FETAL
GROWTH
AND
DEVELOPMENT
Copyright© 1995 by the South Dakota Department of Health. All rights reserved.
The South Dakota Department of Health acknowledges Keith L. Moore, Ph.D.,
F.I.A.C, F.R.S.M.; T.V.N. Persaud, M.D., Ph.D., F.R.C. Path (Lond): Cynthia
Barrett, M.D.; and Kathleen A. Veness-Meehan, M.D.; for their professional assis-
tance in reviewing this booklet.
Photos on pages 8, 9, 11, 13, 16 and 18 by Lennart Nilsson, of Sweden, A Child is
Born, 1986, Dell Publishing and are used by permission.
Lennart Nilsson is a pioneer in medical photography, credited with inventing
numerous devices and techniques in his field. The photos used in this booklet have
been published internationally in scientific periodicals and used in the popular press
and television.
Illustrations on pp. 5 and 6 by Drs. K.L. Moore, T.V.N. Persaud and K. Shiota,
Color Atlas of Clinical Embryology, 1944, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, are used
by permission.
The South Dakota Department of Health also acknowledges the technical assis-
tance of the following in development of the booklet:
Gary Crum, Ph.D., Ann Kappel and Arlen Pennell of the Ohio Department of
Health; Sandra Van Gerpen, M.D. M.P.H., Terr y Englemann, R.N., Colleen
Winter, R.N., B.S.N., and Nancy Shoup, R.N., B.S.N., of the South Dakota
Department of Health; Dennis Stevens, M.D.; Virginia Johnson, M.D.; Brent
Lindbloom, D.O.; Dean Madison, M.D.; Buck Williams, M.D.; Roger Martin, R.N.,
C.N.P., M.S.; Barbara Goddard, B.S., Ph.D.; Laurie Lippert; Vincent Rue, P.h.D.; and
Representative Roger Hunt.
–2–
INTRODUCTION
This booklet is designed to give basic information
about fetal growth and development from the time of
conception through birth. It includes pictures,
illustrations and drawings at two week increments
along with relevant information about the possibility of
the unborn infant’s survival.
Two reference points are commonly used for
determining the age of the fetus:
Gestational age (based on a 28 day cycle) is
calculated from the first day of a woman’s last
menstrual period. About 280 days, or 40 weeks,
elapse between the first day of the last menstrual
period and the birth of the infant.
Fertilization age is the actual age of the fetus,
and is calculated from the estimated day of
ovulation. To illustrate,
Gestational age (based on a 28 day cycle) =
Fertilization age + 2 weeks.
The headings throughout this booklet are listed
according to gestational age, which is the common
reference point used by health care providers.
While the information provided in this booklet will
assist you in making informed decisions regarding your
pregnancy, it is not intended to be a substitute for
prenatal care. Please contact your physician or health
care provider, community health nurse, or local
community health center to learn more about fetal
growth and development.
–3–
Fertilization
Development begins on the day of
fertilization – when one sperm
penetrates the ovum (egg) and unites
with it to form one cell. This
combining of the ovum and the sperm
causes massive cell division.
Here the human ovum (egg) is surrounded by
several sperm. The egg and sperm are highly
magnified. One sperm has entered the ovum
and is about to fertilize it. The fertilized ovum
will develop into an embryo.
The fertilized ovum travels through
the fallopian tube to the uterus. About
three to four days later the fertilized
ovum, which by now has divided
many times, has reached the uterus.
It begins to implant itself into the soft
lining of the uterus between the end
of the first week and the beginning
of the second week after ovulation.
–4–
3 Weeks Gestational Age
Gestational age – DAY 8
(based on a 28 day
cycle) is calculated
from the first day of A pregnant woman may notice her first
a woman’s last men- missed menstrual period at the end of
strual period. About the second week after conception, or
280 days, or 40 weeks, about four weeks after the first
elapse between the day of her last normal period.
first day of the last
menstrual period and Proper nutrition is important even
the birth of the infant.
Gestational age is also before conception to provide the best
referred to as number possible environment for the developing
of weeks pregnant. embryo. Habits such as smoking,
alcohol consumption and drug use
should be stopped before conception,
or as soon as possible after conception
to decrease the danger to the developing
embryo and fetus. Whenever possible,
speak to your physician regarding
preconception counseling or contact
the State Department of Health for
more information.
–5–
4 Weeks Gestational Age
This drawing shows
the actual size of the
embryo at 4 weeks.
The human embryo, drawn here many times
its actual size, is in fact about 1/100th of an
inch long.
•The heart begins to form.
•Blood circulation begins.
•Because of the developing body
systems, it is important that the
mother gets proper nutrition and
does not use alcohol, drugs or
tobacco.
•Most pregnancy tests that are done
in a clinic are positive by this time.
–6–
6 Weeks Gestational Age
This drawing shows
the actual size of the
embryo at 6 weeks.
The embryo is about 1/4 of an inch long.
•By this time the head and upper
body are well developed.
•The eyes have begun to form.
•Structures that will become arms
and legs, called limb buds, begin to
appear.
•The heart, now in a tubular form,
begins to beat.
•The neural tube has formed which
will give rise to the brain and
spinal cord.
–7–
8 Weeks Gestational Age
This drawing shows
the actual size of the
embryo at 8 weeks.
The embryo is just
over 1/2 inch long.
•The embryo now has a four-
chambered heart.
•The vertebral (spinal) column is
developed and visible but is
composed of cartilage at this stage.
•Electrical activity begins in the
developing brain and nervous system.
•The fingers begin to develop.
•Blood is being pumped through the
umbilical cord to and from the embryo.
•The bluish amniotic sac surrounds
the embryo. The fluid within it
protects the embryo.
–8–
10 Weeks Gestational Age
This drawing shows
the actual size of the
fetus at 10 weeks. The
fetus is now about 1 1/2
inches long and weighs
almost 1/2 ounce.
•During this period the embryo
reaches a transition point. It is now
called a fetus, a Latin word meaning
young one or offspring.
•The head is about half the size of the
fetus and the tail has disappeared.
•The fetus now has a distinct human
appearance.
•Arms, legs, fingers and toes are
distinctly visible.
•The first real bone cells begin to
replace the cartilage.
•Eyelids are formed.
–9–
12 Weeks Gestational Age
This drawing shows the actual size of the fetus
at 12 weeks. The fetus is about 2 1/2 inches long
and weighs about 1 ounce.
•The eyelids fuse together.
•Fingernails are developing.
•Between 10 and 12 weeks, the fetus
begins small, random movements
that are too slight to be felt by the
mother.
•The fetal heartbeat can be detected
electronically.
•All major body organs are formed
although they are not able to func-
tion outside of the uterus. The rest
of the pregnancy is needed to allow
these organs to grow and mature.
– 10 –
14 Weeks Gestational Age
•The fetus is able to swallow and
the kidneys are able to make urine.
•Blood begins to form in the bone
marrow.
•The fetus now sleeps and awakens.
It has movement of arms, legs,
head and neck. The mouth of the
fetus is able to open and close.
•The arms are in proportion to the
body.
•The fetus is about 3 1/2 inches long
and weighs about 1 1/2 ounces.
– 11 –
16 Weeks Gestational Age
•By this age it is possible to
distinguish the sex of the fetus.
•The head is erect and the legs
are developing.
•Fine hair, called lanugo, has begun
to grow on the head.
•The fetus is about 5 to 6 inches long
and weighs about 3 to 4 ounces.
– 12 –
18 Weeks Gestational Age
•The body and facial features of the
fetus are now recognizable.
•The fetus is able to respond to sound.
•The nose, lips and ears can be
recognized at this stage.
•Scalp hair is present.
•A fetus at this age will be unable to
survive if born prematurely
because it is much too small and
the organs are too immature.
•The fetus is about 6 inches long and
weighs about 4 1/2 ounces.
– 13 –
Fetal Growth
FROM 12 TO 38 WEEKS
– 14 –
– 15 –
20 Weeks Gestational Age
•The oil glands in the skin, called
sebaceous glands, begin to work.
•The mother will be able to feel the
fetus move, kick, and punch. The
movements are sometimes described
as feeling like “movement of butter-
fly wings or bubbles.” This is called
quickening.
•The fetus has been observed to do
thumb sucking on ultrasound. The
fetus at this stage has the reflex
ability to suck and grasp. It may also
experience hiccups.
•The fetus is about 6 1/2 inches long
and weighs about 5 to 8 ounces.
– 16 –
22 Weeks Gestational Age
•Toenails have begun to develop.
•By 22 weeks the lower limbs are
fully formed.
•Head and body hair called lanugo
thickly covers the fetus.
•The fetus is about 9 inches long and
weighs about 1 pound.
– 17 –
24 Weeks Gestational Age
•The fetus begins to gain weight
steadily, but still appears
“scrawny”.
•The skin is typically wrinkled and
red.
•The head is still quite large com-
pared to the rest of the body.
•Eyebrows and eyelashes are
recognizable.
– 18 –
24 Weeks Gestational Age
continued
•With expert high-risk newborn
medical attention, 60% of the
infants born now will live. All will
have extensive Intensive Care
Nursery (ICN) stays. Forty to fifty
percent of those that survive
to their first birthday may have a
permanent disability.
•The fetus is about 12 inches long
and weighs about 1 1/2 to 2 pounds.
– 19 –
26 Weeks Gestational Age
•The fetus can respond to sounds
that occur both inside the mother’s
body and outside in the mother’s
surroundings.
•The fetus is now about 13 inches
long and weighs about 2 pounds.
•The eyelids open and close.
•Approximately 85% of babies
born alive now will survive if they
are born in a hospital with high-
risk newborn experts. These babies
will have extensive ICN stays and
almost 30% will have a permanent
disability.
– 20 –
28 Weeks Gestational Age
•Eyelashes and eyebrows are
present.
•The fetus has a good head of hair.
•The thin, red, wrinkled skin of the
fetus is covered with a white
cheese-like substance called vernix
caseosa that protects the skin from
the drying action of the amniotic
fluid.
•The fetus is about 13 1/2 inches long
and weighs about 2 1/4 pounds.
•Approximately 91% of the infants
born at this age will survive if born
at a hospital that provides expert
high-risk newborn care. As many as
15% of these infants will have
lengthy hospitalizations and
permanent disabilities.
– 21 –
30 Weeks Gestational Age
•The lungs of the fetus become
more mature with each week that
is spent in the uterus. However, if
the baby is born now it will still
need expert medical help.
•The fetus is now about 14 inches
long and weighs about 2 1/2 pounds.
•Approximately 95% of the infants
born at this time will survive if
born in a hospital with an ICN.
Most will spend several weeks in
the ICN.
– 22 –
32 Weeks Gestational Age
•Vernix caseosa continues to form a
thick coat on the skin.
•The fetus continues to grow and
mature.
•Toenails are fully formed.
•The body is filling out or
“fattening up.”
•The fetus is now approximately 16
inches long, about the length of a
football, and weighs 3 to 4 pounds.
•About 97% of the infants born at
this time will survive with
appropriate high-risk newborn
care. Some will have permanent
disabilities. Most will spend a few
weeks in the ICN.
– 23 –
34 Weeks Gestational Age
•The movements and kicks of the
fetus are much stronger now.
Sometimes this activity can be seen
by watching the mother’s abdomen.
•The fingernails reach the end of the
fingertips.
•The skin is pink and smooth.
•The fetus is about 17 1/2 inches long
and weighs about 4 to 5 pounds.
•More than 99% of the babies born
at this time will survive. Some of
these babies will require high-risk
newborn care. Very few will have
permanent disabilities.
•Many babies born at 34 weeks
gestational age will be discharged
home with their mothers and not
require ICN care.
– 24 –
36 Weeks Gestational Age
•Lanugo disappears from the face
but remains on the head.
•The fetus has fully-formed limbs
with fingernails and toenails.
•Muscle tone is developed and the
fetus can turn and lift its head.
•The fetus has soft earlobes with
little cartilage.
•The fetus is about 19 inches long
and weighs about 5 to 6 pounds.
•An infant born at this time has an
excellent chance of survival with
proper care.
– 25 –
38 Weeks Gestational Age
•The fetus can grasp firmly.
•Skin on the face and body becomes
smooth.
•The head continues to be the
largest body part.
•The body usually appears plump.
•Lanugo is left only on the shoulders
and upper body.
•Toenails reach the toe tips.
•The fetus is about 19 1/2 inches long
and weighs about 6 pounds.
•Almost all babies born now will
live.
•The pregnancy is considered full
term and the baby is ready to be
born anytime between now and 42
weeks.
– 26 –
40 Weeks Gestational Age
•In males, the testicles are fully
descended into the scrotum.
•The chest is prominent; the breasts
protrude.
•Fingernails extend beyond the
fingertips.
•The baby may now be 20 inches or
more in length and weigh 6 1/2 to 9
pounds.
– 27 –
Glossar y of Terms
AMNIOTIC FLUID – Water in the
sac surrounding the fetus in the
mother’s uterus.
CONCEPTION – The beginning of
development of the embryo.
EMBRYO – The stage of
development that occurs
approximately 2 weeks after
fertilization to the eighth week of
pregnancy. This is the period of time
that many of the major organ
systems are being formed and
therefore when developmental defects
are most likely to occur.
FERTILIZATION – The uniting of an
ovum and a sperm during conception.
FERTILIZATION AGE – The actual
age of the fetus, calculated from the
estimated day of ovulation.
FETUS – The period of development
from 10 weeks gestational age to
birth.
GESTATIONAL AGE – (based on a
28 day cycle) is calculated from the
first day of a woman’s last menstrual
period. About 280 days, or 40 weeks,
elapse between the first day of the last
menstrual period and the birth of the
infant. Gestational age is also referred
to as number of weeks pregnant.
– 28 –
Glossar y of Terms
continued
IMPLANTATION – The process of
an embryo embedding itself into the
lining of the uterus.
ICN – Intensive Care Nursery.
LANUGO – The fine hair that covers
the body of the fetus.
OVULATION – The release of an
ovum by the ovary.
OVUM – The female reproductive
cell; an egg.
SEBACEOUS GLANDS – Oil glands
in the skin.
SPERM – The male reproductive cell.
UTERUS – The hollow muscular
organ in the female where a
developing embryo implants itself
and grows to maturity.
VERNIX CASEOSA – White cheese-
like substance that covers the skin of
the fetus from about the 28th week of
gestation.
– 29 –
NOTES
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– 30 –
State (SDCL20-13) and Federal (Title VI of Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Rehabilitation
Act of 1973 as amended, and the Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990) law
require that the Department of Health provide services to all persons without regard
to race, color, creed, religion, sex, disability, ancestry, or national origin.
20,000 copies of this document were printed by the South Dakota Department of
Health at a cost of $.45 per document.
2/09
