharathi Latin America in the “waiting-room” of history (Chakrabarty 2000). To understand the relational constitution of
Chinnasami – Themes of the modern world, it is, thus, imperative to consider its inherent power asymmetries often hidden in binary
Incomp...
analytical frameworks.
Indian English
Literature Under these pretexts, historians of all world regions have discussed the circulation, exchange and flow of
Indian English knowledge, ideas, institutions and practices. Sanjay Subrahmanyam used the term “connected history” to
Literature point out the interconnectedness between India and Europe in the Early Modern Period (Subrahmanyam
pertains to that 1997). Sebastian Conrad and Shalini Randeria have elaborated a similar perspective to Histoire Croisée within
body of work by a postcolonial articulation. Randeria described Modern History as a shared and divided history, emphasizing
writers from India, who pen
strictly in the English the twofold results from increased interactions and interdependence. Common experiences are shared by
language and whose native societies and cultures, but they simultaneously divide through resulting particularistic tendencies like
o... nationalisms and categories of race, class, and gender. The development and worldwide adaptation of the
nation-state exemplifies this tension precisely. The nation seemed universally transferable and at the same
Jacobean Drama time was meant to show cultural particularities. Modern nation-states were at the same time the product and
Around the turn the basis of capitalist and colonial interactions (Randeria 1999; Conrad and Randeria 2002).
of sixteenth
century,
Shakespeare’s Global intellectual debates on the postcolonial resulted in a productive migration of these concepts into the
drama fell into writings of history in and of the Americas. Latin American scholars started elaborating a Latin American history
neglect, and as he had of its place in colonial and postcolonial modernity, contributing crucial impulses to the field more generally.
eclipsed Lyly, and other, he Powerful concepts emerged, such as “Coloniality of Power” and “Decoloniality”, with impact on critical theory
got eclipsed by Ben ... way beyond the Americas (Quijano 2000; Mignolo 2011).

THOU hast made me

endless: Tagore Another important conceptual impulse for the articulation of EH stems from the theoretical discussions that
"THOU hast made me form part of the “Spatial Turn” in history. Building on the work of Fernand Braudel, Henri Lefebvre, Edward
endless" by Tagore By Soja, David Harvey and Doreen Massey, among others, historians started to recognize the constructed nature
Bijay Kant Dubey Theme of of space, acknowledged the simultaneity of various spatial frameworks and the centrality of both the historical
Thou Hast Made Me Endless actors and historians in defining spatial orders. In this frame, space is not interpreted as a given, but as the
THOU hast made me en...
result of relational processes with the potential to influence social interaction in return (Midell and Naumann
2010). These reflections proved crucially important in questioning hegemonic notions of the nation and other
spatial entities as the exclusive terrains of social actions.
English Lit
Anglo Norman (2) Entangled Histories in the Americas
Anglo Saxon (7) Shaped by European historians under the experience of post-cold war integration and the impact of
Augustan (33) globalization processes on European societies and nation states, the original articulation of EH had less
resonance in the Americas than in the “Old Continent”. However, the “Spatial Turn” and therefore new
Chaucer Age (8)
conceptualization of territories and their political, economic, social and cultural constitution became prominent
Elizabethan (27) in the US from the 1990s onward. The thriving fields of a multicoloured (black, red, green -Irish-…) Atlantic
Modern (48) History (and the consequential extension to include also African, European, and Latin American histories) on
Movies (2) the one side and Borderland Histories on the other, exerted a profound impact not only on modern history, but
Post Modern (38) also on early modern history, before the advent of modern nation states and their normative claim to exclusive
organization of political societies under industrial capitalism. Paul Gilroy, who expanded the work of W.E.B Du
Present (8)
Bois, CLR James, and Eric Williams, set out to show how the experience of enslavement and white supremacy
Puritan (6)
created a “double consciousness”, whereby individuals from African descent were striving to be both black and
Revival (5) European at the same time. This alienating force of disbelonging, operating in a theatre of nation states in
Romantic (16) which whiteness constitutes the norm, simultaneously creates the possibility to enact a transnational, shared
UGC-NET (32) black experience and subjectivity within the Black Atlantic (Gilroy 1993). Linebaugh and Rediker, on the other
hand, presented a “Red Atlantic” from the early 17th to the early 19th century of expropriation and capitalism,
Victorian (34)
proletarianization and resistance (Linebaugh and Rediker 2002). Also, Atlantic History helped to reshape
understandings of early modern inter-imperial rivalries and structures of power, but also of cooperation and

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1/31/2018 English Literature: Entangled History
Famous Article interchange between the imperial powers of the Atlantic World (Gould 2007, and, although US-centric, Bailyn
2005).
Xingjian
Translation Indian English The perspective of EH also resonates with a long tradition of writing “Borderland Histories,” starting with
Drama
Eugene Bolton’s famous call to create a history of “Greater America” (for its conceptual innovativeness see
Theory of Literature Adelman and Aron 1999 on the topic). Again, Borderland History is strongest in its colonial and early
Structuralism: Deridda republican settings, creating powerful interpretative concepts such as the “Middle Ground,” where rivalries
Structuralism between first empires and later incipient and ambitious nation states could be exploited and temporarily
turned to their advantage by native groups (White 1991; Hämäläinen 2008). Through this perspective, historic
Social Construction of Reality
border regions became a central space for negotiations of power and identity, revealing a forgotten history of
Sartre: Existentialism
interchanges between European settler societies and indigenous groups and their native agency that contradict
Room of One's Own quasi ontological assumptions about Europeans and their American Others. Borderlands constituted not only
Psycho Analysis spaces of mestizaje, but also terrains of refuge from the disciplinary regimes of nascent capitalist, racial, and
Preface Lyrical Ballads national logics, where deserters, slave fugitives and delinquents found shelter and new existences.
Post Structural Assumptions
Not surprisingly, the history of borderlands does find fertile grounds in the Americas as a whole, where fragile
New Criticism
frontier relations dominated the exchange between colonizing societies and native groups in peripheral
Literature, Censorship and territories for centuries, from Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego to the Mexican North and Alaska (Weber and
the State
Rausch 1994. For a specific regional history of the Argentine Pampa as borderlands see Mandrini 2006).
Literary Criticism & Theory Importantly, contemporary borderlands and “unnatural borders” continue to be sites of hybridization and
Literary Criticism emancipatory struggles, as Anzaldúa’s (1999) articulation of a chicana feminist identity on the US-Mexican
Joyce: Extrinic Approach to border, among other feminist activists, reminds us.
Stuty
B
Indian Women Drama An earlier and different approach to rethinking space and borders in the Americas was put forward by ▼
Dependency theory, which did not emerge out of a historiographical tradition, but was informed by heterodox
Indian Themes
economics and Marxist inspired political sciences. Following a well elaborated political agenda and stressing
Indian Epic
international economic ties and inequalities in a structuralist perspective, Argentine economist Raúl Prebisch
Home & Exile (1949) and others designed a bimodal system of cores and peripheries between developed and
Consciousness & Novel underdeveloped nations. Dependency theory, articulated by a host of Latin American intellectuals, became
Camus: Myth of Sisyphys popular in the 1960s and 1970s and served as an important inspiration for other Latin American intellectuals in
Absurd Drama: Esslin reflecting trans-border structures of power, asymmetries, and exploitation, most famously put forward by
Eduardo Galeano in The Open Veins of Latin America. Furthermore, Dependency theory also had a profound
influence on the work of Immanuel Wallerstein. According to Wallerstein’s World-System Theory, articulated as
Writers a critique to dominant modernization approaches, capitalism is organized around an inter-regional and
Achebe Addison Adiga Albee Alberuni transnational division of labour, with the Americas forming a central part in the advent of a capitalist world
►
system (Wallerstein 1974).
Ambedkar Amrita Pritam Anand ►
Aristotle Arnold Aurobindo
Ghosh Backett Bacon Badiou Bardsley Indebted to World System theory, more recent approaches to create richly textured and complex “Histories of ►
Barthes Bejnamin Belinda Webb Capitalism” are gaining ground. Mostly via narratives of particular commodities and how their production,
►
Bellow Blake Braine Brooks Browne trade, and consumption shaped societies in the western hemisphere and beyond, these histories transcend
Browning Buck Burke CA Duffy conventional economic histories by looking at societal and cultural factors as well. Primarily circulated by the ►
Camus Charlotte Bronte Chaucer academia of the American north, these works apply many of the conceptual, but also epistemological starting ►
Coetzee Conard Darwin
Coleridge points of EH and include the whole of the Americas and beyond. Noteworthy examples are the complex
Dattani Deridda Derrida Desai ►
histories of sugar (Mintz 1986; Schwartz 2004), rice (Carney 2001), cotton (Beckert 2014), and bananas
Desani Dickens Doctorow Donne
(Striffler 2004). Especially Mintz’ work can be seen as a pioneering effort to integrate an interdisciplinary ►
Dostoevsky Dryden EB Browning
perspective, linking anthropology, history and economics to create a compelling narrative about one of the
Eliot Ellison Emily Bronte Esslin
defining commodities of the modern and particularly the Atlantic world.
Eugene Ionesco Ezekiel Farrel IM
Faulkner Ferber Fitzgerald Foucault
Freud Frye Fyre Gandhi Ghosh Other promising fields of historic inquiry on the Americas, using an EH-inspired perspective, are social histories
Gilbert Adair Golding Gunjar of the Cold War (Grangin and Joseph 2010), the History of Labor and Labor struggles (see as examples Fink
Halliday Hardy Hawthorne Hemingway 2011; Hirsch 2010: especially part 2), the history of social movements, the history of Epistemic Communities
Heyse History Horace Hunt Huxley and Entangled Knowledge (see Hock et al. 2012; Rinke and González de Reufels 2014) and the history of
Ibsen Indra Sinha Jack London JM Migration in the Western Hemisphere (see Baily 1999; Wolff 2013).
Synge Johnson Joyce Jumpa Lahiri
Kafka Kalidasa Kamla Das Karnard Critical Acclaim
Keats Kipling Langston Hughes Larkin
However valuable the perspective on entanglements is, the concept does suffer from shortcomings as well. A
Le Clezio Lessing Levine Lucretius
limited perspective on entanglements risks to re-affirm stereotypical hierarchies of spatial categories from the
Mahapatra Malory global to the local and to fade out inherent power asymmetries. Despite the power-sensitive approaches that
Mandeville Marlowe Martel Martin had informed EH, in many historiographical writings we are confronted with celebratory accounts of circulation,
Amis Marx Mary Shelley Maugham exchange, mobility and influence, that do not take into account mechanisms of stratification, exclusion and
McCarry Miller Milton Morrison
structures of power more generally. Intensifications of communication and transportation technologies do not
Nabokov Nahal Naipaul Narayan
automatically entail higher levels of interdependency and increasing cultural homogeneity. Hence, the different
Nietzsche Nikita Lalwani O Henry
Ondaatje Orwell Pater Pinter Pope degrees of entanglements as well as their obstacles need to be considered. In Conrad and Randeria’s
Richardson RL Stevenson Rohinton proposition, studies in EH have to stay decidedly fragmentary in their character. Concerned with manifest
Mistry Roth Rousseau Rushdie situations and problems, they cannot be holistic (Conrad and Randeria 2002).
Sartre Sashi Despandey
Shakespeare Shelley
Beyond theoretical shortcomings, the conceptual implications of EH do confront the historian with a difficult
Showalter Spender Spenser task: She or he often must be not only multilingual (certainly the case for the History of the Americas), but
Steinbeck Swift Tagore Ted also fluent in various national historiographies in the subject field, and willing and able to dedicate
Hughes Thoreau Tolstoy Tulsi considerable resources to revise archives in multiple sites and countries. Finally, EH and other revisionist
Badrinath Twain Vijay Tendulkar Vikram concepts, applying spatial metaphors to critique national historiographies, have found limited resonance in
Seth Voltaire Walter Tevis Webster Latin American scholarship so far. If this reluctance can be ascribed to institutional inertia, academic
Wellek Wharton WJ Long Woolfe parochialisms and the dominance of modern thought (as opposed to post-modern sensibilities) in Latin
Wordsworth Wycliff Xingjian Zaheer American academia is a discussion which is still pending.
Zizek Zoe Haller

Although important, discussions within the discipline on clear separating lines between the different
Search This Blog approaches discussed here under the umbrella term of Entangled History often become sterile and irrelevant
Search once the historian starts working with the archival record and creating historical narratives. What remains at
the centre of reflexivity, however, is the motivating endeavour to question the monumentality of nationally
defined borders and to account for the constituent power of transcultural circulations in a world of entangled
Follow by Email influences, manifested in many seminal works (see for example Rodgers 1998; Manning 1996; Tyrell 1991).

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Bauck, Sönke, and Thomas Maier. 2015. “Entangled History.” InterAmerican Wiki: Terms - Concepts - Critical
Perspectives. www.uni-bielefeld.de/cias/wiki/e_Entangled_History.html.

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