Ex am ple: Ax ial Load vs.

M om ent
I nteraction Diagram

Consider an square column (20 in x 20 in.) with 8 #10

(ρ = 0.0254) and fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi. Draw the
interaction diagram.
Ex am ple: Ax ial Load vs. M om ent
I nteraction Diagram

Given 8 # 10 (1.27 in2) and fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi

= (
Ast 8=1.27 in 2
) 10.16 in 2

= ( = )
2 2
Ag 20 in. 400 in
Ast 10.16 in 2
ρ =
= =2
0.0254
Ag 400 in
 Ex am ple: Ax ial Load vs. M om ent
I nteraction Diagram
Given 8 # 10 (1.27 in2) and fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi
=P0 0.85 f c ( Ag − Ast ) + f y Ast
0.85 ( 4 ksi ) ( 400 in − 10.16 in
2 2
)
+ ( 60 ksi ) (10.16 in 2 )
= 1935 k
Pn = rP0 [ Point 1 ]
= 0.8
= (1935 k ) 1548 k
Ex am ple: Ax ial Load vs. M om ent
I nteraction Diagram
Determine where the balance point, cb.
Ex am ple: Ax ial Load vs. M om ent
I nteraction Diagram
Determine where the balance point, cb. Using similar
triangles, where d = 20 in. – 2.5 in. = 17.5 in., one can
find cb
cb 17.5 in.
=
0.003 0.003 + 0.00207
 0.003 
⇒ cb =  17.5 in.
 0.003 + 0.00207 
cb = 10.36 in.
Ex am ple: Ax ial Load vs. M om ent
I nteraction Diagram
Determine the strain of the steel

 cb − 2.5 in.   10.36 in. − 2.5 in. 

ε s1 =  ε cu   ( 0.003)
 cb   10.36 in. 
= 0.00228
 cb − 10 in.   10.36 in. − 10 in. 
ε s2 =  ε cu   ( 0.003)
 cb   10.36 in. 
= 0.000104
Ex am ple: Ax ial Load vs. M om ent
I nteraction Diagram
Determine the stress in the steel

= sε s1
fs1 E= 29000 ksi ( 0.00228 )
= 66 ksi ⇒ 60 ksi compression
= sε s1
fs2 E= 29000 ksi ( 0.000104 )
= 3.02 ksi compression
Ex am ple: Ax ial Load vs. M om ent
I nteraction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column
Cc = 0.85 f cb β1c
= 0.85 ( 4 ksi )( 20 in.)( 0.85 )(10.36 in.)
= 598.8 k
Cs1 As1 ( fs1 − 0.85 f c )
=
3 (1.27 in 2 ) ( 60 ksi − 0.85 ( 4 ksi ) )
= 215.6 k
Cs2 2 (1.27 in 2 ) ( 3.02 ksi − 0.85 ( 4 ksi ) )
=
−0.97 k ⇐ neglect
Ex am ple: Ax ial Load vs. M om ent
I nteraction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column

=
Ts A=
s fs 3 (1.27 in 2
) ( 60 ksi )
= 228.6 k
Pn = Cc + Cs1 + Cs2 − Ts
= 599.8 k + 215.6 k − 228.6 k
= 585.8 k
 Ex am ple: Ax ial Load vs. M om ent
I nteraction Diagram
Compute the moment about the center
h a h   h
M= Cc  −  + Cs1  − d1  + Ts  d3 − 
2 2 2   2
 20 in. 0.85 (10.85 in.) 
599.8 k  − 
 2 2 
 20 in. 
+ 215.6 k  − 2.5 in. 
 2 
 20 in. 
+ 228.6 k 17.5 in. − 
 2 
= 6682.2 k-in ⇒ 556.9 k-ft
Ex am ple: Ax ial Load vs. M om ent
I nteraction Diagram
A single point from interaction diagram,
(585.6 k, 556.9 k-ft). The eccentricity of the point is
defined as

M 6682.2 k-in
=
e = = 11.41 in.
P 585.8 k

[ Point 2 ]
Ex am ple: Ax ial Load vs. M om ent
I nteraction Diagram
Now select a series of additional points by selecting
values of c. Select c = 17.5 in. Determine the strain
of the steel. (c is at the location of the tension steel)
 c − 2.5 in.   17.5 in. − 2.5 in. 
ε s1 =  ε cu   ( 0.003)
 c   17.5 in. 
= 0.00257 ⇒= f s1 74.5 ksi → 60 ksi (compression)
 c − 10 in.   17.5 in. − 10 in. 
ε s2 =  ε cu   ( 0.003)
 c   17.5 in. 
= 0.00129 ⇒ = f s2 37.3 ksi (compression)
Ex am ple: Ax ial Load vs. M om ent
I nteraction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column

Cc =
0.85 f cb β1c 0.85 ( 4 ksi )( 20 in.)( 0.85 )(17.5 in.)
= 1012 k
Cs1 = As1 ( fs1 − 0.85 f c ) =3 (1.27 in 2 ) ( 60 ksi − 0.85 ( 4 ksi ) )
= 216 k
Cs2 2 (1.27 in 2 ) ( 37.3 ksi − 0.85 ( 4 ksi ) )
= 86 k
Ex am ple: Ax ial Load vs. M om ent
I nteraction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column

=
Ts A=
s fs 3 (1.27 in 2
) ( 0 ksi )
=0k
Pn = 1012 k + 216 k + 86 k
= 1314 k
 Ex am ple: Ax ial Load vs. M om ent
I nteraction Diagram
Compute the moment about the center
h a h 
M= Cc  −  + Cs1  − d1 
2 2 2 
 20 in. 0.85 (17.5 in.) 
= 1012 k  − 
 2 2 
 20 in. 
+ 216 k  − 2.5 in. 
 2 
= 4213 k-in ⇒ 351.1 k-ft
Ex am ple: Ax ial Load vs. M om ent
I nteraction Diagram
A single point from interaction diagram,
(1314 k, 351.1 k-ft). The eccentricity of the point is
defined as

M 4213 k-in
=
e = = 3.2 in.
P 1314 k

[ Point 3 ]
Ex am ple: Ax ial Load vs. M om ent
I nteraction Diagram
Select c = 6 in. Determine the strain of the steel, c =6 in.
 c − 2.5 in.   6 in. − 2.5 in. 
ε s1 =  ε cu   ( 0.003)
 c   6 in. 
= 0.00175 ⇒= fs1 50.75 ksi (compression)
 c − 10 in.   6 in. − 10 in. 
ε s2 =  ε cu   ( 0.003)
 c   6 in. 
=−0.002 ⇒ fs2 = 58 ksi (tension)
 c − 17.5 in.   6 in. − 17.5 in. 
ε s3 =  ε cu   ( 0.003)
 c   6 in. 
=−0.00575 ⇒ fs3 = 60 ksi (tension)
Ex am ple: Ax ial Load vs. M om ent
I nteraction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column
Cc = 0.85 f cb β1c
= 0.85 ( 4 ksi )( 20 in.)( 0.85 )( 6 in.)
= 346.8 k
Cs1 As1 ( fs1 − 0.85 f c )
=
3 (1.27 in 2 ) ( 50.75 ksi − 0.85 ( 4 ksi ) )
= 180.4 k ( C )
Cs2 = 2 (1.27 in 2 ) ( 58 ksi )
= 147.3 k ( T )
Ex am ple: Ax ial Load vs. M om ent
I nteraction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column

=
Ts A=
s fs 3 (1.27 in 2
) ( 60 ksi )
= 228.6 k
Pn = 346.8 k + 180.4 k − 147.3 k − 228.6 k
= 151.3 k
 Ex am ple: Ax ial Load vs. M om ent
I nteraction Diagram
Compute the moment about the center
h a h   h
M= Cc  −  + Cs1  − d1  + Ts  d3 − 
2 2 2   2
 0.85 ( 6 in.) 
= 346.8 k 10 in. − 
 2 
+ 180.4 k (10 in. − 2.5 in.)
+228.6 k (17.5 in. − 10 in.)
= 5651 k-in ⇒ 470.9 k-ft
Ex am ple: Ax ial Load Vs. M om ent
I nteraction Diagram
A single point from interaction diagram,
(151 k, 471 k-ft). The eccentricity of the point is
defined as

M 5651.2 k-in
=
e = = 37.35 in.
P 151.3 k

[ Point 4 ]
Ex am ple: Ax ial Load vs. M om ent
I nteraction Diagram
Select point of straight tension. The maximum tension
in the column is

=
Pn A=
s fy 8 (1.27 in 2
) ( 60 ksi )
= 610 k

[ Point 5 ]
Ex am ple: Ax ial Load vs. M om ent
I nteraction Diagram
Point c (in) Pn Mn e
1 - 1548 k 0 0
2 20 1515 k 253 k-ft 2 in
3 17.5 1314 k 351 k-ft 3.2 in
4 12.5 841 k 500 k-ft 7.13 in
5 10.36 585 k 556 k-ft 11.42 in
6 8.0 393 k 531 k-ft 16.20 in
7 6.0 151 k 471 k-ft 37.35 in
8 ~4.5 0k 395 k-ft infinity

9 0 -610 k 0 k-ft
Ex am ple: Ax ial Load vs. M om ent
I nteraction Diagram
Use a series of c
values to obtain the Column Analysis

Pn verses Mn. 2000

1500

1000
P (k)

500

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600

-500

-1000
M (k-ft)
 Ex am ple: Ax ial Load vs. M om ent
I nteraction Diagram
Max. compression
Column Analysis

1200

1000
Location of the 800

linearly varying φ. 600

400
Cb
f Pn (k)

200

0
0 100 200 300 400 500
-200

-400

-600
Max. tension
-800
φ Mn (k-ft)
 Behavior under Com bined
Bending and Ax ial Loads
The same theory could be used for round columns, but
the mathematics would be somewhat complicated

Several approximate methods have been developed that

greatly simplify the mathematics. Perhaps the best known
of these is the one proposed by Charles Whitney, in which
equivalent rectangular columns are used to replace the
circular ones.
Behavior under Com bined
Bending and Ax ial Loads
 Behavior under Com bined
Bending and Ax ial Loads
Preparing an interaction curve with a hand calculator for
just one column, however, is quite tedious.

Consequently, designers resort almost completely to

computer programs, computer-generated interaction
diagrams, or tables for their column calculations.

Any combination of loading that falls inside the curve is

satisfactory, whereas any combination falling outside the
curve represents failure.
Behavior under Com bined
Bending and Ax ial Loads
Behavior under Com bined
Bending and Ax ial Loads
 Behavior under Com bined
Bending and Ax ial Loads
The shape of the P-M
Interaction diagrams would
be the same for the
different reinforcement
ratios inserted in the
concrete section of similar
dimensions but the values
of Pn and Mn would be
larger for the higher
values.
Behavior under Com bined
Bending and Ax ial Loads
 Behavior under Com bined
Bending and Ax ial Loads
It would be necessary to have a diagram for each
different column cross section, for each different set of
concrete and steel grades, and for each different bar
arrangement. The result would be an astronomical
number of diagrams.

 The number can be tremendously reduced, however,

if the diagrams are plotted with ordinates of Kn =
Pn/fc*Ag (instead of Pn) and with abscissas of Rn =
Pn*e/fc*Ag*h (instead of Mn).

The resulting normalized interaction diagrams can be

used for cross sections with widely varying dimensions.
Behavior under Com bined
Bending and Ax ial Loads
Behavior under Com bined
Bending and Ax ial Loads
 Behavior under Com bined
Bending and Ax ial Loads
The short 14-in. × 20-in. tied column is to be used to
support the following loads and moments: PD = 125 k, PL
= 140 k, MD = 75 ft-k, and ML = 90 ft-k. If f’c = 4000 psi
and fy = 60,000 psi, select reinforcing bars to be placed in
its end faces only using appropriate ACI column interaction
diagrams.
Behavior under Com bined
Bending and Ax ial Loads
Behavior under Com bined
Bending and Ax ial Loads
Behavior under Com bined
Bending and Ax ial Loads
Behavior under Com bined
Bending and Ax ial Loads

Note: φ = 0.65 as initially assumed since

the graphs used show fs/fy < 1.0 and, thus,
ft<0.002.
Behavior under Com bined
Bending and Ax ial Loads
Behavior under Com bined
Bending and Ax ial Loads
 Behavior under Com bined
Bending and Ax ial Loads
Using the appropriate interaction curves, determine the
value of Pn for the short tied column, if ex = 10 in. Assume
fc = 4000 psi and fy = 60,000 psi.
Behavior under Com bined
Bending and Ax ial Loads