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Fourier Series
• Fourier series are used in the analysis of periodic
functions.
• Many of the phenomena studied in engineering and
LECTURE 05 science are periodic in nature
• E.g. current and voltage in A.C. circuit.
Fourier Series • These periodic functions can be analyzed into their
constituent components (fundamentals and harmonics) by
a process called Fourier analysis.
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Fourier Series Example
• We are aiming to find an approximation using ࢌሺ࢞ሻ = + ܖܑܛሺ࢚ሻ − ܖܑܛሺ࢚ሻ + ܖܑܛሺ࢚ሻ − ܖܑܛሺ࢚ሻ + ܖܑܛሺ࢚ሻ + …
trigonometric functions for various square, saw tooth etc.
• We do this by adding more and more trigonometric
functions together.
• The sum of these special trigonometric functions is called
the Fourier Series.
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Example Example
ࢌሺ࢞ሻ = ࢌሺ࢞ሻ = + ܖܑܛሺ࢚ሻ
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Example Example
ࢌሺ࢞ሻ = + ܖܑܛሺ࢚ሻ − ܖܑܛሺ࢚ሻ + ܖܑܛሺ࢚ሻ
ࢌሺ࢞ሻ = + ܖܑܛሺ࢚ሻ − ܖܑܛሺ࢚ሻ
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Example Example
ࢌሺ࢞ሻ = + ܖܑܛሺ࢚ሻ − ܖܑܛሺ࢚ሻ + ܖܑܛሺ࢚ሻ − ܖܑܛሺ࢚ሻ ࢌሺ࢞ሻ = + ܖܑܛሺ࢚ሻ − ܖܑܛሺ࢚ሻ + ܖܑܛሺ࢚ሻ − ܖܑܛሺ࢚ሻ + ܖܑܛሺ࢚ሻ + …
We say that the infinite Fourier series converges to the saw tooth curve.
That is, if we take more and more terms, the graph will look more and
more like a saw tooth. If we could take an infinite number of terms, the
graph would look like a set of saw tooth.
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Classification of Fourier Series Fourier series
ࢇ ∞
࢚࣊
∞
࢚࣊
• Full Range Fourier Series (Period = 2L) ࢌሺ࢚ሻ = + ࢇ ࡸ ܛܗ܋+ ࢈ ࡸ ܖܑܛ
Fourier Series (Period = 2L)
= =
• Fourier Series (Period = 2L = 2π)
∞ ∞
• Fourier Series (Even and Odd functions) ࢇ
ࢌሺ࢚ሻ = + ࢇ ࢚ ܛܗ܋+ ࢈ ࢚ ܖܑܛ
Fourier Series (Period = 2π)
• Exponential Fourier Series = =
ࢇ ∞
࢚࣊
ࢌሺ࢚ሻ = + ࢇ ࡸ ܛܗ܋
Fourier Series (Even)
=
∞
ࢌሺ࢚ሻ = ࢈ ࢚ ܖܑܛ Fourier Series (Odd)
=
• ∞
ࢌሺ࢚ሻ = ࢉ ࢋ࣊ࢌ ࢚ Fourier Series (Exponential)
=−∞
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Fourier series coefficients Full Range Fourier Series
ࡸ ࣊ • A periodic waveform f(t) of period P = 2L has a Fourier
ࢇ = න ࢌሺ࢚ሻࢊ࢚ ࢇ = න ࢌሺ࢚ሻࢊ࢚
ࡸ −ࡸ ࣊ −࣊ Series given by:
ࡸ
࢚࣊ ࣊
ࢇ = න ࢌሺ࢚ሻ ࢉ࢙ ࢊ࢚ ࢇ = න ࢌሺ࢚ሻ ࢉ࢙ ࢚ ࢊ࢚
ࡸ −ࡸ ࡸ ࣊ −࣊
ࡸ ࢚࣊ ࣊
࢈ = න ࢌሺ࢚ሻ ࢙ ࢊ࢚ ࢈ = න ࢌሺ࢚ሻ ࢙ ࢚ ࢊ࢚
ࡸ −ࡸ ࡸ ࣊ −࣊
ࢉ = න ࢌሺ࢚ሻ ࢋ−࣊ࢌ ࢚ ࢊ࢚
where
ࢀ ࢀ an and bn are the Fourier coefficients,
And a0/2is the mean value, sometimes referred to as the dc level.
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Full Range Fourier Series Fourier Coefficients
• A periodic waveform f(t) of period P = 2L has a Fourier • If f(t) is expanded in the range -L to L (period = 2L) so that
Series given by the range of integration is 2L, i.e. half the range of
integration is L, then the Fourier coefficients are given by
ࢇ ∞
࢚࣊
∞
࢚࣊
ࢌሺ࢚ሻ = + ࢇ ࡸ ܛܗ܋+ ࢈ ࡸ ܖܑܛ
= =
ࢇ ࢚࣊ ࢚࣊ ࢚࣊ ࢚࣊
ࢌሺ࢚ሻ = + ࢇ ࡸ ܛܗ܋+ ࢇ ࡸ ܛܗ܋+ ࢇ ࡸ ܛܗ܋+ ⋯ ࢈ ࡸ ܖܑܛ
࢚࣊ ࢚࣊
+ ࢈ ࡸ ܖܑܛ+ ࢈ ࡸ ܖܑܛ+ ⋯
Where an and bn are the Fourier coefficients.
And a0/2is the mean value, sometimes referred to as the dc level. Where n = 1, 2 ,3 , …
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Example
• Find the Fourier series.
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N = 1, 2, 3, … Final Result
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What we have done ?
For n = 1,2,3,….20
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Fourier Series: Period = 2.L = 2.pi Example
• If a function is defined in the range -π to π • f(t) = t for -π < t < π
• period 2L = 2π radians f(t) = f(t + 2π) for all t.
• The Fourier coefficients of the Fourier series f(t) in this • Obtain the Fourier series of f(t).
case become: • Write the first 4 terms of the series.
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Fourier Series: Even & Odd Functions
For n = 1,2,3,…. ,40
• For some problems Fourier coefficients ao, an or bn
become zero after integration.
• Finding zero coefficients in such problems is time
consuming and can be avoided.
• With knowledge of even and odd functions, a zero
coefficient may be predicted without performing the
integration.
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Even Function Fourier Series of Even Functions
• A function y = f(t) is said to be even • Since f(t) is even
• if f(-t) = f(t) for all values of t. • Integral will have value zero.
• The graph of an even function is always symmetrical
about the y-axis
• a mirror image • So we will just have
• Example
• f(t) = 2.cos(.t)
• An even function has cosine term in its expansion
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Fourier Series of Odd Functions Fourier Series of Odd Function
• A function y = f(t) is said to be odd • a0 = an = 0.
• if f(-t) = - f(t) for all values of t.
• The graph of an odd function is always symmetrical about
the origin.
• Example
• f(t) = sin t
• An Odd Function has only “sin” terms.
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Example:4 Example
• Find Fourier Series of following graph
• We can see from the graph that it is periodic, with period
2π.
• So f(t) = f(t + 2π).
• L = π.
• Odd function
• Hence a0 = 0 and an = 0.
• So we will only need to find bn.
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For n = 1,2,3,…., 5
• Fourier series will be
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Summary
For n = 1,2,3,…., 5
• Fourier series are used in the analysis of periodic
functions.
• Fourier series represent signal as weighted sum of
trigonometric functions.
• For even functions bn = 0.
• For odd functions an =0 and a0 = 0.
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Reading Assignment
• Exponential Fourier Series
• Examples
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