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2.3.4 UNIT OF CARRIAGE
DEFINITION
Unit of carriage refer to the vehicle of each mode of transport. This can be categorized into 3
ways which is land,water and air. Each mode of transport have a unit of carriage in which the
good or passenger actually move.
Whatever we call it, some vehicle or craft must be used in transport. The efficiency of the
mode of transport depends to some extent on the flexibility and adaptability of the unit of
carriage used. Road vehicles are adaptable than railways rolling stock because they are not
entirely tied to the way: aircraft and ships are even less tightly bound by the way on which they
travel.
Even a pipeline can be considered as unit of carriage. It is not very adaptable in its
behaviour: we cannot expect it to carry gas until noon, milk from noon till 3 p.m., and petrol
from 3 p.m. to midnight. In choosing our method of transport the adaptability of the unit of
carriage will be a major consideration.
There are a few definition based on unit of carriage by book that I had found based on my
research for unit of carriage.
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DESIGN AND PRINCIPLE
Each mode of transport has its own design and principles to ensure safe operation. For example,
a lorries is designed to operated using four or more wheels on the road. On the other hand,
cannot be used on the road because of its shape and the absence of wheels. It might be unstable
for the lorries because of absence of wheels. Design and principle is important to the
transportation to prevent an accident occurred.
Due to the rapid rise in popularity of passenger flight, many early terminals were built in
the 1930s–1940s and reflected the popular art decostyle architecture of the time. One such
surviving example from 1940 is the Houston Municipal Airport Terminal. Early airport terminals
opened directly onto the tarmac: passengers would walk or take a bus to their aircraft. This
design is still common among smaller airports, and even many larger airports have "bus gates" to
accommodate aircraft beyond the main terminal.
Typical design of a terminal, showing the Departures (upper half of page) and Arrivals levels. 1. Departures Lounge.
2. Gates and jet bridges. 3. Security Clearance Gates. 4 Baggage Check-in. 5. Baggage carousels
Pier
A pier design uses a small, narrow building with aircraft parked on both sides. One end connects
to a ticketing and baggage claim area. Piers offer high aircraft capacity and simplicity of design,
but often result in a long distance from the check-in counter to the gate (up to half a mile in the
cases of Kansai International Airport or Lisbon Portela Airport's Terminal 1). Most large
international airports have piers, including Chicago's O'Hare International Airport, Larnaca
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International Airport, Frankfurt International Airport, London Heathrow Airport, Rome
Fiumicino Airport, Amsterdam Schiphol Airport, Murtala Muhammed International
Airport, Ninoy Aquino International Airport, Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Mérida
International Airport, Bangkok International Airport, Mazatlan International Airport, Beirut
International Airport, Hong Kong International Airport, Allama Iqbal International
Airport, Tijuana International Airport, Toronto-Pearson International Airport, Indira Gandhi
International Airport, New Delhi, Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport, Chhatrapati
Shivaji International Airport, Mumbai, and Miami International Airport.
Satellite terminals
Aerial view of the Beijing Capital International Airport with Terminal 3 (orange roof) across the foreground;
Terminals 2 (blue and white roof) and 1 (orange roof) in the upper right
Departure area of Soekarno–Hatta International Airport Terminal 3, Indonesia
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Check-in counters at Kempegowda International Airport, Bangalore, India
4th floor ticketing hall of the Kansai International Airport, Japan
Entrance to gates at Asheville Regional Airport, United States
A satellite terminal is a building detached from other airport buildings, so that aircraft can park
around its entire circumference. The first airport to use a satellite terminal was London Gatwick
Airport. It used an underground pedestrian tunnel to connect the satellite to the main terminal.
This was also the first setup at Los Angeles International Airport, but it has since been converted
to a pier layout. The first airport to use an automatic people mover to connect the main terminal
with a satellite was Tampa International Airport, which is the standard today. Other examples
include the following:
Paris's Charles de Gaulle Airport (Terminal 1), Geneva International Airport and London
Gatwick Airport (South Terminal) have circular satellite terminals, connected by walkways.
Lisbon Internacional Airport (Terminal 2) has a small rectangular satellite terminal, connect
by a free shuttle service (accessible by Terminal 1, every 10 minutes).
Orlando International Airport and Pittsburgh International Airport have multi-pier satellite
terminals.
Brussels Airport's Pier A is connected to the main building via underground tunnels
and walkways.
Zurich Airport's Midfield Terminal (Concourse E) is connected to the main terminal via an
underground Skymetro.
At Logan International Airport in Boston, Terminal A has two sections of gates, one of
which is a satellite terminal connected by an underground walkway.
Denver International Airport, Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport,
and Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport have linear satellite terminals connected
by central passages. The linear satellite terminals are connected by automatic people movers.
In the Atlanta and Cincinnati airports, underground moving walkways also connect the linear
satellite terminals.
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At O'Hare International Airport, Terminal 1 comprises Concourses B and C. Concourse B is
adjacent to the airport road and houses United Airlines passenger check-in, baggage claim
and security screening landside and aircraft gates on the airside, while Concourse C is a
satellite building connected by an underground walkway lit with a neon light show, and an
airy and very slow-tempo version of the United theme music "Rhapsody in Blue".
London Stansted Airport has one main terminal building with three linear satellite terminals
all connected to the main terminal by an automated people mover. The airport is currently
expanding by adding another satellite building.
Kuala Lumpur International Airport has a cross-shaped satellite terminal which is used for
international flights.
Cancun International Airport Terminal 2 is an irregular terminal with two concourses, Main
building and Satellite building, the latter one being the satellite terminal.
In George Bush International Airport, Terminal C consists of the North Concourse and the
South Concourse, connected by the central building where United Airlines which houses
passenger check in, baggage claim and ground transportation. Terminals A and B consist of a
similar design.
Seattle-Tacoma International Airport has two rectangular satellite terminals connected
by automatic people movers.
Jinnah International Airport in Karachi has one main terminal, divided into two concourses:
the Jinnah East Satellite Concourse, used for international flights, and the Jinnah West
Satellite Concourse, used for domestic and some international flights. Both satellite
concourses are connected to the main terminals by pedestrian walkways.
McCarran International Airport in Las Vegas has an X-shaped satellite terminal, named
Concourse D, that is connected by two automatic people movers - one from Terminal 1
(which houses Concourses A, B, and C) and one from Terminal 3 (which houses Concourse
E). In addition, despite being part of Terminal 1, Concourse C is connected to the rest of the
terminal by an automatic people mover.
Mariano Escobedo International Airport is the first and only airport in Mexico which has a
completely satellite terminal. Terminal A is connected from the main building to the satellite
building via underground tunnels.
Terminal 5 at London Heathrow Airport has two satellite terminals, 5B, and 5C, connected
via an underground people mover.
Abu Dhabi International Airport
Rome Fiumicino Airport has one satellite terminal, called T3G, connected by a Bombardier
Innovia APM 100.
Madrid–Barajas Airport has one linear satellite terminal, named T4S, which is connected to
the Terminal 4 main building by an automated people mover.
Both midfield terminals at Washington Dulles International Airport use this design, with
Concourses A, B, and C being connected to the main terminal by the AeroTrain, and
Concourse D via a mobile lounge service. There is also an underground walkway from the
main terminal to Concourse B.
Munich Airport has one satellite terminal, named Satellite Terminal 2 (commonly known as
"der Satellit" in German), which is connected to the Terminal 2 by an underground
automated people mover.
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Semicircular terminals
Some airports use a semicircular terminal, with aircraft parked on one side and cars on the other.
This design results in long walks for connecting passengers, but greatly reduces travel times
between check-in and the aircraft. Airports designed around this model include Charles de
Gaulle Airport (terminal 2), Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport, Mumbai ( old terminal
2), Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, Seoul's Incheon International Airport,
Jakarta's Soekarno-Hatta International Airport (terminal 1 & 2), Toronto Pearson Airport, Kansas
City Airport, Rio de Janeiro–Galeão International Airport and Sapporo's New Chitose Airport.
Other
One rarer terminal design is the mobile lounge, where passengers are transported from the gate to
their aircraft in a large vehicle which docks directly to the terminal and the aircraft. Washington
Dulles International Airport, Mexico City International Airport, and Mirabel International
Airport have used this design.
Hybrid layouts also exist. San Francisco International Airport and Melbourne Airport use a
hybrid pier-semicircular layout and a pier layout for the rest.
Common-use facility
A common-use facility or terminal design disallows airlines to have its own proprietary check-in
counters, gates and IT systems. Rather, check-in counters and gates can be flexibly reassigned as
needed.[3]
TRANSPORT DESIGN AND PURPOSES
While transport design is often focused within the automotive industy, it can also encompass the
creation of aircraft, spacecraft or marine vessels. Within the field, an emphasis is placed on
creating vehicles that are innovative and solve problems currently seen within the transportation
industry. Other concepts involved in transport design include style, comfort, branding, safety and
function.
Working in transport design, you might focus on improving the aerodynamics of a vehicle,
designing a safer vehicle or creating a vehicle that gets better gas mileage. You could study
topics related to automotive design, surface molding, ergonomics, manufacturing and sustainable
technology to aid you in the design process.
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EXAMPLE TRANSPORT DESIGN AND PURPOSES (RAIL)
BOX CAR
A boxcar is a North American railroad car that is enclosed and generally used to carry freight.
The boxcar, while not the simplest freight cardesign, is probably the most versatile, since it can
carry most loads. Boxcars have side doors of varying size and operation, and some include end
doors and adjustable bulkheads to load very large items.
Similar covered freight cars outside North America are covered goods wagons and, depending on
the region, are called goods van (UK), louvre van (Australia), covered wagon (UIC and UK) or
simply van (UIC and UK).
USE OF BOX CAR
Boxcars can carry most kinds of freight. Originally they were hand-loaded, but in more recent
years mechanical assistance such as forklifts have been used to load and empty them faster. Their
generalized design is still slower to load and unload than specialized designs of car, and this
partially explains the decline in boxcar numbers since World War II. The other cause for this
decline is the dramatic shift of waterborne cargo transport to container shipping. Effectively a
boxcar without the wheels and chassis, a container is designed to be amenable to intermodal
freight transport, whether by container ships, trucks or trains, and can be delivered door-to-door.
Even loose loads such as coal, grain and ore can be carried in a boxcar with boards over the side
door openings. Later grain transport would use metal reinforced cardboard which was nailed
over the door and could be punctured by a grain auger for unloading. This was more common in
earlier days; it was susceptible to losing much loading during the journey, and damaged the
boxcar. It was also impossible to mechanically load and unload. Grain can also be transported in
boxcars designed specifically for that purpose; specialized equipment and procedures are
required to load and unload the cars. However grain is better transported in covered hopper cars.
Livestock can be transported in a boxcar (which was standard practice in the U.S. until the mid-
1880s), but there is insufficient ventilation in warm weather. Specially-built stock cars or
converted boxcars are preferable. Insulated boxcars are used for certain types of perishable loads
that do not require the precise temperature control provided by a refrigerator car. Circuses used
boxcars to transport their workers, supplies, and animals to get from town to town.
Box cars were used for bulk commodities such as coal, particularly in the Midwestern United
States in the early 20th century. This use was sufficiently widespread that several companies
developed competing box-car loaders to automate coal loading. By 1905, 350 to 400 such
machines were in use, mostly at Midwestern coal mines.[1]
Historically automobiles were carried in boxcars, but during the 1960s specially
built autoracks took over; these carried more cars in the same space and were easier to load and
unload. The automotive parts business, however, has always been a big user of the boxcar, and
larger capacity "high cube" cars evolved in the 1960s to meet the auto parts industry's needs.
Special boxcars carry newsprint paper and other damage-sensitive cargo.
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While not holding the dominant position in the world of rail borne freight that they had before
World War II, the boxcar still exists and is used in great numbers around the world.
TYPE OF BOX CAR
BOX CAR (PLAIN)
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DESCRIPTION
Standard roofed car freight equipped with a sliding door on the side, used general commodities
BOX CAR (EQUIPPED)
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DESCRIPTION
Specialized modified car to carry specialized merchandise, such as automobile parts.
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HOOPER CAR
A hopper car is a type of railroad freight car used to transport loose bulk commodities such
as coal, ore, grain, and track ballast.[1][2][3] Two main types of hopper car exist: covered hopper
cars, which are equipped with a roof, and open hopper cars, which do not have a roof.
This type of car is distinguished from a gondola car in that it has opening doors on the underside
or on the sides to discharge its cargo. The development of the hopper car went along with the
development of automated handling of such commodities, with automated loading and unloading
facilities.
Covered hopper cars are used for bulk cargo such as grain, sugar, and fertilizer that must be
protected from exposure to the weather. Open hopper cars are used for commodities such as coal,
which can suffer exposure with less detrimental effect. Hopper cars have been used by railways
worldwide whenever automated cargo handling has been desired. "Ore jennies" is predominantly
a term for shorter open hopper cars hauling taconite by the Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range
Railway on Minnesota's Iron Range.
A rotary car dumper permits the use of simpler and more compact (because sloping ends are not
required) gondola cars instead of hoppers. Covered hoppers, though, are still in widespread use.
HOOPER CAR (OPEN)
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DESCRIPTION
Car carrying freight where the floor is sloped to one or more hinge doors, used for bulk material
discharging
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COVERED HOOPER
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DESCRIPTION
A hooper car with a roof designed to carry material that needs protections.
FLAT CAR
. A flatcar (US) (also flat car (US)[1] or flat wagon (UIC)) is a piece of railroad (US)
or railway (non-US) rolling stock that consists of an open, flat deck mounted on a pair of trucks
(US) or bogies (UK), one at each end containing four or six wheels. Occasionally, flat cars
designed to carry extra heavy or extra large loads are mounted on a pair (or rarely, more) of
bogeys under each end . The deck of the car can be wood or steel, and the sides of the deck can
include pockets for stakes or tie-down points to secure loads. Flatcars designed for carrying
machinery have sliding chain assemblies recessed in the deck.[2]
Flatcars are used for loads that are too large or cumbersome to load in enclosed cars such
as boxcars. They are also often used to transport intermodal containers (shipping containers)
or trailers as part of intermodal freight transport shipping.
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DESCRIPTION
Freight car with no top or sides, used primarily for trailer on flatcar (TOFC) or container on
flatcar (COFC) services in carrying machinery and buildings materials.
REFRIGERATOR
A refrigerator car (or "reefer") is a refrigerated boxcar (U.S.), a piece of railroad rolling
stock designed to carry perishable freight at specific temperatures. Refrigerator cars differ from
simple insulated boxcars and ventilated boxcars (commonly used for transporting fruit), neither
of which are fitted with cooling apparatus. Reefers can be ice-cooled, come equipped with any
one of a variety of mechanical refrigeration systems, or utilize carbon dioxide (either as dry ice,
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or in liquid form) as a cooling agent. Milk cars (and other types of "express" reefers) may or may
not include a cooling system, but are equipped with high-speed trucks and other modifications
that allow them to travel with passenger trains.
DESCRIPTION
Freight car where refrigerator equipment is embedded to control temperature.
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GONDOLA
In US railroad terminology, a gondola is an open-topped rail vehicle used for transporting loose
bulk materials. Because of their low side walls gondolas are also suitable for the carriage of such
high-density cargos as steel plates or coils, or of bulky items such as prefabricated sections
of rail track.
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DESCRIPTION
Freight car without top, a flat car bottom and fixed sides, used to carry hauling bulk commondity
TANK CAR
A tank car (International Union of Railways (UIC): tank wagon) is a type of railroad car (UIC:
railway car) or rolling stock designed to transport liquid and gaseous commodities.
DESCRIPTION
Carries liquid and gases
