3.2.2 Promotional text “The following text is taken from the Eurologos Multilingual Eaiting [Network brochure the original of which was written in French. It explains ‘what multilingual document production i all about. EUROLOG0S lta uty ‘The three key words in moliingual document production Multinational (eubeidaries and European network) (rather tongue and rvision) (CANT. and mutimedia graphics) \We have long known that each word has its importance, but have had to wat for almost twenty years for these three words to take on thelr Promotional material 205 {ull mosring,and become the key to donate know-how of the very highest ove. Since 1977, the yearn whic the fst eUROLOSOS company was ‘aundod in Brussels our infemationalergaricaton hes enjoyed continuous expansion lading otha establishment of he fst of our European subsdivios ‘We have responded tothe increasingly multinational nature of markets and companies by developing a multinational network of subsides, The second ky werd eonto has thus assumed even greater significance; he geo-sye and socistye ofa text can ony ever rely be (quwantsed wen prodicedn sty athe socalled mothe tongue ‘market Furharmore, you cannot get mre econarical than rising (cheeing) a anguage in the country wheres spoken, ‘And finaly, high-tech Th ponds evelution ushered in by computer scence inthe 1960s and 19008 s something that UROLOGOS has been actively ioled in from te word go day yout Given that the purpose of the organisation is to provide high-standard ‘multilingual translaion, we should expect a high degree of fidelity and accuracy in the various versions that appear together in this same doct- ‘ment, The materi is factual, not creative, and the diferent language texts thould thus be ‘mirior images’ of one another. With tis in min, twill be interesting to compare the Italian text below to the English version as if it ‘were a translation ot ‘nla Total :UROLOGOS Lette parole chiave deediting mattiingue Muttizazionale (iil e network eutopeo) Controtlo Ainacretingyse revsione) High-tech (CAH. ratica mutimediale) [Noi che conasciamo il peso dela paroe abbarno dovtoattender= {uaci ventamiperché quest te termini a eatlesssero dala total Gelloro sigiteato per dverro chav esplcaiv dun krow-how eceellonza ‘Da 1977, ano di fondazione della prima socelé EUROLOGOS a Brunel a etre erganzacione intaonale®crasciia fino ala creazione dele prime fil eyopes. Alla mutinadonalzzazine dei merc delle imprese ebb epost con a slzasone! mulinazionale oat sore Termine control a eeconda paca chive, venuto ens ance pd Sanicatnol goose enced un taco sono reaimente garetts ‘sob quand prodott sul port litera del merato deo ingua296 Loge, Commorcal and Promo ‘madre: Nulla guia alo pid economic eheredsonare(cntolare) una lingua dove ess ven pata InfineMigh-tec, La rvolone (post ndustreprodotta dhlintrmatca deg ani Ottarta Novant & stata ssua de EUROLOGOS inet, geo per gomo. ‘The main tide starts with an automatic reordering mechanism, the key word remaining prominent through capitalisation. Interestingly, in the subtitle, Italian uses the loan word editing for the more elaborate English document production. This ie one of many examples of loan words acquiring either a wider or narrower range of meaning in the borrower language. The loans continue with network and C.A.ILT. (computer-aided human transa- tion). This phenomenon is common in technical writing and particularly common in the more recently-developed technical fields. The noun phrase ‘multimedia graphics is an example of the short noun string that requires jectivising in Kalin: grafica multimedia, ‘As regards the main text, the fist centence is eubjected to a degree of| ‘modification, as itis transformed from a partially paratatic structure with the coordinating conjunctions but and and to a totally hypotactic Italian construction containing a series of subordinate lauses: che conosciam ..., perché quest tre termini si caricassero per divenire The result is that the two sentences sound perfectly natural in their respective languages. ‘Within this same sentence, inthe verb phrase cake om ther full meaning, the adjective fll is nominalisd in Talian to ronald In another interesting case of nouw/adjective use, the English collocation key terms, where key isthe modifier, becomes chiavt explicative, where the chiavi becomes the head ‘word. There isa further loan in know-how, and the use ofthe convenient Peccllenza for of the very highest level. English, in fact, has the French par excellence at it disposal a loan expression but neither the context nor the register would point to its se, In the second sentence, the grammatical metaphor in our international organisation has enjoyed continuous expansin is reduced to a more standard rmetaphorisation with Ja nostra organiezasione crescita, thereby avoiding the temptation to force an inappropriate expression onto the target language. The tid sentence undergoes an interesting. transformation marked by reordering, nominalistion and term creation. The typically English sdverb-adjective-noun construction increasingly multinational nnaure is reduced to a lengthy nominalsaton (multinasionalizzazione) and shifted to the lef, setting up the model forthe creation of a new term (Gilizaazione) which acsly takes care of network of subsidiaries. At the ‘ame time, i provides an escape from an overase of loan words, in this case from nerwork. ‘The second main section, on control, sees the noun significance adjectivised to significative, in Hine with similar use in other kinds of technical text, for example in medical articles. The neologisms geosle and soco-syle wansate efforlesdly into geostie and soiostile. The pre- positional phrase all'itrno del replaces the simple English in in ailin- temo del mercato dett» di Kngua madrelin the so-called mother tongue ‘market in a case of siylsic adaptation ~ the simple preposition would seem abrupt in Italian, In the following sentence, the Italian verb risa, which 30 often has litle more than a copulative role, is used to translate the copular get. It is interesting to note that informatica i still seen a5 the equivalent of computer science, resisting the introduction of informatics. Finally, shiting the perspective but maintaining the dynamism and sense of energy, the rather colloquial English EUROLOGOS has been actively involved in from the word go is substituted by 2 state visu da EUROLOGOS in dirt. “The text continues asfollows and is offered for practice:3.2.8 Tourist Information ‘The vast range of hastly-prepared multilingual brochures, information leaflets, booklets, promotion material and the like on display in any location ‘where vistors are likely to stop or pass by (which these days means virally everywhere) continue to be the source of much merriment by virtue ofthe translation howler’ that are so often found within their pages. Those with knowledge of both the source and target languages involved, expecially if both are presented together in the same publication, point knowingly to the ‘obvious errors that have been perpetrated. Whole articles, even books, hhave been devoted to shoving up such amusing, at times valgarly sugges tive, even potentially calamitous examples of this ‘translationese’. Dodds (1995:143), for example, explores the hilarious renderings into English of ‘various Italian restaurant menus. No attempt will be made here, however, to provide alist of amusing specimens. Rather, an attempt will be made to show the processes involved in providing a correcta translation as posible, though authentic randtions displaying some of the above-mentioned peceadilloes will be provided for comparison. Viaggio al contro de! Frill ‘The Comunita Colina del Friuli produced a pullout leaflet to advertise the area in and around the hilton of San Daniele, and published three versions ~ Italian, German and English. Excerpts from the Italian original went as follows: AGI AL CENTRO DEL FRIUL! Tanti paosi, tut da scoprice Molt cove a inerees | percorsi che possono porta lvsitetore fra nos sedi: Comun: Fosservazionenaturalstica,castlh rnedioevale le chiesette affrescate,architettara cantomporanea, ma {anche un stiglanao d grande prego, senza aimenticare le atrative dela gastranomia © sempre rstando immers in un ambiente verdissimo Bula 6.607 abtant. Comune sparso su numerosi coll con sede a S. Stefenee franon vila Madonna &,Flreane, Tomba e Libignacce. Sul colle pit alte, detto "Mont I bel borgechiuso di. Lorenzo con Pomonima antics chieseatfrescata (In restauro) e un ppanoramico parco con ret forifcaion! maciooval del castelere prlatorco;iteressante shopping per gill le ceramiche, A fie fot festa della primavera, che ede un intro tor atosito ‘alla castllana, al 12 luglio la festa delle campanelle Fagagna {8.947 abitant con l ration Battaglia Cconiceo, Madrisio@ Vila. Groseo eantra con un economia completa. Da vistare | uder dal castlo ela cinquecentesca casa della Comunita ls medievale Porta Borgo e, nella vieina Vilalta, imponente manier ben conservata #ancor 099i abitato, ntressant fa gastronomiae 10 “shopping per ver produzioni specalizat, La prima domenica di seltembre al wolge la secolare eavertentisima corsa degh aan Su ol vie un campo de golf a nave buchee, ppena fuer delabitat, {a zona tutla ambiental dol"Ovade Per chiama verde, la storia a gestronomia La Comunita Colinare strove a duo passi da Utne, nel cuore atico sel Fru 8 wore di suto dalle splagge delAriatico dai cent ‘cist ¢daicoofin!austraeo@ ugostavo (sc). Ove case delfautostrada A23 Alpe Ad’ sono suoi marin correvol sade slaia la collegano con tut | ante! dela regione Frigi-Venezia-Gia 2 delvicino Veneto Gi aeropot di Venezia, Ronch del Legones Klagenfurt la collagano cos tte il mondo. Di eigine morenica, te semicerch gi collins aigradant che guardane verso ls montagne ele spall a pianur;& un ambiente dlee verlssimo, punteggiato i pceol Contre atrarercato dainnumerevol sade e vital, Ei regno dela Diciltte ecole paseoggiate. Da sempre luogo a vilagslatue tranquil, grazie al cima mite, con grand mutevol cia ‘The ‘official English version will be inserted at this point, as reference will be made to it during the analysis: Lots of villages, alto be discovered ‘The interests and paths which may bring the visitor to ow sixteen Communes ae myriad: natare-watching, medieval cates and frescoed churches, contemporary architecture but alzo handierats of reat value, without forgetting the attractions of good cooking, al vile remaining immersed inthe groon countrysideBuia {6857 innebtants, The Commune is scattered over numerous ils wit is head ofice a &. Stelano and the villages of Avila, Madonna §.Floreana,Tomba and Urbignacco. The petty, losed-n village of| 5 Lorenzo with ite anciont, oscoed church (under restoration) isto be found on the highest hil called Monte’, and also possesses panoramic park with remains of medieval fortiicatons and a prehistonestrongnold teresting shopping for jowolay and ceramic ‘nate The Fete of Sping at end-Aorl foresees a bullock roasted on ‘he spt ‘castle-style’ and the Fete of the Handbells fls on 12th July. Fagagna 5.947 inhabitants together wit the vilages of Battaglia, Ciconicca, Macisio and Vila. Its a ig centre witha complete economy. Visit the uns ofthe castle andthe Sth century Community House, the medieval Vilage gateway and, inthe noarby Vit, the ‘nel-preserved,inposing manor which i stilinhabited Gastronomy tnd shopping prove intresting due to various specialised productions, The eenturis-olé and amusing Mule Race ls held on tho ‘st Sunday of Septambar. Thre is $-nole golf course onthe nearby his andthe area ofthe ‘Quad protected ambient is just utsie the buld-up zone Fer those wha lov nature, history and gastronomy ‘The Hil Community the vicinity of Using, nthe ancient heart of Fru an hour's deve from the the Arlatic beaches, the sk resorts land the Austrian and Yugoslavian borders. Its flankod by two motorway ons alfc-reestste roads connect twit ll the town ‘entree ofthe Friui-Veneaa-Gilla region and that ofthe nearby ‘Veneto, The airpors of Venice, Ronchi dei Legionai and Klagenfurt provide workwide connections. The areas of morainic origin with three semictles of sloping hl ooking towards tho mountains with the plain behind the Beautiful green country sce is dotted with small vilagos and crossed by winding roads and tenes tis idee! for walking and cycng. has always bean a spot for peaceful holidays dus to its mild cimate and great mutable skies... ‘There is an inevitable temptation, when faced with a translation of kind, to citcie with relish vehat seems to be a wooflly inadequate performance, This is not the purpose of this exercise, though some reflection on what went wrong in a general sense is in order. It is also Promotional ma om tempting to assume that this translation (and thousands of others like it and worse) must have been the work of a non-native speaker with no chance of revision, This is quite possible but by no means certain. But what leads » native-speacer translator into the kinds of stylistic, lexical and textual traps ustrated above, apart from general incompetence and lack of specific knowledge, neither of which can be remedied through this discus- sion? Basically, it would seem that no pre-analysis has taken place, and that the text has been transposed sentence by sentence with only marginal deference to the ditates of the target language. But perhaps more im- pportantly, no consiceration has been given to emulating the features of the particular genre in question, Similar English tourist publicity material is swvtten in a particular way and obeys certain unwritten rules of style. Like its counterparts elsewhere in the world it can be gushing, self-adulatory and lexically dense, but so much of it has nove been produced that certain stylistic and lexical ements have crested what isa recognisable style or set of syle features, Certain language functions become forised in such well= defined text types. These are, indeed, the factors that make a genre. And so ‘to our ‘rolling’ approach with a first iteraP drafts LUteral transiation AVOYAGE TO THE CENTRE OF THE FRUL Many towns alto discover Many are the interest andthe routes thst can led th visor between oursixteen Communes: the naturalistic observation, the ‘medieval castles and the frescoed litle churches, th contemporary frchtectur, but also an arisanship of grest worth, without fogating the attractions ofthe gastronomy and always remaining immersed in = very green enviconment. Buia {6657 inhabitants. Commune scattered on numerous hls with head oie a Stefano and vilages of Avi, Madonna, 5. Flareana, Toma and Ubignacco. On the highest hil sald Monte, the prety, closed borough ofS. Lorenzo withthe homonymous ancient frescoed church restoration) anda panoramic park ult emains of medieval forifestiont and of the prohistorcstronghot intresting shopping for jewels ard ceramics. At end-Apil the fete of Spring which sees a ole bull casted “castesileand the 12th July the fete of the hancbel202 Legel, Commercial and Promet Fagagne 15.947 lnnabitanta with the villages of Battagla, Ciconicco, Madrisio and Vilalta lg cantee witha complete economy. Tost the cules of the castle and the Sth cantury Community house, the medieval Borough Gate and inthe nearby Vial. the imposing manos wll preserved and stil oday inhabited Interesting the gelronomy and th shopping for various epecialied productions, The fst Sunday of| September ls held the centuries-old ana very amusing race of donkeys. On the nearby hls «golf couse at nin holes, and just Dutsde the inhabited area the zane of environmental protection ofthe ‘Quad. For who loves the green, the history, the gastronomy ‘The Hil Community's found at wo steps from Udine, in he ancient heart of he Frill at an hour of ea” fom tho beaches of the Adtatic, from the ski centres and the Austrian and Yugoslavian borders. Two tallbooths of the AQS Alpe Avia motorway are its margins; ea5y~ flowing state roads connect with all the canes of tho Fria Venezin-Giuka region and ofthe nearby Veneto, “The airports of Venice, Ronchi det Legionari and Klagenfurt connect wth al the word. Of moralaic origin, tree samicreloe of oping hile which look towards the mountains and atthe shoulders the plain, it @eweet snd very green envronment, dotted with small centres and crossed by innumerable toads and lanes isthe kingdom ofthe bicycle and ofthe walks. Since always a place of quiet holidays thanks tothe mid cimate with great mutable skies... Analysis, (As the OV has also been included in the examination ofthis ong text, the translation will now ‘oll’ directly to a conclusion by incorporating all the lexicogeammatical, semantic, stylistic and cultural elements in a single analysis, making occasional reference tothe OY) ‘The context of stustion consists ofa written and illustrated text designed to serve an indefinite number of potential visitors over an indefinite amount of time. An informerfpersuader presents a pleasant-to-read descrip tion of a region for a willing readership. It is vital that the translator attempts to maintain this interpersonal rapport. A large number of colour photographs provide cohesion Prometionsl materia 309 Tide Viaggio al cento del Friuli: as itis not unreasonable to assume that the famous Jules Verne novel may have provided the inspiration fr the title of the booklet there isno reason to eschew the literal Journey tothe centre of (tne Barth) Frat. The more transparent term voyage generally refers only t0 viagi by sea or in space. The OV A trip to the heart is, in fact, in keeping with the gene; it merdly mises the literary reference. Friuli, asthe name of region, requires no aticle ‘The subheading Tasti paesi, tutti da scoprite is disjointed, lacking the cohesive elements of standard sentence, though effective in its message. ‘The OV is weak: lots of villages sounds almost infantile; in line with the poeudo-poetic style of the genre, the translator could come up with an expression lke A (whol) host of to begin the phrase. The Italian noun paese does not give precise indications as to size towns and villages is suitable amplification, especial if actual knowledge of the atea calls the translator that these are what it consists of. The Italian da + vet construction often requires the pesive ininitive in English (o be + past participle ~ see OV}, though in this case the simple infinitive gives more dynamism to the potential action. Hence... 10 discover, which also maintains the theme and information etuctare, In the frst long serience, the OV shows all the signs of ‘transationese’, at times resembling the literal version above. Moll sono .. isan ateactive stylistic variation on the more mundane Ci sono mol... . The English ‘Many are... is also possible, but mote marked than it Italian counterpart. ‘Thus a decision could be made to play safe with There are so many interesting places and itineraries... the adverb so compensating the fronted [Molt The nouns interes! and percosi can be adjctvised, and the modal vetb group... posno portare converted to the infinitive expression ... to attract the visitor, whic i 80 muuch more Bugis, and merits inclusion for this reason, If translators were to attempt to visualise a corresponding English publication, then constructions of this tort should appear before their eyes, leading them avay ffom grammatically correct but unlikely CComuni is « question of readership awareness. It can be left intact for an ‘educated, Euro-taveling public (highlighted by italics in the conventional ‘manner fr foreign words), though not converted into communes which has French connotations. Towns is possible, though not all the comuni in ‘question i that description The list of attractions begins with Possereasions nasuralistca, whose literal translation is too formal for English tastes. It can be diffused tosomething lke the sights and sounds of mature whereas i castelli medieval, Je chiesete affescate and Parchitertura contemporanen provide examples of ttanslationel equation, The arigianao di grande pregio transforms typically into a short multivariate string: splendid craftwork. Le atiative della sgastronomia can be reduced to god food the translator may be guided here bby knowledge of publications such as “The Good Food Guide’. The expression seven dimentcare seems to invite the equation not forgeting yet pethaps the real equation in terms of equivalent set expression js not 10 mention. “The non-fnite clause atthe end of the paragraph is difficult to link up to the preceding part of the sentence, requiring a reiterative all this ‘A device of this kind may often be necessary when translating long Taian sentences where the subject needs to be reintroduced. The verdissimo superlative could be treated Iteraly and translated with freenes. Ambiente is another tricky nown, though the photographs portraying the various phenomena which accompany the text (the physi context of situation) suggest setting. The translator may, however, have second thoughts, and diseard greenest in favour of a move natural in such a green setting. “The section on Buia begins with 6.657 abitanti ~ the conventional ‘equation is population 6,657. The Htalian text continues in vagusly note orm omitting articles, auxiliaries, etc, style not readily tcamsferrable to the English version. As the administrative details of the comune system do not pertain to the English-speaking word, the term sede has litle meanings 4 neutral term like centre should convey the basic idea. Head office (OV) turns the comune into @ business. The problem of translating comune and sed is less irksome, however, than the finding of an equivalent for frazione. ‘There is no place for explanatory footnotes inthis type of publication, so something must be offered. Suburbs is too urban, and they do not lie out enough to be outlying areas, though this latter term may be suitable on ‘occasion. An alternative solution is to forego the use ofan equivalent term tnd verbalise the idea with surrounded by Avilla, ec. A fraione is, in fact, simply a place Tn the next sentence, beginning with On the highest Ill marked theme structure. Detto should be translated as known as. intains the ‘The Italian continues to omit elements, though in English a verbal ‘metaphor like fies is required to cement the sentence structure. "The term borg further highlights the inadequacy of dictionary definitions in nding equivalent teminology in the fl of urban geography Eaglsh is often reduced to superordinate terms such a area, district ~ th S. Lorenzo disc Local knowledge would confit whether walled i an accurate rendering of chins. Clsed-in (OV) iff to decipher. Omonimo is one of those very uel Latin-based Talan words that need expanding in Eaglish into st locations, in this ease o the same nar. “The dictionary gues under repair for in resture, though closed for restoration would sem more fala to mos tansaors ‘A panoramic park (OV) seems a tempting solution to peee panoramico, ‘hough it is not the park that is panoramic. At the csk of being ove pedantic the translator might decide that park with panoramic views is ‘more logical Cusalire, as & much less filar tema than comune bu, staining istnct meaning within the Ulin historical contest, cam be amplied by providing an Englichquasl-equivalent in apposition: ‘asl stronghold ‘Shopping isan exaple of loan word that has come into Haan witha rather diferent specie meaning tthe original (cE other gerundives ~ parkinglarpark, canpinglamp-ste,footingggng). Transformation is therefore justified. Sinilay, the Italian use of interesante often veers slighty ftom the meaning ofthe English interesting a in this case where fascinating i more appropriate. In the final centerce inthis section, the grammatical metaphor vede can be replaced with a conventional includes The content of situation, backed by work knorsedge, suggests that ala cxtellana is onthe spt. The festa dle campanele canbe bracketed and Kept for lcs favour though backed byits English translation. The section on Fagagna begins in similar way to the previous section, snd the same considerations, particularly a regards omissions, apply. This time the translator may opt fr outying ares to translate frazion. The second sentence las even a dummy subject (It in English, andthe OV follows suit, but English style relly begs the repetition of Fagagna However gro cen is potently aiseadng; itis not x ‘age town’ (word knowiedg), he OV big centri too vague and not very English and Tare village destroys the efet of giving it importance. So perhaps small tov i the best solution; it isan accurate description and the term tov confers cetsn prestige. But what docs economia completa meat Logic would suggest (high )dereloped eonomy: Rather than the imperative opted for inthe OV though imperative use is fen found inthe gure), the sentence can undergo a thorough re-ordering,308 Legal, Gommerciat ang Promotional Texts with da vistare becoming are well worth visting following the lst of autractions. “Again, by mentally juggling the long Halian sentence after baulking at trying to start it-with the verb, the more English syntax and easier style should coalesce in the translators mind, Note also the power ofthe Telian preposition da in this sentence, inquecentesca is of course, sixteenth century. “The Casa della Comunitistansperent enough to be lft in Italian, even it the precise nature ofthis building is not clear itis a tourist attraction, thus not requiring historical exactitude, which canbe gained on visitng it ‘The trandator should beware of easy solutions like the OV Community “ous, in that to the modern ear it may sound like a refuge forthe poor oF homeless in a large city. "The Porta del Borgo, as it can be left in Ital translated simply bya cepital-letered Gate which is sufficient to conjure up the image in the reader's mind, ‘Because of the syntactic upheaval mentioned above, the manor in Vilalta needs t be introduced by as ‘Conservato = conserved, preervd, well-kept? This is one of those areas where native-speakers may disagree, but the conventional dictionary ‘wisdom is that buildings ae preserve, food is conserved and gardens are well-kept. But..? “More re-ordering is required inthe next sentence where Italian front the jective interessant. The ater, together with gastronorni, can easly be reduced to sense and become a pleasure and eating. ‘On the model ofthe previous paregraph, the grammatical metaphor see ‘ean be used in the following sentence (The first Sunday in September sees the holding ..) with the consequent nominaisation of the verb phrase si svolge. Secolare requires the hyphenated compound cennuresold, an trample of Italian providing a more economic version of the English ‘compound, 'As regards the diverenicima corsa degltasini, there i associate the Italian aivertente with amusing because of fppropriacy, and. perhaps because of misplaced scholastic conventions resulting from snap answers to the question ‘Cosa vil dite ...?, ‘How do you say -.Y, Indeed, pairings of this nature are not uncommon, cf: ‘impatic/kind, contentothappy, tranguilofquiet, which are only acceptable in some circumstances. Such cases can extend even to longer locutions Let in support, can be tendency 0 = occasional it be/Lascia stare (causing much consternation among Beatles fans ~ the song title “Let it be? means ‘Che sia .). The important thing agai is for the translator to think in terms of the English genre, to imagine how an ‘event ofthis type would be described. It would be described as entertaining and, asi is issima, highly entertaining. And the event itself? Such races” are held in England and go by the name of donkey derby a direct equivalent Filing inthe grammatical gaps as usual, the last sentence would begin There is @ nineshole golf course (noun string) in the nearby hills. The ‘grammatical metaphor les can be used to provide cohesion in the following, English clause, and for the zona di ute ambientale the contracted protected area should suffice, tae context of situation providing the implicit informa- tion that it is environmentally protected. The title ofthe las section (Per chi ama, ec) is rendered in the OV by For these who love natura, history and gastronomy. Pethaps a more earful consideration of what the visitors are expected to love would suggest the countryside rather then nature and certinly good fod instead of gastronomy, but itis stil clumsy in terms of the English genre. Here, the tension between mentioning the ‘love’ of these things and simply giving a succinct Informative heading (Countryside, history and good food), possibly aecent- ated by adjectival asistance (Pleasant countryside, fascinating history and 004 fod) ‘The Comunita Coinare, asa semi-offical denomination can be let im Htalian but supported by an English gloss: Hill Towns. The colloquial ‘expression a due pass invokes immediate substitution with the equivalent a stone's throw. The adverbial a nora di auto also has a direct substitute in the Saxon genitive form an hour's drive, highlighting the fact that the English verb/noun dhve stretches much further than its dictionary equiva- lent guidare/guida ven elaborate Italian adjectives such as centr site! should not deter the translator from a constant endeavour to find the most natural equiva: Tent. In these cases the ‘lowest common denominator’ is often the noun string, inthis particular ease oti resort ‘There is much con:roversy over the extent to wich the translator should Intervene in cases of factual inaccuracy, ranging from the Gemly non- interventionist lobby to those, like Nevemark, who believe it sat times the translator's duty to set the record straight. In the ese of da confi austiaco « jugoslao, it would seam that history has passed the writer by, and the translator would be justified in correcting jugesavo to Slovenian In the second sentence, the case del! auostrade/motorway eit in Iaian suoi margini, whereas English may prefer the grammatical simply sono1. Commercial and Promtionsl Texts ntaphor mark is borders The sbjetbene of he net dase is sore stad sal nich opr tom a presume altri pono- egal ef. contae the nee nomtopoe and rcv auectie ‘hrc The word gies the in o-ring ae, ot noon tele o mach scone nth uae ems woul ete the fic and not tote onde Taig diferent pespeciv on he sane tonne iden he (mai) Yn are ese ss wogeted The OY then ‘com tothe tore of Rone ds Lepont,ptape more cles renga at Tse Th ng hypotctc exten bexaning Di rig morn, engin the tye note frm, egies theo bie for example th ree, cerca The cline dodo em toi fret in sping Hy at uments hou ight soget then hat theater ‘Sthdr tats in Engh H youll ao sem adeable 0 ed freporon! of pra! wb ivling lk (nk st bo oe ok Tord) to wate ude ver and op fac “he dition of te ambos (andy?) doe poss he problem of howto tate uch «common adie (vet, sf) It 8 para Sams. The pro poticmtue ofthe gne woul cat ae out veto in se carta, antiga dhs eget conte action ordi Te ntepored reg dll Be del gp ent onginal and fre begs sti expression that soup ofthe tonge ofan Enlahspeting reader etn and align Tn th can theists a mone propia for the wlan of engl than ie! se sve sn. The Sl oun pas rnd meal a hl reste some Mind of mage in the ann? ind pepe tt fie ling ies Conan he OV et stable inet gusta or meteorology accep, Thee ake he vation to har now riled 9 more defi Journey tothe Centve of Fri |A Guhole)noat of towne and villages to discover ‘There ere so many interesting pcos and nora to attract the visto fo our sixteen comuns the sights and sounds of nature, the mnedieval castles an the small frescoed churches, othe Contemporary arentectre, But theres alco splensié craftwork nt to ‘mention good food, an al his in such egroon setting Bula Population B57. The comuneis spread out over anumbe of ils: the contre is S. Stefano, surrounded by Avlla, Madonna 8 Flora, Tomba and Urbignacco. On tha highest hil, known 2s Monte ies the attractive (wale) S. Lorenzo district wih its ancient frescoed church of tho same ramo (closed for restoration) and a park with panoramic ‘awe containing the rune of mecvalfrsticatione and the Prehistoric casteiara stronghold. Thre are fascinating jewellery and pottery shops. At the end of Api the Spring Festival incuces a whole bull being roasted onthe spt and on 12th ly the Festival of Bells (festa dole eampanele)'s hel. Fa gra Population §947, including the outlying areas of Betiagl, Ceonicco, Madrisio and Vilalta, Fagagna lea smal tun wth a highly developed ‘economy. The caste ruins, the sixteenth cantuny Casa della Comunit, ‘and the med eval Gate (Porta a Borg) are well worth vtng, 2 8 ‘tho imposing and well-preserved manor house In neasby Vilalta, sil intact today. series of specialist products make eating and shopping «pleasure, The fst Sunday in September sees the holding of the ‘contries-cl and highly antotaning donkey derby. There is anne hole golf course inthe nearby hills and just cutside the town lis the "Qusdet protected are Countryside, history and good food ‘The Comunié Colinare (the Hill Town areas a stone's thw from sin in the ancient hear of Friul an hour's dive fom the beaches ofthe Adit, from the ski resorts and fromthe Austrian and ‘Slovenian berders, Two of the Alpe Adria matory exis mar ts borders; uncongested rosds connect ito althe towns inthe FrultVenezs-Glula region and in the nearby Veneta “The Venice, Teste ond Klagenfurt airports provide connections to the whole wer. OF morainic eign, wth three semicircles of hls facing the mountains, wth the pain behind then, its 2 mellow gro landscape, dated with smal towns and crossed by countless roads and anes. ts ideal cycling and walking county. thas always bean & place fr zelexing heliys, thanks tothe mid elimate and the wide roling skies “The txt continues a follows, and is offered for practice:+ siuri non mancano, come pute occasioned acquire " ‘bigiottere di San Daniele, le ceramic di Buy le pellets - semplicesouvenit. | equtiione «vol a ¥ela 4 Osoppo 1 Comanitd Cole @ an ambiente in eal stort del uomo storia naturale si sono fuse nei millenni, lasciando ovungue i sega = de pasa, Deg ote trenta castle orteze di ca vestano race “pido meso consistent, almeno ai si ergono ancora Integ © Posen ewo byes bi nahin ‘Pud aprine le porte ai gruppi con guids, ed & une Indimenicabie, Dalla somnita det ol aca t “tort; si scende, per boscherti ¢ prat, nelle conche, zone umide di ‘orbit sag elt di grande tere narra, : __ Fetal onan als srononit a apunaneti nda ‘cova prodotto da artigidnt di arte rafinata, prosciutto ¢ Ti : pit dl on Colloredo possono stere Tocasone fe ieee aa “E pet fo sport, un campo da golf a nove li ae bene no valere da Senza dimenticare camp) sportini da tennis ¢ viowoliadatt alls ee Cg _ MORUZZO “213 unt came aso Ale, Benno e 8, Margera cistllo © un tigio millenario sulle piazza, un S, Magers (ip del DC se), una splendida del castle di estes, valgono la sot . Bs ia cons atone 6 Rival Ito ¢ us terete pio di Hcostrationé urbonstica« architettonica delle rovine “Sel teremoso del 76. Lo storin cole fiat conse res dl atchiteure medieval, vnasimental,napoleonichey asbargiche © “illne.Biestateospte manisiazon!pubblice, Nel soi pres la fande soma date ambiental delle roid Bas ove pu ‘Patton hin 3.2.4 Compact disc notes The sleeve notes to ecords, tapes and compact discs are often translated into several languages for abvious commercial reasons. This kind of text represents a genre subdividable into a nuznber of subgenre, such as potted biographies ofthe arists featured onthe dis, historical notes on composers of easscal music or, inthe eae of opera, synopses ofthe ibreto’ The text chosen here is the fist part of just such a synopsis of Donizett’s ‘Lise amore’. The record was produced by Decca in London, and thus the oviginal text ie in Eaglish, subsequently translated into several languagee including tain, The Inter willbe wsed as the main point of reference for the analysis, Synopsis ‘Act One Scene 1. Nenorino, shy and simple young farmer frm a Basque vilag isi ove with Adina, 2 weslthy county gl. But Adinais wif lang his offers of love are constantly rejected. Ae the curtain rises on ‘Adia’s fam, she is seated apart rom a group of harvesters, reading, ‘and Nemorine wonders how he could possibly win her lve, since he {i so wonderful and much better then himselt. She has just come ‘7038 the lagen ofthe potion which bound Tristan ané soi vith undying love,and reeds i aloud to amuse th others, Al this polta dum is heatd and a platoon of soldiers enters, hneadod bythe dashing ana bombastic Sergeant Bolero, Belcore at ‘once bagine o woo ding and inspite of his self assurance end arrogance, she is flattered: homaver, to hs hasty propossl of mariage she answers ‘at she woul Uke alittle time to think it over. Nemorin, naturally, is vey jealous end when everybody else leaves, be begs ‘Adina to retun fs love, btn vain he prafars to remain fancy trae, Analysis. “The context of situation must be seen fom two perspectives. Fist, the text forms part of « wellestablished text type with a writer doing «job for a record company, and thus obliged to work within the fairy rigid limits prescribed by this gare. The action is recounted inthe present and present perfect tenses in order to create the effect ofan event happening atthe time of reading, thus recreating the effect of sesing the opera. However, et one