BUSBAR PROTECTION
By
Makesh Kandan
Makesh Kandan
TOPICS TO BE COVERED
GENERAL BASIS
RESIDUALLY CONNECTED RELAY
CORE BALANCE
SBEF
REF
High Impedance REF
Low Impedance REF
Makesh Kandan
GO THROUGH SOME BASIS
Busbar:
Large Conductors that serves as a common connection point b/w two or more power circuits.
Nerve Centre of the Power System.
Need For Bus Protection
In its absence fault clearance takes place in zone II of distance relay by remote end tripping.
This means slow and unselective tripping and wide spread black out
Effect of delayed clearance
Greater damage at fault point
Indirect shock to connected equipments like shaft of generator and windings of transformer
Makesh Kandan
BUSBAR FAULT – ORIGIN & CONSEQUENCES
ORIGIN:
Failure of support insulator resulting in earth faults.
Flash over across support insulator, causing flash over due to over-voltage.
Heavily polluted insulator, causing flash-over due to overvoltage.
Failure of other connected equipments Physical Damage to Insulation.
Errors in the operation and maintenance of switch gear.
CONSEQUENCE:
Makesh Kandan
BUSBAR PROTECTION
BUSBAR FAULT
Makesh Kandan
BUSBAR PROTECTION – HIGH IMPEDANCE
SIMPLIFIED SLD (NO CHECK FEATURE)
R1
R2
Makesh Kandan
BUSBAR PROTECTION – HIGH IMPEDANCE
SIMPLIFIED SLD (NO CHECK FEATURE)
Z1
Z2
Makesh Kandan
BUSBAR PROTECTION – CHECK FEATURE
Second Line of Defense
Duplication of Primary
Protection using a
second set of CTs on all
circuits other than bus
section and buscoupler.
Z1
Does not Discriminate Z2
b/w faults in various
section of busbars.
Trip Logic
Zone-1 Relay
CZ
Zone-2 Relay
Check Relay
Makesh Kandan
BUSBAR PROTECTION – HIGH IMPEDANCE
External Fault Condition (No CT Saturation)
Rct Rly Rlx Rct
Y ZM Rr ZM X
Current in the Relay is ‘Zero’
F
Makesh Kandan
BUSBAR PROTECTION – HIGH IMPEDANCE
When a CT saturates, the
External Fault Condition (CT Saturation) magnetic field requires more
current than normal to
maintain the current
transformation, which means
Voltage across
that Relay,
there is V R = IYcurrent
less (Rlx + Rct)
Rct Rly Rlx Rct injected into the CT secondary
Settingcircuit.
Voltage, Vs > VR (For No Operation)
IY = I f Vs = IR * R ,
Where,
IR = Relay Current Setting
Y ZM VR Rr ZM X R = Relay Circuit Impedance
Ix = 0 R= +
Stabilizing Resistor (Rst):
False Differential Current Flows Through Relay
F Rst = R - Rr
Makesh Kandan
BUSBAR PROTECTION – HIGH IMPEDANCE
External Fault Condition (CT Saturation)
A stabilizing resistance was added in
series
Rct Rly Rlx Rct
When CT fully saturates, its magnetic
field impedance is effectively 0.00Ω
Rst
The current will want to flow around
the outside of the equivalent circuit
Y ZM ZM X because the outside circuit has a lower
Rr impedance path during external faults.
Scheme becomes Stable for the
external faults.
F
Makesh Kandan
BUSBAR PROTECTION – HIGH IMPEDANCE
Internal Fault Condition
A stabilizing resistance was added in
F series
Rct Rly Rlx Rct
Rst
Y ZM ZM X
Rr
Makesh Kandan
BUSBAR PROTECTION – HIGH IMPEDANCE
High Impedance Scheme:
A stabilizing resistor (Rs) to force the false-differential
currents through the CTs instead of the differential
circuit.
A current detection unit (87) or voltage detection unit
(87Z) set to trip if the differential current or voltage is
greater than its setpoint
An MOV to limit the possible voltage created across
the differential circuit
An 86 contact that will close after the relay trips to
ensure no dangerous voltages are applied to the
secondary circuit.
Makesh Kandan
Thank You for Listening
Makesh Kandan
BUSBAR PROTECTION – HIGH IMPEDANCE
External Fault Condition (CT Saturation)
Rct Rly Rlx Rct
Rst
Y ZM ZM X
Rr
Current in the relay is ‘Zero’
F
Makesh Kandan
BUSBAR PROTECTION – HIGH IMPEDANCE
External Fault Condition (CT Saturation)
Rct Rly Rlx Rct
Rst
Y ZM ZM X
Rr
Current in the relay is ‘Zero’
F
Makesh Kandan
