LABORATORY OUTCOME BASED ASSESSMENT GUIDELINE

TOPIC EXPERIMENT: BERNOULLI THEOREM

PROGRAM LEARNING OUTCOMES (PLO)

Upon completion of this course, students should be able to:
1. Apply technical, mathematics, science and humanities knowledge using appropriate civil engineering
problems for individual personality development.
2. Solve systematically well defined civil engineering problems using appropriate method and technique
3. Conduct investigation of well defined civil engineering problemsProvide
4. Assist in designing solution for well defined civil engineering problems with appropriate consideration for
public safety, health and environment
5. Demonstrate practical skills in utilizing civil engineering tools, equipment and machinery
6. Communicate effectively with collegue communities and industries
7. Demonstrate awasreness for society, safety, environment and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities of sustainable development
8. Work independently in acquisition of new knowledge and skills, and recognised the need for professional
development and information system
9. Demonstrate awareness in entrepreneurial skills
10.Demonstrate understanding of professional ethics and responsibilities to the society
11.Function effectively as individual and teams with the capabilty to be a leader.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Upon completion of this course, students should be able to:-
No. Course Learning Outcome (CLO) PLO GSA & LD
1. Apply well defined concept in structure, hydraulics and water quality PLO1 LD1
engineering. (C3, PLO1)

2. Conduct the laboratory experiments in structure, hydraulics and water PLO5 LD2
quality engineering using standard procedure and equipment. (P4, PLO5)

3. Demonstrate ability to lead and work in team to complete assigned tasks PLO11 LD9
during practical work. (A3, PLO11)

Teaching
No. Lab. Title PLO LD
Method
1. Fluid Characteristic
2. Bernoulli’s Equation
3. Reynolds Number Practical PLO5 LD2 & P4
4. Hydrostatic Force & Water Jet Force
5. Open Channel Flow & Hydraulic Jump
6. Pump

Learning Domain (LD):

LD 1 Knowledge
LD 2 Practical Skills
LD 3 Communications Skills
LD 4 Critical Thinking and Problem Solving skills
LD 5 Social Skills and Resposibilities
LD 6 Continious Learning and Information Management Skills
LD 7 Menagement and Entepreneurial Skills
LD 8 Professioalism , Ethics and Moral
LD 9 Leadership and Teamwork Skiils
NO. EXPERIMENT : 2

TOPIC EXPERIMENT : BERNOULLI THEOREM

OBJECTIVE : To investigate the validity of Bernoulli’s Theorem

and Pressure measurements along venturi tube.

APPARATUS : Hydraulic bench

Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration apparatus.
Stop watch

Figure 1: Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration Apparatus

1. Assembly board
2. Single water pressure gauge
3. Discharge pipe
4. Outlet ball cock
5. Venturi tube with 6 measurement points
6. Compression gland
7. Probe for measuring overall pressure (can be moved axially)
8. Hose connection, water supply
9. Ball cock at water inlet
10. 6-fold water pressure gauge (pressure distribution in venture tube)

THEORY :

The measured values are to be compared to Bernoulli’s equation.

Bernoulli’s equation for constant head h:

2 2
P1 v1 P v
  2  2  const.
g 2 g g 2 g

Allowance for friction losses and conversion of the pressures p 1 and p2 into static
pressure heads h1 and h2 yields:
v12 v2
h1   h2  2  hv
2g 2g

p1 = Pressure at cross-section A1
h1 = Pressure head at cross-section A1
v1 = Flow velocity at cross-section A1
p2 = Pressure at cross-section A2
h2 = Pressure head at cross-section A2
 v2 = Flow velocity at cross-section A2
 = Density of medium = constant for incompressible fluids
such as water
hv = Pressure loss head

The venturi tube used has 6 measurement points. The table below shows the
standardised reference velocity v . This parameter is derived from the geometry of
the venturi tube.

A1
v
Ai

Point, i di (mm)
1 28.4
2 22.5
3 14.0
4 17.2
5 24.2
6 28.4

Multiplying the reference velocity values with a starting value, the student can
calculate the theoretical velocity values vcalc at the 6 measuring points of the
venturi tube.

At constant flow rate, the starting value for calculating the theoretical velocity is
found as:
Q
v
A1
The results for the calculated velocity, vcalc can be found in the table.
Calculation of dynamic pressure head:
hdyn  htot  80mm  hstat

80 mm must be subtracted, as there is a zero-point difference of 80 mm between

the pressure gauges.

The velocity, vmeas was calculated from the dynamic pressure

vmeas.  2.g.hdyn

PROCEDURES :

1. Arrange the experimentation set-up on the hydraulic bench such that the
discharge routes the water into the channel.
2. Make hose connection between hydraulic bench and unit.
3. Open discharge of hydraulic bench.
4. Set cap nut of probe compression gland such that slight resistance is felt on
moving probe.
5. Open inlet and outlet ball cock.
6. Close drain valve at bottom of single water pressure gauge.
7. Switch on pump and slowly open main cock of hydraulic bench.
8. Open vent valves on water pressure gauges.
9. Carefully close outlet cock until pressure gauges are flushed.
10. By simultaneously setting inlet and outlet cock, regulate water level in
pressure gauges such that neither upper nor lower range limit is overshot or
undershot.
11. Record pressures at all measurement points. Then move overall pressure
probe to corresponding measurement level and note down overall pressure.
12. Determine volumetric flow rate. To do so, use stopwatch to establish time, t
required for raising the level in the volumetric tank of the hydraulic bench
from 20 to 30 liters.
13. Repeat above procedure.
 RESULTS :

V t Q calc
i 1 2 3 4 5 6
(m3) (s) (m3/s)
h static
(m)
h total
(m)
h dynamic
(m)
Diameter, d
(m)
Area, A
(m2)
Velocity meas.
(m/s)
Velocity calc.
(m/s)

FORMULA :

Q = A.v Q calc = V / t h dynamic = h total – 0.08 m – h static

A = πd2/4 V meas = √2ghdynamic V calc = Q calc / A

QUESTIONS :

i. Determine the dynamic pressure head, hdyn.

ii. Determine theoretical velocity head and measured velocity head at each
tapping position. Illustrate the measured and theoretical velocity with
plotting the graph of Flow Velocity, V against measurement point, i.
iii. Plot the graph of pressure head, hstatic, htotal & hdyn against measuring
point, i. What can you concluded from the graph?